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Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel
Open accessAbstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, reaching 31% of deaths in 2012 [1]. In particular, atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are the main causes of premature death in Europe and are responsible for 42% of deaths in women and 38% in men under 75 years old [2]. The global economic impact of CVD is estimated to have been US $906 billion in 2015 and is expected to rise by 22% by 2030 [3]. Cardiovascular diseases also represent the major cause of disability in developed countries. It has been estimated that their growing burden could lead to a global increase in loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), from a loss of 85 million DALYs in 1990 to a loss of ~150 million DALYs in 2020, becoming a major non-psychological cause of lost productivity [4]. Several risk factors contribute to the etiology and development of CVD; they are divided into those modifiable through lifestyle changes or by taking a pharmacologic treatment (e.g. for hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia) and those that are not modifiable (age, male gender, and family history) [5]. Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) blood concentrations are the major modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas high concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in certain conditions are considered protective [6]. Moreover, LDL-C remains a fundamental CV risk factor (and a main target of therapy) even when statins are largely used in the general population [7]. An examination of the data of 18 053 participants aged ≥ 20 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1999 to 2006 showed that the unadjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ranged from 53.2% to 56.1% in United States adults [8]. Differences related to gender and race or ethnicity were observed; in particular, a lower rate of control was found among women than men and lower rates of having a cholesterol check and being told about hypercholesterolemia were reported by African Americans and Mexican Americans than whites [8]. A recent report from the American Heart Association confirmed that in the US only 75.7% of children and 46.6% of adults present targeted TC levels (TC < 170 mg/dl for children and < 200 mg/dl for adults, in untreated individuals) [9]. The pattern is similar in other Western countries [10, 11].
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This International Lipid Expert Panel position paper reviews lipid-lowering nutraceuticals and their combinations, grading evidence and recommending selected agents as adjuncts for mild dyslipidemia or statin intolerance. It emphasizes that nutraceuticals cannot replace indicated lipid-lowering therapy and that outcome data proving CVD event reduction are still lacking.
Key findings
- Red yeast rice (RYR) reduced LDL-C by 1.02 mmol/l (39.4 mg/dl) versus placebo in a meta-analysis of 20 trials, comparable to moderate-intensity statins; it was graded Class I, Level A, with expected LDL-C reduction of –15% to –25%.
- Berberine, in a meta-analysis of 27 clinical studies with 2569 participants, reduced LDL-C by –0.65 mmol/l (25.14 mg/dl), TG by –0.39 mmol/l (34.5 mg/dl), and increased HDL-C by 0.07 mmol/l (2.71 mg/dl); it was graded Class I, Level A.
- The RYR–policosanol–berberine combination, in a meta-analysis of 14 RCTs with 3159 subjects, improved LDL-C by –0.61 mmol/l (23.6 mg/dl), HDL-C by 0.07 mmol/l (2.71 mg/dl), TG by –0.16 mmol/l (14.2 mg/dl), and glucose by –0.14 mmol/l (2.52 mg/dl); it was graded Class I, Level A.
- Omega-3 EPA/DHA, in a meta-analysis of 47 RCTs with 16,511 hypercholesterolemic participants using a mean 3.25 g/day for 24 weeks, reduced TG by 14% (–0.34 mmol/l/30.12 mg/dl), with no significant HDL-C difference; it was graded Class I, Level A for TG lowering.
Methods
- Position paper/consensus from an International Lipid Expert Panel, endorsed by multiple national societies, providing a narrative review of clinical evidence on individual lipid-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations.
- Evidence was drawn from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses; treatment options were graded by Class of recommendation (I–III) and Level of evidence (A–C) as defined in Tables I and II.
- For each nutraceutical, the paper describes mechanism of action, active principles, effective dosages, effects on lipid profile, extra-lipid-lowering properties, and safety profile where available.
Limitations
- The paper states that there are still no outcome studies proving that nutraceuticals can prevent CVD morbidity or mortality; many combinations have been tested only in a single study and results have not been confirmed, and some tested combinations contained underdosed components.
- The paper notes long-term safety data are lacking for some agents, such as plant sterols beyond 2 years, beta-glucan long-term efficacy/safety, and silymarin safety data.
- Evident from the text: the evidence base is heterogeneous, with small or short trials, inconsistent RCT results for some agents (e.g., curcumin, policosanols), and bergamot efficacy data largely from a single research unit and not confirmed elsewhere.
