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Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with severe cognitive impairments as well as some metabolic defects. Scant studies in animal models indicate a link between probiotics and cognitive function. This randomized, double-blind and controlled clinical trial was conducted among 60 AD patients to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=30 in each group) treating with either milk (control group) or a mixture of probiotic (probiotic group). The probiotic supplemented group took 200 ml/day probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum (2×109 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score was recorded in all subjects before and after the treatment. Pre- and post-treatment fasting blood samples were obtained to determine the related markers. After 12 weeks intervention, compared with the control group (-5.03%±3.00), the probiotic treated (+27.90%±8.07) patients showed a significant improvement in the MMSE score (P<0.001). In addition, changes in plasma malondialdehyde (-22.01%±4.84 vs. +2.67%±3.86 µmol/L, P<0.001), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-17.61%±3.70 vs. +45.26%±3.50 µg/mL, P<0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (+28.84%±13.34 vs.+76.95%±24.60, P=0.002), Beta cell function (+3.45%±10.91 vs. +75.62%±23.18, P=0.001), serum triglycerides (-20.29%±4.49 vs. -0.16%±5.24 mg/dL, P=0.003) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (-1.83±1.26 vs. -4.66±1.70, P=0.006) in the probiotic group were significantly varied compared to the control group. We found that the probiotic treatment had no considerable effect on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, fasting plasma glucose and other lipid profiles. Overall, the current study demonstrated that probiotic consumption for 12 weeks positively affects cognitive function and some metabolic statuses in the AD patients.
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TL;DR
In a 12-week randomized, double-blind controlled trial of 60 Alzheimer’s disease patients, probiotic milk supplementation improved MMSE scores and some metabolic/inflammatory markers compared with control milk. The authors conclude probiotics may have favorable effects on cognition and selected metabolic statuses in AD, but not on all oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, or lipid measures.
Key findings
- MMSE score improved in the probiotic group (+27.90% ± 8.07) versus worsening in the control group (−5.03% ± 3.00; P < 0.001).
- Probiotic treatment significantly changed plasma MDA (−22.01% ± 4.84 vs. +2.67% ± 3.86 μmol/L, P < 0.001), serum hs-CRP (−17.61% ± 3.70 vs. +45.26% ± 3.50 μg/mL, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (+28.84% ± 13.34 vs. +76.95% ± 24.60, P = 0.002), HOMA-B (+3.45% ± 10.91 vs. +75.62% ± 23.18, P = 0.001), serum triglycerides (−20.29% ± 4.49 vs. −0.16% ± 5.24 mg/dL, P = 0.003), and QUICKI (−1.83 ± 1.26 vs. −4.66 ± 1.70, P = 0.006).
- No considerable effect was found on other oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, fasting plasma glucose, or other lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol).
- No side effects were reported following probiotic administration.
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, controlled 12-week clinical trial in 60 AD patients aged 60–95 years residing at welfare organizations in Kashan and Esfahan, Iran; participants were randomized to control milk (n = 30) or probiotic milk (n = 30), matched at baseline for disease severity based on gender, BMI, and age.
- Probiotic group received 200 ml/day milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum (2 × 10^9 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks; control group received milk.
- Primary outcome was MMSE; secondary outcomes included oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers from fasting blood samples at weeks 0 and 12. Analyses used intention-to-treat with LOCF for missing values, independent t-tests, and ANCOVA adjustment for baseline biochemical values, age, and BMI.
Limitations
- The paper states that measuring fecal bacteria loads before and after probiotic supplementation in AD patients was very difficult.
