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Cited by 185Embodied and Extended CognitionPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

In the body's eye: the computational anatomy of interoceptive inference

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Allen, Micah, Levy, Andrew, Parr, Thomas, Friston, Karl J.·2022·PLOS Computational Biology
DOI 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010490PMC PMC9506608

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Abstract

A growing body of evidence highlights the intricate linkage of exteroceptive perception to the rhythmic activity of the visceral body. In parallel, interoceptive inference theories of affective perception and self-consciousness are on the rise in cognitive science. However, thus far no formal theory has emerged to integrate these twin domains; instead, most extant work is conceptual in nature. Here, we introduce a formal model of cardiac active inference, which explains how ascending cardiac signals entrain exteroceptive sensory perception and uncertainty. Through simulated psychophysics, we reproduce the defensive startle reflex and commonly reported effects linking the cardiac cycle to affective behaviour. We further show that simulated 'interoceptive lesions' blunt affective expectations, induce psychosomatic hallucinations, and exacerbate biases in perceptual uncertainty. Through synthetic heart-rate variability analyses, we illustrate how the balance of arousal-priors and visceral prediction errors produces idiosyncratic patterns of physiological reactivity. Our model thus offers a roadmap for computationally phenotyping disordered brain-body interaction.

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  • Mindfulness-based practices improve interoceptive awareness and attenuate affective reactivity, plausibly by recalibrating the precision-weighting of interoceptive signals and fostering nonreactive appraisal.

    “Mindfulness-based practices similarly improve interoceptive awareness and attenuate affective reactivity, plausibly by recalibrating the precision-weighting of interoceptive signals and fostering nonreactive appraisal (Khalsa et al., 2018; Allen et al., 2022).”

    From Listen to your inner body: embodied emotions in predictive neuroscience and traditional East Asian medicine (2026) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2022

    The Introduction links interoceptive precision to interoceptive awareness, and the Discussion models how interoceptive precision can influence affective responses. Neither passage addresses mindfulness-based practices, shows that they improve awareness or attenuate affective reactivity, or links them to nonreactive appraisal. The proposed mindfulness-specific mechanism is therefore unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • From the perspective of predictive processing, these practices may recalibrate interoceptive predictions and precision-weighting by updating beliefs about bodily signals and modulating autonomic set points.

    “From the perspective of predictive processing, these practices may recalibrate interoceptive predictions and precision-weighting by updating beliefs about bodily signals and modulating autonomic set points (Seth and Friston, 2016; Allen et al., 2022).”

    From Listen to your inner body: embodied emotions in predictive neuroscience and traditional East Asian medicine (2026) · cites this paper as Allen et al., 2022

    The Introduction and Methods > Simulations (page not specified) describe interoceptive inference, sensory precision, and belief updating. The Discussion (page not specified) links prior beliefs and sensory precision to autonomic arousal policies. These passages support the proposed predictive-processing mechanism, but they do not address whether the unspecified practices recalibrate it or modulate autonomic set points. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • This logic has been formalized for both cardiac and respiratory cycle effects, with the rationale that interoceptive inference and exteroceptive inference are most precise at different moments of the cycle.

    “This logic has been formalized for both cardiac 57,205 and respiratory 206 cycle effects, with the rationale that interoceptive inference and exteroceptive inference are most precise at different moments of the cycle.”

    From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [205]

    The Methods (Synthetic cardiac arousal; page unavailable) formalize cardiac-cycle effects and specify that visual information is relatively precise during diastole but imprecise during systole. The Fig. 4 description says the cardiac cycle also modulates uncertainty in interoceptive beliefs, but the passages do not establish that interoceptive inference is most precise at a different phase from exteroceptive inference. This paper is cited for the cardiac effects; the sentence assigns respiratory effects to a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Allen, M., Levy, A., Parr, T., & Friston, K. J.
Affiliations
  • Aarhus University (DK)
  • Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
Corresponding author
Allen, Micah
ORCID
Venue
PLOS Computational Biology
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2022-09-13
Volume
18
Issue
9
Pages
e1010490
ISSN
  • 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
  • 1553-7358
DOI
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010490
PMC
PMC9506608
OpenAlex
W4295511970
Cited by
185
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 9
FWCI
13.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
new_version (2022-09-23)
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Scopus (Elsevier) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Apollo
  • Apollo (cc-by)
Funders
  • Lundbeckfonden (R272-2017-4345)
  • Rosetrees Trust (173346)
  • Wellcome Trust (088130/Z/09/Z)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords
interoceptive inference, active inference, heart rate, heart rate variability, emotion perception, self-consciousness, perceptual uncertainty, prediction error, brain-body interaction, computational model
MeSH terms
Brain, Emotions, Heart Rate, Interoception

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