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Claims the paper makes
313 Not checked yet · 32 No basis given · 21 Own interpretation · 3 Own method · 1 Own result
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“glucose by –0.14 mmol/l (2.52 mg/dl) (p = 0.010)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plaindirectn = 3,159 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HDL-C by 0.07 mmol/l (2.71 mg/dl) (p < 0.001)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plaindirectn = 3,159 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“TG by –0.16 mmol/l (14.2 mg/dl) (p < 0.001)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plaindirectn = 3,159 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 14 RCTs including data from 3159 subjects showed than the red yeast rice-policosanol-berberine association improved the plasma level of LDL-C by –0.61 mmol/l (23.6 mg/dl) (p < 0.001)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plaindirectn = 3,159 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Three polymorphisms in the 3′ UTR region of LDLR and two in the 5′ UTR region of PCSK9 were associated with response to the treatment.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] De Castro-Orós I Solà R Valls RM Genetic variants of LDLR and PCSK9 associated with variations in response to antihypercholesterolemic effects of armolipid plus with berberine PLoS One 2016 11 e0150785 27015087 PMC4807809
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the data from all above-mentioned studies, no serious safety concerns have been raised.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.1. Red yeast rice and policosanols
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, the improvement in both lipid and glucose profile appeared to be maintained in the long-term observation [243].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Pirro M Mannarino MR Bianconi V The effects of a nutraceutical combination on plasma lipids and glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Pharmacol Res 2016 110 76 88 27157250
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“After 3 months of treatment a reduction of LDL-C (−23%) (p < 0.001) was reported”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plaindirectn = 100 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was also observed that endothelial function and PWV were improved by the combination of red yeast rice and berberine in dyslipidaemic patients [248, 249].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [248] Affuso F Ruvolo A Micillo F Saccà L Fazio S Effects of a nutraceutical combination (berberine, red yeast rice and policosanols) on lipid levels and endothelial function randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010 20 656 61 19699071
- Not checked yetcites [249] Cicero AF Parini A Rosticci M Effect of a lipid-lowering nutraceutical on pulse-wave-velocity in hypercholesterolemic patients with or without chronic kidney disease Open Hypertens J (TOJH) 2013 5 18 22
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“hs-CRP and endothelial microparticle changes were also related to each other (p = 0.005)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 181
- The quote only partly states this claim. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
In the paper
“Then, the improvement of lipid profile was not dependent on duration of supplementation or baseline lipid levels”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This combination has also been tested in adult and elderly patients previously intolerant to statins [245, 246], being well tolerated in 80% of cases.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [245] Marazzi G Cacciotti L Pelliccia F Long-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients Adv Ther 2011 28 1105 13 22113535
- Not checked yetcites [246] Cicero AF Derosa G Borghi C Red yeast rice and statin-intolerant patients Am J Cardiol 2010 105 1504 20451704
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association of the lipid-lowering properties of red yeast rice (3 mg MonK), policosanols (10 mg) and berberine (500 mg) is the most studied in RCTs and the only one for which meta-analyses of RCTs are available.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plaincorrelationaln = 3,159- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was highlighted that LDL-C change was positively associated with hs-CRP (p = 0.04) and endothelial microparticle changes (p < 0.001)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“hs-CRP and endothelial microparticle levels were also significantly decreased (–41% and –16%, respectively)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while a greater glucose-lowering effect was found with higher baseline glucose levels and longer durations of supplementation [244]”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Pirro M Mannarino MR Ministrini S Effects of a nutraceutical combination on lipids, inflammation and endothelial integrity in patients with subclinical inflammation: a randomized clinical trial Sci Rep 2016 6 23587 27004462 PMC4804276
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the available studies none of the participants reported any muscle pains and no abnormal liver function tests were observed while taking this supplement.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.3. Red yeast rice and plant sterols
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the authors observed a reduction of LDL-C by 14.3% (–0.57 mmol/l (22 mg/dl), 95% CI: –0.8; –0.31), as well as TC, apoB100 and apoB100/apoA-I ratio, without modifying safety parameters [254].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.4. Red yeast rice and artichoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [254] Barrat E Zaïr Y Ogier N A combined natural supplement lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate untreated hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013 64 882 9 23815518
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 8 weeks of treatment, the results showed a significant decrease in LDL-C (–0.97 ±0.35 mmol/l (37.5 mg/dl); –22 ±3%), TG (–0.22 ±0.28 mmol/l (19.5 mg/dl); –9 ±5%) and non-HDL-C (–21 ±3%) and a significant increase in HDL-C (+1.5 ±0.5%) (p < 0.001 for all), without the modification of safety parameters.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] Cicero AF Derosa G Pisciotta L Barbagallo C SISA-PUFACOL Study Group Testing the short-term efficacy of a lipid-lowering nutraceutical in the setting of clinical practice: a multicenter study J Med Food 2015 18 1270 3 26274827 PMC4638196
plaindirectn = 107 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the available data, no serious safety concerns have been raised, but further studies with longer follow-up are necessary to conclusively confirm this.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.4. Red yeast rice and artichoke
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 3 months of treatment, the nutraceutical supplement decreased LDL-C compared to baseline (p = 0.041) and to placebo (p = 0.037, respectively).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.5. Red yeast rice, policosanol, and silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] Derosa G Bonaventura A Bianchi L A randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effects of a nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice, silybum marianum and octasonol on lipid profile, endothelial and inflammatory parameters J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2014 28 317 24 25001663