- The paper states that cognition was assessed only with the MMSE, and that other cognitive criteria and additional inflammatory/oxidative biomarkers such as IL-6, TNF-α, catalase, and SOD would be informative.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (60 randomized; 52 completed), with deaths/dropouts during the study, and baseline serum triglycerides, VLDL, and HDL differed significantly between groups, although the authors report adjustment did not considerably change findings.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No side effects were reported following administration with probiotic in AD patients throughout the study.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the concentration of VLDL was reduced in the probiotic subjects compared to their control counterparts (−20.29% ± 4.49 vs. −0.16% ± 5.24 mg/dl, P = 0.003)”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probiotic treatment caused a significant decrease (P <0.001) in the MDA of the probiotic group (−22.01% ± 4.84 μmol/l) in comparison to the control patients (+2.67% ± 3.86 μmol/l).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the other lipid profiles (LDL, HDL and cholesterol) were insensitive to the probiotic treatment.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve weeks intervention resulted in an improvement in MMSE score in the probiotic group (+27.90% ± 8.07) compared to their control counterparts (−5.03% ± 3.00). The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P <0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Cognitive assessment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probiotic treatment considerably reduced the HOMA-B index (+3.45% ± 10.91) in the probiotic compared to the control (+75.62% ± 23.18) patients leading to a significant variation between the two groups (P = 0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the probiotic supplementation was ineffective on the FBP; the changes are (3.41% ± 2.12) and (4.50% ± 4.39) mg/dl in the probiotic and control groups, respectively.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the changes in other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG and other lipid profiles are negligible.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HOMH-IR index decreased in the probiotic group (+28.84% ± 13.34) compared to their control counterparts (+76.95% ± 24.60, P = 0.002).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in hs-CRP were −17.61% ± 3.70 and +45.26% ± 3.50 μg/ml in the probiotic and control groups, respectively (P <0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The QUICKI level was significantly (P = 0.006) increased in the probiotic subjects (−1.83% ± 1.26) in comparison to their control counterparts (−4.66% ± 1.70).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Informed consent was received from all patients before beginning the study.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The MMSE was used to assess cognition in the AD subjects (Folstein et al., 1975).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Assessment of outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folstein et al., 1975 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In our previous work, we have shown that probiotics efficiently reverse the impaired spatial learning and memory as well as synaptic transmission in diabetes mellitus (Davari et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davari et al., 2013 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research was approved by the ethics committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) and was registered in the Iranian website for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir) IRCT201511305623N60.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Trial design
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased biomarkers of oxidative stress (Furman et al., 2016), inflammation and chronic neuroinflammation are reported to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system (CNS) including AD (Leszek et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were then randomly divided into two groups to receive either milk (control group, n = 30: 24 females and 6 males) or milk containing a mixture of probiotics (probiotic group, n = 30: 24 females and 6 males) for 12 weeks.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Study design
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Gareau reported that intestinal dysbiosis in germ free animals (containing no microbiota), bacterial infection with an enteric pathogen and administration of probiotics can modulate cognitive behaviors including learning and memory (Gareau, 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gareau, 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the onset of the study, all subjects were matched for disease severity based on gender, BMI, and age.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Study design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All inter- and intra-assay CVs for NO, TAC, GSH, MDA, FPG, and lipid profiles were lower than 5%.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Assessment of biochemical parameters
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AD patients are predisposed to some complications including increased oxidative stress (Sultana et al., 2011), morbidity, mortality (Schelke et al., 2016), microvascular disease, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (Sridhar et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Missing values were treated based on Last-Observation-Carried-Forward method (LOCF) (Lachin, 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lachin, 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Probiotics intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles by reducing cytokines and suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (Shi et al., 2006) and gut microbiota-short chain fatty acids (SCFA)-hormone axis (Yadav et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean age, height, weight, and BMI at baseline and end of trial were not statistically different between the two groups (Table 1).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 60Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consumption of symbiotic bread containing the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 108 CFU/g) for 8 weeks also decreased the serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (Shakeri et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shakeri et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Accordingly, high lipid levels could be one of the risk factors for AD (Reitz et al., 2010).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reitz et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of AD, although its pathological significance is not understood (Selvarajah et al., 2011).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Selvarajah et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the study 4 out of 30 patients in the two groups were died and a total of 52 subjects [control (n = 26) and probiotic (n = 26)] completed the experiments (Figure 1).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 52Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization assignment was conducted using computer-generated random numbers.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“http://www.irct.ir: IRCT201511305623N60.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Clinical registration
