Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium

The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.

Haidt, J. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.4.814 · Cited by 8,048

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500

Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components

Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673

The unbearable automaticity of being

Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699

Toward an instance theory of automatization.

Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466

Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.

Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078

Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention

Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x · Cited by 2,867

Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing

Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018 · Cited by 2,573

The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function

Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 · Cited by 2,321

The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution

MacDonald, M. C., Pearlmutter, N. J., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.676 · Cited by 2,259

The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice

Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E. (2006) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x · Cited by 1,981

Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility-a model and taxonomy

Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.253 · Cited by 1,970

A Core System for the Implementation of Task Sets

Dosenbach, N. U. F., Visscher, K. M., Palmer, E. D., Miezin, F. M., Wenger, K. K., Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Grimes, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031 · Cited by 1,772

The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning

Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1152408 · Cited by 1,791

Diffusion decision model: Current issues and history

Ratcliff, R., Smith, P. L., Brown, S. D., & McKoon, G. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007 · Cited by 1,630

New Conceptualizations of Practice: Common Principles in Three Paradigms Suggest New Concepts for Training

Schmidt, R. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x · Cited by 1,582

Annual Research Review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology

Nigg, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675 · Cited by 1,518

Remembering can cause forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory.

Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1063 · Cited by 1,482

An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance

Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · Cited by 1,381

Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions

Bjork, R. A., Dunlosky, J., & Kornell, N. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823 · Cited by 1,468

An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes

Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00069-1 · Cited by 1,317

Residual Effects of Past on Later Behavior: Habituation and Reasoned Action Perspectives

Ajzen, I. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_02 · Cited by 1,249

Event perception: a mind-brain perspective

Zacks, J. M., Speer, N. K., Swallow, K. M., Braver, T. S., & Reynolds, J. R. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.273 · Cited by 1,148

The police officer's dilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.

Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M., & Wittenbrink, B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1314 · Cited by 1,175

What do we mean by prediction in language comprehension?

Kuperberg, G. R., & Jaeger, T. F. (2016) · Language, Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1102299 · Cited by 1,087

Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort

Shenhav, A., Musslick, S., Lieder, F., Kool, W., Griffiths, T. L., Cohen, J. D., & Botvinick, M. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526 · Cited by 1,077

Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action.

Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281 · Cited by 1,028

Motivation and cognitive control: from behavior to neural mechanism

Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044 · Cited by 909

Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting.

Anderson, M. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006 · Cited by 918

The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information

Yiend, J. (2010) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903205698 · Cited by 891

Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine

Merker, B. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07000891 · Cited by 868

Précis of Elements of episodic memory

Tulving, E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x · Cited by 809

Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing.

Arkes, H. R. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.486 · Cited by 764

A Common Coding Approach to Perception and Action

Prinz, W. (1990) · Relationships Between Perception and Action · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75348-0_7 · Cited by 751

Cross-dimensional perceptual selectivity

Theeuwes, J. (1991) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03212219 · Cited by 711

Human cognition in its social context.

Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.3.322 · Cited by 708

Reduced frequency of knowledge of results enhances motor skill learning.

Winstein, C. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.677 · Cited by 708

Learning Versus Performance: An Integrative Review

Soderstrom, N. C., & Bjork, R. A. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615569000 · Cited by 651

A PET study of word finding

Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90029-8 · Cited by 656

Test-enhanced learning in medical education

Larsen, D. P., Butler, A. C., & Roediger III, H. L. (2008) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03124.x · Cited by 610

The Neural Correlates of Motor Skill Automaticity

Poldrack, R. A., Sabb, F. W., Foerde, K., Tom, S. M., Asarnow, R. F., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Knowlton, B. J. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3880-04.2005 · Cited by 600

The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis

Lodge, M., & Taber, C. S. (2005) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00426.x · Cited by 588

The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression

Ramel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580

A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: a generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect

Algom, D., Chajut, E., & Lev, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.323 · Cited by 565

Metacognition and consciousness

Koriat, A. (2007) · The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816789.012 · Cited by 554

The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts.

Wegner, D. M., & Erber, R. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.903 · Cited by 533

The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict

Milham, M. P., Banich, M. T., Webb, A., Barad, V, Cohen, N. J., Wszalek, T., & Kramer, A. F. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00076-3 · Cited by 521

The promise and perils of self-regulated study

Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194055 · Cited by 527

Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias.

Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.475 · Cited by 527

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247 · Cited by 523

Test format and corrective feedback modify the effect of testing on long-term retention

Kang, S. H. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440601056620 · Cited by 513

Representation of intentions: persisting activation in memory.

Goschke, T., & Kuhl, J. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1211 · Cited by 503

Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals.

Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167 · Cited by 500

Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning.

Kornell, N., Hays, M. J., & Bjork, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015729 · Cited by 484

Inductive judgments about natural categories

Rips, L. J. (1975) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(75)80055-7 · Cited by 465

Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Second Language Fluency

Schmidt, R. (1992) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263100011189 · Cited by 458

Expanding retrieval practice promotes short-term retention, but equally spaced retrieval enhances long-term retention

Karpicke, J. D., & Roediger, H. L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.4.704 · Cited by 421

Retrieval-induced forgetting: evidence for a recall-specific mechanism

Anderson, M. C., Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (2000) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03214366 · Cited by 417

The Stroop task: The "gold standard" of attentional measures.

MacLeod, C. M. (1992) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.1.12 · Cited by 423

Meditation and attention: A comparison of the effects of concentrative and mindfulness meditation on sustained attention

Valentine, E. R., & Sweet, P. L. G. (1999) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674679908406332 · Cited by 406

Automatic processes and the appraisal of sexual stimuli: toward an information processing model of sexual arousal.