plaindirectn = 134 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Triglycerides were reduced by the active product (p = 0.039), but not by the placebo, even though, in the group-to-group comparison, no significant difference was recorded (p = 0.061).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.5. Red yeast rice, policosanol, and silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] Derosa G Bonaventura A Bianchi L A randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effects of a nutraceutical combination of red yeast rice, silybum marianum and octasonol on lipid profile, endothelial and inflammatory parameters J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2014 28 317 24 25001663
plaindirectn = 134 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“after 16 weeks of treatment, LDL-C was reduced by 21.4% (95% CI: –13.3; –24.9%, p < 0.001), while TG decreased by 12.2% (95% CI: –24.4; –0.1%, p < 0.05) [253].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.4. Red yeast rice and artichoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Ogier N Amiot MJ Georgé S LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia Eur J Nutr 2013 52 547 57 22527287
plaindirectn = 39 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the available data, no serious safety concerns have been raised.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“An improvement of lipid parameters was assessed after the treatment (LDL-C 2.9 ±0.2 mmol/l (112 mg/dl) vs. control group 3.6 ±0.2 mmol/l (140 mg/dl), p < 0.05). Plasma lathosterol concentrations, an index of cholesterol biosynthesis, were lowered after the combination treatment (p < 0.05), as well [274].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Yoshida M Vanstone CA Parsons WD Zawistowski J Jones PJ Effect of plant sterols and glucomannan on lipids in individuals with and without type II diabetes Eur J Clin Nutr 2006 60 529 37 16391591
plaindirectn = 34 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“after their intake for 4 weeks, there was reported a reduction of LDL-C of 35.0 ±3.1% (p < 0.001), and the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C (30.0 ±3.5%, p < 0.001) [266].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.8. Soy proteins and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266] Jenkins DJ Kendall CW Marchie A The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia Metabolism 2003 52 1478 83 14624410
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When compared to placebo, nutraceutical combination treated patients experienced a more favorable percentage change in LDL-C (–23.3%), hs-CRP (–2.4%), and endothelial function (pulse volume displacement vs. baseline: +17%).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.5. Red yeast rice, policosanol, and silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [258] Cicero AF Colletti A Rosticci M Grandi E Borghi C Efficacy and tolerability of a combined lipid-lowering nutraceutical on cholesterolemia, hs-CRP level and endothelial function in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2016 30 593 8 27358154
plaindirectn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 2 months of treatment, there was a significant reduction of LDL-C by 14% (p < 0.003), VLDL dropped by 20% (p < 0.01) and sdLDL particles fell by 25% (type III and IV) [275].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [275] Houston M Sparks W Effect of combination pantethine, plant sterols, green tea extract, delta-tocotrienol and phytolens on lipid profiles in patients with hyperlipidemia JANA 2010 13 15 20
plaindirectn = 30 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the available data, no safety concerns have been raised, but further studies with a long follow-up are still necessary to confirm this.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.8. Soy proteins and plant sterols
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“When compared to the placebo group, monacolins/CoQ10-treated patients experienced a more favorable percent change in LDL-C (–21.99%, 95% CI: –26.63; –17.36), non-HDL-C (–14.67%, 95% CI: –19.22; –10.11), MMP-2 (–28.05%, 95% CI: –35.18; –20.93), MMP-9 (–27.19%, 95% CI: –36.21; –18.15), and hs-CRP (–23.77%, 95% CI: –30.54; –17.01).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.6. Red yeast rice and antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] Cicero AF Derosa G Parini A Red yeast rice improves lipid pattern, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and vascular remodeling parameters in moderately hypercholesterolemic Italian subjects Nutr Res 2013 33 622 8 23890351
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“LDL-C decreased significantly after the treatment (3.4 ±0.7 (131 mg/dl) to 2.7 ±0.5 mmol/l (104 mg/dl), p < 0.001). In addition, TGs were reduced (–0.2 ±0.3 mmol/l (18 mg/dl), p = 0.039).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Lee IT Lee WJ Tsai CM Su IJ Yen HT Sheu WH Combined extractives of red yeast rice, bitter gourd, chlorella, soy protein, and licorice improve total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride in subjects with metabolic syndrome Nutr Res 2012 32 85 92 22348456
plaindirectn = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results showed a reduction of LDL-C and TG, and an increase of HDL-C after the first 3 months of treatment; the lipid profile worsened after a 2-month washout period and improved again when the nutraceutical combination was reintroduced for a further 3 months [263].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.7. Berberine combined with bioactive lipid-lowering agents other than red yeast rice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [263] Derosa G Bonaventura A Bianchi L Berberis aristata/Silybum marianum fixed combination on lipid profile and insulin secretion in dyslipidemic patients Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013 13 1495 506 23971720
plaindirectn = 102- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, 75% of subjects reached an LDL-C target of less than 160 mg/dl and 25% of less than 130 mg/dl.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] Cicero AF Derosa G Pisciotta L Barbagallo C SISA-PUFACOL Study Group Testing the short-term efficacy of a lipid-lowering nutraceutical in the setting of clinical practice: a multicenter study J Med Food 2015 18 1270 3 26274827 PMC4638196
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination of γ-oryzanol (40 mg) with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1100 mg) was demonstrated to improve lipid profile (LDL-C –0.93 ±0.97 mmol/l (36 mg/dl), p < 0.0001, TG –0.60 ±0.63 mmol/l (23.2 mg/dl), all p < 0.001), as well as inflammatory and oxidative status in dyslipidemic volunteers [272].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [272] Accinni R Rosina M Bamonti F Effects of combined dietary supplementation on oxidative and inflammatory status in dyslipidemic subjects Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2006 16 121 7 16487912
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The improvement in lipid profile included a reduction of LDL-C from 3.5 ±0.7 mmol/l (135 mg/dl) to 3.1 ±0.8 mmol/l (120 mg/dl) after the intake of the nutraceutical product (p < 0.01). Moreover, this combination led to a reduction of plasma apoB concentrations (p < 0.01) [269].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Shrestha S Volek JS Udani J A combination therapy including psyllium and plant sterols lowers LDL cholesterol by modifying lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic individuals J Nutr 2006 136 2492 7 16988115