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Evidence indicates that, through production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress acts as vehicle for deposition and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in AD (Kim et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as the analysis was based on the ITT principle, all 60 patients were included in the final analysis.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we controlled the analyses for the baseline values of biochemical parameters, age, and baseline BMI. Nevertheless, this adjustment indicated no considerable changes in our findings (Data not shown).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The randomized allocation sequence, enrolling subjects and allocating them to interventions were conducted by a trained staff at the Welfare Organizations.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, it was reported that 6 weeks probiotic treatment caused no significant change in inflammatory factors of diabetic patients (Mazloom et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazloom et al., 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dysfunctions in GABA-signaling are linked to anxiety and depression, defects in synaptogenesis and cognitive impairments (Aziz et al., 2013; Mitew et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also the glutamatergic NMDA receptors are involved in the most important excitatory neurotransmission of brain (Talaei et al., 2016) which is engaged in the neural circuits involved in learning and memory.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Talaei et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 8 weeks consumption of capsules containing 108 CFU/g of L. casei by the people suffered from rheumatoid arthritis displayed no significant within- and between-group changes in MDA and TAC levels (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, Zarrati et al. (2014) showed that 8 weeks consumption of yogurt, enriched by L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium langum, and L. casei (108 CFU/g each) decreased inflammatory cytokines in overweight people.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zarrati et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some evidence from clinical studies support the fact that abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the brain leads to progressive cognitive dysfunction (Wang et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization and allocation were concealed from the researchers and individuals until the final analyses were completed.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses were conducted based on an intention-to-treat (ITT) principle.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, findings from germ free animals indicated a decreased level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), important neurotrophic factor in the neuronal growth and survival, and a reduced expression of some subunits of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Sudo et al., 2004) involved in most abundant neurotransmission in brain (Salami et al., 2000).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence has demonstrated that brain insulin resistance, as a key mediator in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, may take a role in AD (Cervellati et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cervellati et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has also been postulated that oxidative stress may decrease the activity of α-secretase, which promotes the expression and activity of β and γ-secretase, leading to the increased production of Aβ (Tan et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tan et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study demonstrated that the probiotic administration for 12 weeks has favorable effects on MMSE score, MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism and triglycerides levels of the AD patients;”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of cognitive impairment in primary elderly hypertensive patients (Ma et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, since the microbiota-gut-brain axis conduits some of its main actions through nerve pathways both dysbiosis and probiotic treatment could have profound effects on the CNS functions.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistently, in a meta-analysis study, Kasińska and Drzewoski (2015) reported a reduced HOMA-IR and insignificant FGP in probiotic treated subjects.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kasińska and Drzewoski, 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent to our findings, a significant reduction in MDA levels was reported in type 2 diabetic patients after consuming probiotic yogurt (Ejtahed et al., 2012).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ejtahed et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Author contributions > Conflict of interest statement
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No direct study has considered gut microbiota manipulation in Alzheimer's disease patients.
“However, no direct study has considered the gut microbiota manipulation in AD patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.
“Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic status in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
“To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic status in patients with AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The probiotic intervention changed the gut microbiota in the AD patients.
“Measurement of fecal bacteria loads before and after the probiotic supplementation in the AD patients was very difficult.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recently, a probiotic mixture containing B. longum and different Lactobacillus strains positively affected cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer's disease patients (Akbari et al., 2016).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Akbari et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials have shown that probiotic supplementation can improve cognitive function and reduce inflammation in AD patients218.”
From Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [218]
In the citing paper
“and could improve cognitive, sensory and emotional function in AD patients (Akbari et al. 2016).”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Akbari et al. 2016
In the citing paper
“while the assumption of a probiotic fermented milk drink containing L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum, and L. fermentum improves cognitive function in AD patients [323].”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [323]
In the citing paper
“Probiotics have been shown to improve cognitive symptoms and biochemical markers in participants with various dysbiosis-related disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (476), fibromyalgia (477, 478), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (479).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [476]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O. R., Salami, M., Bahmani, F., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Akbari, E., Tajabadi-Ebrahimi, M., Jafari, P., & Asemi, Z. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.015 · Cited by 317 · cited 1×
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRetractedMohammadi, A. A., Jazayeri, S., Khosravi‐Darani, K., Solati, Z., Mohammadpour, N., Asemi, Z., Adab, Z., Djalali, M., Tehrani‐Doost, M., Hosseini, M., et al. (2015) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000023 · Cited by 241
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“It is generally agreed that probiotic strains should be of host origin with a beneficial effect on the host, withstand into food stuff with a high count, withstand transits through intestine and colonize lumen of the tract, produce antimicrobial agents, and technologically appropriate for…”
BackgroundMethodMcKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay
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“Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power method developed by Benzie and Strain (1996).”
MethodHirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
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Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
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Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Shewale, 2014, Selection criteria for probiotics: a review, Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics, 9, 17
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 951
The Immunopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease Is Related to the Composition of Gut Microbiota
Leblhuber, F., Ehrlich, D., Steiner, K., Geisler, S., Fuchs, D., Lanser, L., & Kurz, K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020361 · Cited by 149
Current and emerging avenues for Alzheimer's disease drug targets
Loera‐Valencia, R., Cedazo-Mínguez, Á., Kenigsberg, P.-A., Page, G., Duarte, A. I., Giusti, P., Zusso, M., Robert, P. H., Frisoni, G. B., Cattaneo, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12959 · Cited by 142
Xu, M., Mo, X., Huang, H., Chen, X., Liu, H., Peng, Z., Chen, L., Rong, S., Yang, W. Q., Xu, S., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.180 · Cited by 140
Shah, B. R., Li, B., Sabbah, H. A., Xu, W., & Mráz, J. (2020) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.010 · Cited by 146
Linking Oxidative Stress and Proteinopathy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Sharma, C., & Kim, S. R. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10081231 · Cited by 145
The Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Baizabal-Carvallo, J. F., & Alonso-Juarez, M. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.030 · Cited by 130
Aljumaah, M. R., Bhatia, U., Roach, J., Gunstad, J., & Peril, M. A. A. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.012 · Cited by 140
The Role of Immunosenescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Costantini, E., D’Angelo, C., & Reale, M. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/6039171 · Cited by 133
Age-related shifts in gut microbiota contribute to cognitive decline in aged rats
Li, Y., Ning, L., Yin, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Z., Hao, L., Wang, B., Zhao, X., Yang, X., Yin, L., et al. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103093 · Cited by 125
“In contrast with conventional fMRI, rsfMRI is a task-free technique that monitors the intrinsic and fundamental activities of the brain neural circuits [10].”
Kazemi, A., Soltani, S., Ghorabi, S., Keshtkar, A., Daneshzad, E., Nasri, F., & Mazloomi, S. M. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.004 · Cited by 131
The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Zhu, X., Li, B., Lou, P., Dai, T., Chen, Y., Zhuge, A., Yuan, Y., & Li, L. (2021) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00730-8 · Cited by 137
“It is known that probiotics have anti-inflammatory effects [80], antioxidant effects [44, 81] and enhance cognitive function [75], but the specific mechanisms underlying its therapeutic properties still needs further study.”
BackgroundWang, Q., Shen, Y., Wang, X., Fu, S., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, R. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102645 · Cited by 135
“Supplementation with probiotics ameliorated AD symptoms and improved biochemical markers in human patients [10] and animal models [11].”
