Cited by 484Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

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From Pre-Diabetes to Diabetes: Diagnosis, Treatments and Translational Research

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Khan, Radia, Chua, Zoey, Tan, Jia, Yang, Yingying, Liao, Zehuan, Zhao, Yan·2019·Medicina

DOI 10.3390/medicina55090546PMC PMC6780236

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Abstract

Diabetes, a silent killer, is one of the most widely prevalent conditions of the present time. According to the 2017 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) statistics, the global prevalence of diabetes among the age group of 20–79 years is 8.8%. In addition, 1 in every 2 persons is unaware of the condition. This unawareness and ignorance lead to further complications. Pre-diabetes is the preceding condition of diabetes, and in most of the cases, this ultimately leads to the development of diabetes. Diabetes can be classified into three types, namely type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes. The diagnosis of both pre-diabetes and diabetes is based on glucose criteria; the common modalities used are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A glucometer is commonly used by diabetic patients to measure blood glucose levels with fast and rather accurate measurements. A few of the more advanced and minimally invasive modalities include the glucose-sensing patch, SwEatch, eyeglass biosensor, breath analysis, etc. Despite a considerable amount of data being collected and analyzed regarding diabetes, the actual molecular mechanism of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unknown. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are associated with T2DM. The complications of diabetes can predominantly be classified into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular. Retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are grouped under microvascular complications, whereas stroke, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD) belong to macrovascular complications. Unfortunately, until now, no complete cure for diabetes has been found. However, the treatment of pre-diabetes has shown significant success in preventing the further progression of diabetes. To prevent pre-diabetes from developing into T2DM, lifestyle intervention has been found to be very promising. Various aspects of diabetes, including the aforementioned topics, have been reviewed in this paper.

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Figure 1 A cross-section image of the parts of human body that can be affected by diabetic complications. Image of human body generated using Chembiodraw (v. Ultra 14.0).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy
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Role of Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in the Evolution of Type 2 Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program
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Behavioral Science Research in Diabetes: Lifestyle changes related to obesity, eating behavior, and physical activity
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Lifestyle and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Status Report
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment–Accomplices in tumor malignancy
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Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis
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Cigarette smoking and diabetes
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The Emerging Genetic Architecture of Type 2 Diabetes
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Haplotype Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of the Sulfonylurea Receptor and the Islet ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Region
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Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance
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Non‐invasive Analyte Access and Sensing through Eccrine Sweat: Challenges and Outlook circa 2016
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Updates in diabetic peripheral neuropathy
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The E23K Variant of Kir6.2 Associates With Impaired Post-OGTT Serum Insulin Response and Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
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Reactive oxygen species: a volatile driver of field cancerization and metastasis
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Selective disruption of PPARγ2 impairs the development of adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity
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Physical Activity and Insulin Sensitivity
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Brown Adipose Tissue Transplantation Reverses Obesity in Ob/Ob Mice
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Diabetic Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Function
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Hypoglycemia: The neglected complication
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Prediabetes and Lifestyle Modification: Time to Prevent a Preventable Disease
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Decreased Sensitivity of the Pancreatic Beta Cells to Glucose in Prediabetic and Diabetic Subjects: A Glucose Dose-Response Study
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Independent and Combined Effects of Exercise Training and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals With Prediabetes
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Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes
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The mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the management of diabetes.
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PREVALENCE OF DIABETES AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN THE BIRACIAL (MELANESIAN AND INDIAN) POPULATION OF FIJI: A RURAL-URBAN COMPARISON
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Forecasting the burden of type 2 diabetes in Singapore using a demographic epidemiological model of Singapore
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Authors: Khan, R., Chua, Z., Tan, J., Yang, Y., Liao, Z., & Zhao, Y.
Affiliations: Nanyang Technological University (SG)
Tongji University (CN)
Corresponding author: Liao, Zehuan
Zhao, Yan
ORCID: Tan, Jia
Yang, Yingying
Liao, Zehuan
Zhao, Yan
Venue: Medicina
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-08-29
Volume: 55
Issue: 9
Pages: 546
ISSN: 1010-660X (ISSN-L)
1648-9144
DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090546
PMC: PMC6780236
OpenAlex: W2971340278
Cited by: 484
References: 243
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 3
FWCI: 5.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Medicina (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Nanyang Technological University (SBS18005)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes diagnosis, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, blood glucose monitoring, diabetes complications, microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, genetic and epigenetic factors, lifestyle intervention, diabetes prevention, gestational diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Male, Middle Aged, Prediabetic State, Risk Factors, Diabetes Complications, Translational Research, Biomedical

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