plaindirectn = 33 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the available data, no serious safety concerns have been raised, but further studies with a long follow-up are still necessary to confirm this.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.7. Berberine combined with bioactive lipid-lowering agents other than red yeast rice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 8 weeks of treatment, there was observed a significant improvement in LDL-C (–24%), TG (–19%), non-HDL-C (–22%), fasting insulin (–5%) and HOMA index (–10%) [262].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.7. Berberine combined with bioactive lipid-lowering agents other than red yeast rice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] Cicero AF Rosticci M Parini A Short-term effects of a combined nutraceutical of insulin-sensitivity, lipid level and indexes of liver steatosis: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial Nutr J 2015 14 30 25886384 PMC4410738
plaindirectn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plainn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The association of pea protein + oat fiber also showed 4% glucose reduction, 57% insulin reduction and 25% decrease of the HOMA index [273].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Sirtori CR Triolo M Bosisio R Hypocholesterolaemic effects of lupin protein and pea protein/fibre combinations in moderately hypercholesterolaemic individuals Br J Nutr 2012 107 1176 83 22032303
plaindirectn = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Doubling the daily dose seemed not to add additional benefits, while there were no safety concerns also with the higher dosage [255].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.4. Red yeast rice and artichoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [255] Barrat E Zaïr Y Sirvent P Effect on LDL-cholesterol of a large dose of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with untreated moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Eur J Nutr 2013 52 1843 52 23266743
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The association of plant sterols/stanols with certain lipid-lowering ingredients was demonstrated to strengthen cholesterol-lowering efficacy and add TG-lowering effects [250].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.3. Red yeast rice and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Kamal-Eldin A Moazzami A Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients in functional foods Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2009 1 1 14 20653521
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After the active treatment, there was observed a significant improvement in LDL-C (–18.2%), non-HDL-C (–15%), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (–10%), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (–30.9%), and hs-CRP (–18.2%) vs. placebo.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.4. Red yeast rice and artichoke
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] Cicero AF Colletti A Fogacci F Bove M Rosticci M Borghi C Effects of a combined nutraceutical on lipid pattern, glucose metabolism and inflammatory parameters in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects: a double-blind, cross-over, randomized clinical trial High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2016 24 13 8 27339779 PMC5315731
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“After 6 months of active treatment, the results showed a more favourable percentage change in LDL-C (–26.3%; p < 0.05), endothelial reactivity (PV displacement: +6.0%; p < 0.05) and arterial stiffness (PWV: –4.7%; p < 0.05) [260].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.6. Red yeast rice and antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260] Cicero AF Morbini M Rosticci M D’Addato S Grandi E Borghi C Middle-term dietary supplementation with red yeast rice plus coenzyme Q10 improves lipid pattern, endothelial reactivity and arterial stiffness in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects Ann Nutr Metab 2016 68 213 9 27055107
plaindirectn = 40 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“After 4 weeks of the active treatment patients experienced an improvement of cholesterol levels (LDL-C –22.36%; non-HDL-C –22.83%), hs-CRP –2.33% and endothelial function (PV displacement after monacolin treatment, 18.59%) [261].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.6. Red yeast rice and antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Cicero AF Morbini M Parini A Effect of red yeast rice combined with antioxidants on lipid pattern, hs-CRP level, and endothelial function in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016 12 281 6 26966368 PMC4770063
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination of phytosterols and ω-3 PUFAs reduced LDL-C by 12.5% (p = 0.002) and TG by 25.9% (p = 0.005); moreover, it increased HDL-C (8.6%, p = 0.04) [270].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Micallef MA Garg ML The lipid-lowering effects of phytosterols and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids are synergistic and complementary in hyperlipidemic men and women J Nutr 2008 138 1085 90 18492838
plaindirectn = 60 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clinical trials have reported that many nutraceuticals have an additive effect to lipid-lowering drugs, allowing the statin doses to be reduced without diminishing the results in terms of TC and LDL-C reduction and significantly limiting adverse effects [281].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [281] Cicero AF Colletti A Banach M Statins and nutraceuticals/functional food: could they be combined? Combination Therapy In Dyslipidemia 2016 127 42
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns. Very limited data; further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All reported side effects lasted a few days and did not lead to interruption of treatment [291].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.4. Ezetimibe or statins and berberine with silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Di Pierro F Bellone I Rapacioli G Putignano P Clinical role of a fixed combination of standardized Berberis aristata and Silybum marianum extracts in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients intolerant to statins Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015 8 89 96 25678808 PMC4322873
plainn = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, TGs were reduced by 36% and HDL-C increased by 37%, an effect that was significantly higher when compared to the use of rosuvastatin alone.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.7. Statins and bergamot
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Gliozzi M Walker R Muscoli S Bergamot polyphenolic fraction enhances rosuvastatin-induced effect on LDL-cholesterol, LOX-1 expression and protein kinase B phosphorylation in patients with hyperlipidemia Int J Cardiol 2013 170 140 5 24239156
plaindirectn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“It also increased the serum lathosterol/cholesterol ratio (p < 0.01), thus showing upregulation of cholesterol synthesis, and increased the serum sitosterol ratio (p < 0.01).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.5. Statins/ezetimibe and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Gylling H Miettinen TA LDL cholesterol lowering by bile acid malabsorption during inhibited synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic coronary subjects Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002 12 19 23 12125225