BackgroundCerovic, M., Forloni, G., & Balducci, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00284 · Cited by 127
Teixeira, M. I., Lopes, C. M., Amaral, M. H., & Costa, P. C. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.005 · Cited by 133
Trends in Probiotic(s)-Fermented milks and their in vivo functionality: A review
Sakandar, H. A., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.054 · Cited by 127
Bicknell, B. T., Liebert, A. D., Borody, T. J., Herkes, G., McLachlan, C. S., & Kiat, H. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119577 · Cited by 135
“A randomised placebo-controlled trial (RCT) of 30 AD patients showed significant improvements in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores for the treated group over the placebo group, with some improvements in some metabolic markers, including CRP and insulin sensitivity [383].”
Saran, A., White, H., & Kuper, H. (2020) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1070 · Cited by 142
Kobayashi, Y., Kinoshita, T., Matsumoto, A., Yoshino, K., Saito, I., & Xiao, J. (2019) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2018.32 · Cited by 126
“In addition, Akbari et al. (9) reported that consumption of milk supplemented with probiotics could affect cognitive function and metabolic statuses in patients with AD.”
Rudzki, L., Stone, T. W., Maes, M. H. J., Misiak, B., Samochowiec, J., & Szulc, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110240 · Cited by 125
ESPEN guideline on nutrition and hydration in dementia – Update 2024
Volkert, D., Beck, A. M., Irving, G. F., Frühwald, T., Hooper, L., Keller, H., Porter, J. A., Rothenberg, E. M., Suominen, M. H., Wirth, R., et al. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.039 · Cited by 138
Microbial involvement in Alzheimer disease development and progression
Bulgart, H. R., Neczypor, E. W., Wold, L. E., & Mackos, A. R. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00378-4 · Cited by 116
Tang, H., Zhang, X., Luo, N., Huang, J., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad175 · Cited by 121
van Soest, A. P. M., Hermes, G. D. A., Berendsen, A. A. M., van de Rest, O., Zoetendal, E. G., Fuentes, S., Santoro, A., Franceschi, C., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113471 · Cited by 118
Microbiota modulation as preventative and therapeutic approach in Alzheimer’s disease
Bonfili, L., Cecarini, V., Gogoi, O., Gong, C., Cuccioloni, M., Angeletti, M., Rossi, G., & Eleuteri, A. M. (2020) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15571 · Cited by 123
Tan, W., Zhang, Q., Dong, Z., Yan, Y., Fu, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, B., & Duan, X. L. (2020) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06383 · Cited by 113
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Influenced by Postbiotics
Jastrząb, R., Graczyk, D., & Siedlecki, P. S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413475 · Cited by 129
The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression
Rudzki, L., & Maes, M. H. J. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01961-y · Cited by 115
“Furthermore, growing clinical data confirms the therapeutic effects of so-called psychobiotics in those disorders (32, 48-64).”
BackgroundBile acids as key modulators of the brain-Gut-Microbiota axis in alzheimer’s disease
Mulak, A. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210608 · Cited by 114
“State Examination scores in AD patients [154],”
Chen, Y., He, Y., Han, J., Wei, W., & Chen, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1258640 · Cited by 116
Sun, M., Ma, K., Wen, J., Wang, G., Zhang, C., Li, Q., Bao, X., & Wang, H. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190872 · Cited by 113
Probiotics ameliorate intestinal pathophysiology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Kaur, H., Nagamoto‐Combs, K., Golovko, S. A., Golovko, M. Y., Klug, M. G., & Combs, C. K. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.009 · Cited by 115
“A positive effect of probiotic consumption on improvement in some oxidative stress and inflammatory markers has been observed in AD patients supporting a gut-brain communication during disease (Akbari et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInoue, T., Kobayashi, Y., Mori, N., Sakagawa, M., Xiao, J., Moritani, T., Sakane, N., & Nagai, N. (2018) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2017.0193 · Cited by 117
Diet and Alzheimer's dementia – Nutritional approach to modulate inflammation
Szczechowiak, K., Diniz, B. S., & Leszek, J. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172743 · Cited by 116
Dysbiosis and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Role for Chronic Stress?