Janssen, E., Everaerd, W., Spiering, M., & Janssen, J. (2000) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490009552016 · Cited by 404

In Opposition to Inhibition

MacLeod, C. M., Dodd, M. D., Sheard, E. D., Wilson, D. E., & Bibi, U. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)01014-4 · Cited by 394

Dissociation of response conflict, attentional selection, and expectancy with functional magnetic resonance imaging

Casey, B. J., Thomas, K. M., Welsh, T. F., Badgaiyan, R. D., Eccard, C. H., Jennings, J. R., & Crone, E. A. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8728 · Cited by 389

Repetition and Memory

Hintzman, D. L. (1976) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60464-8 · Cited by 388

Impoverished cue support enhances subsequent retention: Support for the elaborative retrieval explanation of the testing effect

Carpenter, S. K., & Delosh, E. L. (2006) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193405 · Cited by 386

Now You Feel It, Now You Don't: Frontal Brain Electrical Asymmetry and Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation

Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x · Cited by 368

Retrieval-induced facilitation: Initially nontested material can benefit from prior testing of related material.

Chan, J. C. K., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.553 · Cited by 364

Untitled work

(2007) · Cited by 350

SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: AN INFORMATION‐PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE1

McLaughlin, B., Rossman, T., & McLeod, B. (1983) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1983.tb00532.x · Cited by 348

Driven by information: A tectonic theory of Stroop effects.

Melara, R. D., & Algom, D. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.422 · Cited by 342

Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom

Mcdaniel, M. A., Roediger, H. L., & Mcdermott, K. B. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194052 · Cited by 326

Twenty Years of Stereotype Threat Research: A Review of Psychological Mediators

Pennington, C. R., Heim, D., Levy, A. R., & Larkin, D. T. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146487 · Cited by 324

Orienting attention without awareness

McCormick, P. A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.23.1.168 · Cited by 319

Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use

Buffett-Jerrott, S., & Stewart, S. (2002) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612023396654 · Cited by 312

Metacognitive control and strategy selection: Deciding to practice retrieval during learning.

Karpicke, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0017341 · Cited by 310

Cognitive effort and memory.

Tyler, S. W., Hertel, P. T., McCallum, M. C., & Ellis, H. C. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.6.607 · Cited by 305

The pretesting effect: do unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance learning?

Richland, L. E., Kornell, N., & Kao, L. S. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/a0016496 · Cited by 302

Confidence and accuracy of near-threshold discrimination responses

Kunimoto, C., Miller, J., & Pashler, H. (2001) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2000.0494 · Cited by 291

Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: History, Theoretical Models, Empirical Findings, and Potential as an Endophenotype

Demetriou, E. A., DeMayo, M. M., & Guastella, A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00753 · Cited by 274

Cognitive mapping: Knowledge of real-world distance and location information.

Evans, G. W., & Pezdek, K. (1980) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.1.13 · Cited by 271

Mental comparison and the symbolic distance effect

Moyer, R. S., & Bayer, R. H. (1976) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90025-6 · Cited by 260

Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions: Joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes Stroop interference.

Kuhl, J., & Kazén, M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.382 · Cited by 258

The liabilities of mobility: a selection pressure for the transition to consciousness in animal evolution

Merker, B. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00002-3 · Cited by 251

Frontal temporal and parietal systems synchronize within and across brains during live eye-to-eye contact

Hirsch, J., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., & Ono, Y. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.018 · Cited by 236

Integration as a general boundary condition on retrieval-induced forgetting.

Anderson, M. C., & McCulloch, K. C. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.3.608 · Cited by 246

The unconscious regulation of emotion: Nonconscious reappraisal goals modulate emotional reactivity.

Williams, L. E., Bargh, J. A., Nocera, C. C., & Gray, J. R. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017745 · Cited by 238

Cognitive control and attentional functions

Mackie, M.-A., Van Dam, N. T., & Fan, J. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.004 · Cited by 235

Frequent Feedback Enhances Complex Motor Skill Learning

Wulf, G., Shea, C. H., & Matschiner, S. (1998) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222899809601335 · Cited by 221

Retrieval-Based Learning: A Decade of Progress

Karpicke, J. D. (2017) · Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21055-9 · Cited by 223

The influence of sentence constraint on the scope of facilitation for upcoming words

Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Shoben, E. J. (1985) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(85)90026-9 · Cited by 210

Automaticity: Componential, Causal, and Mechanistic Explanations

Moors, A. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033550 · Cited by 210

Cognitive Load Theory: Historical Development and Relation to Other Theories

Moreno, R., & Park, B. (2010) · Cognitive Load Theory · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511844744.003 · Cited by 204

When and why do retrieval attempts enhance subsequent encoding?

Grimaldi, P. J., & Karpicke, J. D. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-011-0174-0 · Cited by 200

Retrieval-Based Learning

Karpicke, J. D., Lehman, M., & Aue, W. R. (2014) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800283-4.00007-1 · Cited by 185

Cognitive Control: Core Constructs and Current Considerations

Cohen, J. D. (2017) · The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control · doi:10.1002/9781118920497.ch1 · Cited by 179

Abductive inference and delusional belief.

Coltheart, M., Menzies, P., & Sutton, J. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800903439120 · Cited by 177

Working memory and Stroop interference: An individual differences investigation

Long, D. L., & Prat, C. S. (2002) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03195290 · Cited by 165

The Testing Effect and the Retention Interval: Questions and Answers

Toppino, T. C., & Cohen, M. S. (2009) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.252 · Cited by 160

Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias.

Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038557 · Cited by 159