plaindirectn = 11 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results highlighted that simvastatin reduced LDL-C by 39% (p < 0.001) and additional stanol ester margarine reduced it by a further 13% (p < 0.05).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.5. Statins/ezetimibe and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Gylling H Miettinen TA LDL cholesterol lowering by bile acid malabsorption during inhibited synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic coronary subjects Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002 12 19 23 12125225
plaindirectn = 11 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ezetimibe and nutraceuticals have been both introduced, alone or in association, as alternative therapies for statin-intolerant patients and proved to be effective and well tolerated.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.3. Ezetimibe, red yeast rice, policosanol and berberine
plaindirectn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Compared with baseline, atorvastatin 40 mg showed a reduction of LDL-C (22%, p < 0.05), and increased β-sitosterol, campesterol/cholesterol, and β-sitosterol/cholesterol ratios (39%, 47%, and 32%, respectively, p < 0.05); ezetimibe 10 mg reduced campesterol and campesterol/cholesterol ratio (67% and 70%, respectively, p < 0.05), while the combined therapy decreased LDL-C (38%, p < 0.05), campester”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.5. Statins/ezetimibe and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [292] Malina DM Fonseca FA Barbosa SA Additive effects of plant sterols supplementation in addition to different lipid-lowering regimens J Clin Lipidol 2015 9 542 52 26228672
plaindirectn = 86 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among patients treated with highly effective lipid-lowering therapy, the intake of 25 g of fibers added favorable effects: a reduction of phytosterolemia, improvement in blood glucose (p = 0.047), weight loss (p = 0.04) and reduced body mass index (p = 0.002) [288].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.2. Statins and soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] Ramos SC Fonseca FA Kasmas SH The role of soluble fiber intake in patients under highly effective lipid-lowering therapy Nutr J 2011 10 80 21810257 PMC3159132
plaindirectn = 28 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was observed that the combined therapy significantly reduced LDL-C (–53%) compared to rosuvastatin alone, an effect which was nearly the same as the one produced by 20 mg of rosuvastatin.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.7. Statins and bergamot
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Gliozzi M Walker R Muscoli S Bergamot polyphenolic fraction enhances rosuvastatin-induced effect on LDL-cholesterol, LOX-1 expression and protein kinase B phosphorylation in patients with hyperlipidemia Int J Cardiol 2013 170 140 5 24239156
plaindirectn = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intake of berberine/silymarin with statins led to an improvement of lipid parameters (LDL-C –15% and –28%, respectively after 6 and 12 months) and also when added to ezetimibe (LDL-C –20% and –33% respectively after 6 and 12 months).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.4. Ezetimibe or statins and berberine with silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Di Pierro F Bellone I Rapacioli G Putignano P Clinical role of a fixed combination of standardized Berberis aristata and Silybum marianum extracts in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients intolerant to statins Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015 8 89 96 25678808 PMC4322873
plaindirectn = 45- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The triple treatment led to 67% reduction from baseline (p < 0.001), with all LDL-C values being < 2.6 mmol/l, and increased HDL-C by 15% (p < 0.01).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.5. Statins/ezetimibe and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Gylling H Miettinen TA LDL cholesterol lowering by bile acid malabsorption during inhibited synthesis and absorption of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic coronary subjects Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002 12 19 23 12125225
plaindirectn = 11 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Data from a long-term randomized clinical trial support the concept that combining statins with ω-3 fatty acids seems to further decrease CHD risk by 19% in primary prevention [284] and CHD mortality by 17% in secondary prevention [285].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [284] Yokoyama M Origasa H Matsuzaki M Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS) investigators Lancet 2007 369 1090 8
- Not checked yetcites [285] Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico Lancet 1999 354 447 55 10465168
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“After 8 weeks, the mean lowering of LDL-C (–63 mg/dl/–1.63 mmol/l; p = 0.03) in the group receiving 20 mg of simvastatin plus placebo was the same as that in the group receiving 10 mg of simvastatin plus psyllium and was greater than that obtained with 10 mg of simvastatin plus placebo (55 mg/dl/1.42 mmol/l; p = 0.03).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.2. Statins and soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [287] Moreyra AE Wilson AC Koraym A Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol Arch Intern Med 2005 165 1161 6 15911730
plaindirectn = 68 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“This study demonstrated that the addition of plant sterols further reduced LDL-C by ~6.5% in the atorvastatin therapy group and 5.0% and 4.0% in the combined therapy group (p < 0.05 for all) [292].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.5. Statins/ezetimibe and plant sterols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [292] Malina DM Fonseca FA Barbosa SA Additive effects of plant sterols supplementation in addition to different lipid-lowering regimens J Clin Lipidol 2015 9 542 52 26228672
boosteddirectn = 6 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similar results were reported for apoB and TC, while there were not observed significant changes of TG or HDL-C levels [287].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.2. Statins and soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [287] Moreyra AE Wilson AC Koraym A Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol Arch Intern Med 2005 165 1161 6 15911730
plainn = 68- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These therapies led to similar reductions in LDL-C and TC (p < 0.001 vs. baseline), while no change was observed in HDL-C.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.2. Statins and soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] Ramos SC Fonseca FA Kasmas SH The role of soluble fiber intake in patients under highly effective lipid-lowering therapy Nutr J 2011 10 80 21810257 PMC3159132
plaindirectn = 116 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients who followed 8-week treatment with simvastatin (10 mg) plus placebo obtained a significant reduction in non-HDL-C (–10.8%), TG (–6.9%), and LDL-C (–11.6%) (p ≤ 0.01), and an increase in HDL-C (+10.4%) (p = 0.02).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.8. Statins and garlic