Sharma, V., Singh, T. G., Garg, N., Dhiman, S., Gupta, S., Rahman, M. H., Najda, A., Walasek-Janusz, M., Kamel, M. S., Albadrani, G. M., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11050678 · Cited by 111
“In an experimental setup, exposure to Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum for 12 weeks showed the precognitive effects through the modulation of ghrelin levels [45].”
BackgroundInvited Review: From nose to gut – the role of the microbiome in neurological disease
Bell, J. S., Spencer, J. I., Yates, R. L., Yee, S. A., Jacobs, B. M., & DeLuca, G. C. (2018) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12520 · Cited by 111
Probiotics for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Krüger, J. F., Hillesheim, E., Pereira, A. C. D. S. N., Camargo, C. D. Q., & Rabito, E. I. (2020) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaa037 · Cited by 114
Arora, K., Green, M., & Prakash, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.537847 · Cited by 115
Zhu, F., Tu, H., & Chen, T. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14102081 · Cited by 123
Dietary Pattern, Gut Microbiota, and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Pathways linking obesity to neuropsychiatric disorders
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“No studies exist examining the behavioral/cognitive outcomes of probiotic supplementation on TBI patients; however, probiotics have been shown to improve behavior and cognition in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (115) and depression (116), as well as healthy individuals (117).”
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“, 2017), and another found treatment with a Bifidobacterium probiotic increased MMSE scores in patients with ad (Akbari et al., 2016).”
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Hormetic Nutrition and Redox Regulation in Gut–Brain Axis Disorders
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“…probiotics also refer to “ psychobiotics ”, candidate species of live symbiotic bacteria that, when ingested in adequate amounts, confer brain health effects to the host for an innovative nutritional approach targeting gut microbiota to treat various neurological and psychiatric disorders [62,63].”
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The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease and Omega-3. A Critical Overview of Clinical Trials
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Gut flora and metabolism are altered in epilepsy and partially restored after ketogenic diets
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Gut microbiota‐immune‐brain interactions in chemotherapy‐associated behavioral comorbidities
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Brain modulation by the gut microbiota: From disease to therapy
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“…ml/day of probiotic milk containing Bifidobacterium bifidum , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Lacto-bacillus fermentum , and Lactobacillus casei , and that this had bene-ficial effects on triglyceride levels, hs-CRP, MDA, markers of insulin metabolism, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores [13].”
BackgroundInterventions on Gut Microbiota for Healthy Aging
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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Beneficial or Harmful in Alzheimer’s Disease?
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“In this context, alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is a naturally occurring molecule, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [25, 26], which plays several roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, and acts as a neuroprotective agent [27].”
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“They reported an improvement in mini-mental state examination scores following 12 weeks of the intervention.(98) Although these trials are encouraging, they need to be replicated.”
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Gut microbiota, kynurenine pathway and mental disorders – Review
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Psychobiotics, gut microbiota and fermented foods can help preserving mental health
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Probiotics and their Metabolites Reduce Oxidative Stress in Middle-Aged Mice
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Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…!
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“In a clinical study, SCFAs producer complex ( L. acidophilus , L. casei , B. bifidum and L. ermentum ) supplementation for 12 wk significantly improved the cognitive ability of AD patients in a randomized double-blind controlled study (Akbari et al. 2016).”
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The effect of caloric restriction on working memory in healthy non-obese adults
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“In contrast, the consumption of probiotic supplementation is associated with improved cognition in AD patients (Akbari et al., 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Akbari, E., Asemi, Z., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Bahmani, F., Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O. R., Hamidi, G. A., & Salami, M.
- Affiliations
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Asemi, Zatollah
- Salami, Mahmoud
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-11-10
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 256-256
- ISSN
- 1663-4365 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5105117
- OpenAlex
- W2549210709
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a1f1dc8208ef2c3d7013ce699ff50704195c24d
- Cited by
- 946
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 63.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- expression_of_concern (2020-10-07)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, probiotics, probiotic milk, cognitive function, metabolic status, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, beta-cell function, triglycerides, Mini-Mental State Examination
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