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Ahmad Alobaidi AH Effect of Nigella sativa and Allium sativum coadminstered with simvastatin in dyslipidemia patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2014 13 68 74 23848231
plaindirectn = 258 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 4 weeks of treatment, the mean LDL-C and TG levels in the group receiving 20 mg of lovastatin plus 10 g of psyllium fell by 30.9% and 26.2% from baseline compared with 24.8% and 32.9% in the group receiving 20 mg of lovastatin and 3.6% and 10.9% in the group receiving 10 g of psyllium, respectively [286].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.2. Statins and soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [286] Agrawal AR Tandon M Sharma PL Effect of combining viscous fibre with lovastatin on serum lipids in normal human subjects Int J Clin Pract 2007 61 1812 8 17935545
plaindirectn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.1. Statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, a significant reduction of biomarkers used for detecting oxidative vascular damage was reported, suggesting antioxidant activity of bergamot in patients on statin therapy [120].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.7. Statins and bergamot
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Gliozzi M Walker R Muscoli S Bergamot polyphenolic fraction enhances rosuvastatin-induced effect on LDL-cholesterol, LOX-1 expression and protein kinase B phosphorylation in patients with hyperlipidemia Int J Cardiol 2013 170 140 5 24239156
hedgedconditionaln = 77- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is particularly relevant since it is estimated that the range of people intolerant to conventional statin treatment is between 45 000 and 290 000 individuals/year [36]”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.5. Indication of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Bangalore S Fayyad R Hovingh GK Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators Statin and the risk of renal-related serious adverse events: analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN, SPARCL, and other placebo-controlled trials Am J Cardiol 2014 113 2018 20 24793673
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Another group of patients who might benefit from such nutraceuticals consists of very old patients (especially those aged over 75) or patients with sarcopenia [40].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.5. Indication of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Banach M Serban MC Discussion around statin discontinuation in older adults and patients with wasting diseases J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016 7 396 99 27030814 PMC4782254
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The development of new powerful (and very expensive) lipid-lowering drugs will be able to fill the gap (and in consequence reduce the residual CV risk)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.5. Indication of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Banach M Aronow WS Serban MC Rysz J Voroneanu L Covic A Lipids, blood pressure and kidney update 2015 Lipids Health Dis 2015 14 167 26718096 PMC4696333
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in the absence of an increased risk of cancer or non-CV-related death [13].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.2. The importance of treating dyslipidemia to reduce cardiovascular risk
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Baigent C Blackwell L Emberson J Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials Lancet 2010 376 1670 81 21067804 PMC2988224
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Levels of LDL-C < 100 mg/dl (~2.5 mmol/l) are associated with a low risk for CHD and are considered optimal in the absence of CVD or other risk factors [17].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.3. Lipid targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Law MR Wald NJ Thompson SG By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994 308 367 72 8043072 PMC2539460
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, they can have a large number of positive pleiotropic effects, including improvement of endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness, as well as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties [33].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.5. Indication of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Houston M The role of nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of dyslipidemia J Clin Hypertens 2012 14 121 32 PMC9645405 22277145
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“(complete statin intolerance is estimated at less than 5%)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.5. Indication of lipid-lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Bangalore S Fayyad R Hovingh GK Treating to New Targets Steering Committee and Investigators Statin and the risk of renal-related serious adverse events: analysis from the IDEAL, TNT, CARDS, ASPEN, SPARCL, and other placebo-controlled trials Am J Cardiol 2014 113 2018 20 24793673
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) blood concentrations are the major modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas high concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in certain conditions are considered protective [6].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia: prevalence and global economic impact
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare High Blood Cholesterol. Cat. No. AUS 156 2012-2013 Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PS also intensify the expression of ABCA1 transporter and inhibit the acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) enzyme, reducing the amount of cholesterol absorbed from 30% to 50%.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.1. Plant sterols and stanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Ras RT Hiemstra H Lin Y Vermeer MA Duchateau GS Trautwein EA Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies Atherosclerosis 2013 230 336 46 24075766
- Not checked yetcites [45] Ferguson JJ Stojanovski E MacDonald-Wicks L Garg ML Fat type in phytosterol products influence their cholesterol-lowering potential: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs Prog Lipid Res 2016 64 16 29 27497855
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2010 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) confirmed that oat β-glucan is able to reduce plasmatic cholesterol levels; however, at least 3 g/day of β-glucan is necessary [54].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta-glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 EFSA J 2010 8 188
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“β-glucan has high viscosity, which confers lipid-lowering action [32].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Sahebkar A Serban MC Gluba-Brzózka A Lipid-modifying effects of nutraceuticals: an evidence-based approach Nutrition 2016 32 1179 92 27324061
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The reduction of cholesterol obtained by soluble fibers described in the literature is variable and dependent on the type of fiber, doses, subjects treated, study size and different diets: the effective range of the reduction of TC varies from 0 to 18% for oat-based fibers, 3–17% for psyllium, 5–16% for pectin, and 4–17% for guar gum [51].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Brown L Rosner B Willett WW Sacks FM Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis Am J Clin Nutr 1999 69 30 42 9925120
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The level of evidence and the strength of recommendation of particular lipid-lowering treatment options have been weighed and graded according to predefined scales, as outlined in Tables I and II.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.6. Clinical evidence on individual lipid-lowering nutraceuticals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, in some cases minor gastrointestinal side effects were reported (especially with micronized fibers) that might slightly reduce the adherence to this nutraceutical [64].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Anderson JW Allgood LD Lawrence A Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 472 9 10648260
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experts of the writing and reviewing panels completed Declaration of interest forms where real or potential sources of conflicts of interest might be perceived (at the end of the paper).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 1. Introduction > 1.6. Clinical evidence on individual lipid-lowering nutraceuticals
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The mechanisms of action of psyllium are similar to those of other fibers discussed, including increased excretion of bile acids (stimulating 7α-hydroxylase), reduced absorption of intestinal cholesterol and a reduction of hepatic cholesterol synthesis (via the short-chain fatty acid byproducts of fiber fermentation) [58].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Anderson JW Dietary fibre, complex carbohydrate and coronary artery disease Can J Cardiol 1995 11 Suppl G 55G 62G 7585294
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unlike other fibers, glucomannan does not act by binding bile acids, but it seems to reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the jejunum and the absorption of bile acids in the ileum, yielding improvements in apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and plasma LDL-C levels.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Behera SS Ray RC Konjac glucomannan, a promising polysaccharide of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch in health care Int J Biol Macromol 2016 92 942 56 27481345
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PS have also shown a high safety profile in the middle-term; however, data for treatment longer than 2 years are still not available [44, 50].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.1. Plant sterols and stanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Ras RT Hiemstra H Lin Y Vermeer MA Duchateau GS Trautwein EA Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies Atherosclerosis 2013 230 336 46 24075766
- Not checked yetcites [50] Gylling H Halonen J Lindholm H The effects of plant stanol ester consumption on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in adults: a randomised controlled clinical trial BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013 13 50 23841572 PMC3717082
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The lipid-lowering effect of PS is dose dependent and proportional up to the attainment of a plateau (reached at approximately 3 g/day of PS achieving an average effect on LDL-C of –12%)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.1. Plant sterols and stanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Talati R Sobieraj DM Makanji SS Phung OJ Coleman CI The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Am Diet Assoc 2010 110 719 26 20430133
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis showed not only the significant reduction of LDL-C of 0.33 mmol/l (12.8 mg/dl) (–8.5%)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.1. Plant sterols and stanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Ras RT Hiemstra H Lin Y Vermeer MA Duchateau GS Trautwein EA Consumption of plant sterol-enriched foods and effects on plasma plant sterol concentrations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies Atherosclerosis 2013 230 336 46 24075766
plaindirectn = 2,084- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The lipid-lowering mechanisms of action of soluble fibers are different, including prolonged gastric emptying time, an increase of satiety, the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis and an increase of fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile salts [52].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Doi K Effect of konjac fibre (glucomannan) on glucose and lipids Eur J Clin Nutr 1995 49 Suppl 3 S190 7 8549522
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of 6 RCTs including 416 patients with hypercholesterolemia concluded that it has a significant effect on TC (–0.3 mmol/l (11.6 mg/dl), p = 0.002), but not on LDL-C, HDL-C or TG [71].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.3. Chitosan
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Baker WL Tercius A Anglade M White CM Coleman CI A meta-analysis evaluating the impact of chitosan on serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients Ann Nutr Metab 2008 55 368 74 19923803
plaindirectn = 416 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It was also estimated that following RYR treatment for 4 years, the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one coronary event, one coronary death and one mortality due to all causes in elderly patients were respectively 18, 33 and 23. In adults, however, these numbers were 23, 82 and 51.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] DFG Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety Toxicological evaluation of red mould rice: an update 2012
hedgeddirectn = 1,445- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Probiotics are considered to be generally very safe, and side effects are rare.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.4. Probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Doron S Snydman DR Risk and safety of probiotics Clin Infect Dis (Review) 2015 60 Suppl 2 S129 34 PMC4490230 25922398
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A stronger cholesterol-lowering effect of Lactobacillus was confirmed in the meta-analysis of RCTs by Shimizu et al., where the most promising results were obtained after a treatment period of more than 4 weeks”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.4. Probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Shimizu M Hashiguchi M Shiga T Tamura HO Mochizuki M Meta-analysis: effects of probiotic supplementation on lipid profiles in normal to mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals PLoS One 2015 10 e0139795 26473340 PMC4608827
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of 39 RCTs enrolling 2298 mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemic subjects the consumption of garlic extracts for at least 2 months showed a reduction of LDL-C (–0.23 mmol/l (9 mg/dl), more evident in individuals with TC < 5.17 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) at baseline) [103].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.2. Garlic (Allium sativum)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Ried K Toben C Fakler P Effect on garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta-analysis Nutr Rev 2013 71 282 99 23590705
plaindirectn = 2,298- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This gender-dependent effect was also observed with other soluble fibers, and it would seem to be caused by the interaction between sex hormones and lipid metabolism; nevertheless, further corroboration is necessary [69].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] Martino F Martino E Morrone F Carnevali E Forcone R Niglio T Effect of dietary supplementation with glucomannan on plasma total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic children Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005 15 174 80 15955465
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“RYR supplementation showed a reduction in the risk of CHD (31.0%, p = 0.04), all-cause mortality (31.9%, p = 0.01), stroke (44.1%, p = 0.04), the need for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (48.6%, p = 0.07) and malignancies (51.4%, p = 0.03).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] DFG Permanent Senate Commission on Food Safety Toxicological evaluation of red mould rice: an update 2012
plaindirectn = 1,445 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results showed that the group treated with RYR at the end of the 6-week follow-up obtained a reduction of hs-CRP and the area under the curve (AUC) of triglyceride (TG-AUC) (p < 0.001 for each), in addition to an improvement of postprandial and pre-prandial FMD (p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in serum lipids and FMD in the placebo group [92].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Zhao SP Liu L Cheng YC Xuezhikang, an extract of cholestin, protects endothelial function through antiinflammatory and lipid-lowering mechanisms in patients with coronary heart disease Circulation 2004 110 915 20 15313947
plaindirectn = 50 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intake of glucomannan may interfere with the absorption of certain drugs, in particular lipophilic drugs/nutraceuticals: for example, glucomannan could reduce the absorption of vitamin E, calcium and other minerals, whereas it does not hinder the absorption of water-soluble vitamins.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Sahebkar A Serban MC Gluba-Brzózka A Lipid-modifying effects of nutraceuticals: an evidence-based approach Nutrition 2016 32 1179 92 27324061
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jung et al. [106] underlined that it is able to reduce apoB and increase the LDL/Apo B ratio.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.2. Garlic (Allium sativum)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] Jung ES Park SH Choi EK Reduction of blood lipid parameters by a 12-wk supplementation of aged black garlic: a randomized controlled trila Nutrition 2014 30 1034 9 24976429
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TG and HDL-C did not change significantly compared to the control groups.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.4. Probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Cho YA Kim J Effect of probiotics on blood lipid concentrations: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Medicine 2015 94 e1714 26512560 PMC4985374
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The report released by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2011) concluded that, although the existing probiotic clinical trials reveal no evidence of increased risk, there are not enough data to answer questions on the safety of probiotics in intervention studies with confidence [84].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.4. Probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Doron S Snydman DR Risk and safety of probiotics Clin Infect Dis (Review) 2015 60 Suppl 2 S129 34 PMC4490230 25922398
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The consumption of probiotics is considered safe and free of serious side effects [76].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.4. Probiotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Guarner F Schaafsma GJ Probiotics Int J Food Microbiol 1998 39 237 8 9553803
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The reduction of serum triglycerides is a peculiarity of glucomannan, probably due to its high viscosity and its ability to interact with the hepatic cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, but not of other soluble fibers, which have only a very modest action on triglyceride levels [66].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Sood N Baker WL Coleman CI Effect of glucomannan on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Clin Nutr 2008 88 1167 75 18842808
hedgedconditionaln = 531- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Side effects are usually minimal (mostly gastrointestinal) and the extracts are well tolerated [104].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.2. Garlic (Allium sativum)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Ackermann RT Mulrow CD Ramirez G Gardner CD Morbidoni L Lawrence VA Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors Arch Intern Med 2001 161 813 24 11268223
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data on weight reduction are controversial; in general it can be said that glucomannan is able to promote the maintenance of weight and in some cases (with at least 5.2 weeks of treatment) it can cause a small reduction of weight (according to some meta-analyses significant, according to others not), although only less than 1 kg [67].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Onakpoya I Posadzki P Ernst E The efficacy of glucomannan supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials J Am Coll Nutr 2014 33 70 8 24533610
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The effects of berberine on lipids were: LDL-C: –0.65 mmol/l (95% CI: –0.75; –0.56, p = 0.00001) (25.14 mg/dl); TG: –0.39 mmol/l (95% CI: –0.59; –0.19, p = 0.0001) (34.5 mg/dl); HDL-C: 0.07 mmol/l (95% CI: 0.04; 0.10, p = 0.00001) (2.71 mg/dl).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Lan J Zhao Y Dong F Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension J Ethnopharmacol 2015 161 69 81 25498346
plaindirectn = 2,569- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tolerability of policosanols is usually very good.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.4. Policosanols
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The authors showed that following an adequate diet in comparison with placebo, pantethine 600–900 mg/day demonstrated significant (p < 0.005) and sustained reductions (from baseline to week 16) in TC (3% – 0.16 mmol/l (6 mg/dl)), LDL-C (4% – 0.10 mmol/l (4 mg/dl)) and apoB (5% – 0.0001 mmol/l (4 mg/dl)).”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Rumberger JA Napolitano J Azumano I Kamiya T Evans M Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation Nutr Res 2011 31 608 15 21925346
boosteddirectn = 120 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cholesterol-lowering properties of lupin were also highlighted in a third RCT proving a reduction of LDL-C (–12%) comparable to the studies described previously [160].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.3. Soy and lupin proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] Fechner A Kiehntopf M Jahreis G The formation of short-chain fatty acids is positively associated with the blood lipid-lowering effect of lupin kernel fiber in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults J Nutr 2014 144 599 607 24572041
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent one including 35 RCTs and 2670 subjects concluded that soy proteins (in particular B-conglycinin globulin) have a cholesterol-lowering effect with a mean reduction in LDL-C of 3% (–0.12 mmol/l/4.6 mg/dl), TC of 2% (–0.14 mmol/l/5.4 mg/dl) and TG of 4% (–0.06 mmol/l/5.3 mg/dl) and is able to increase HDL-C by 3% (+0.04 mmol/l/1.6 mg/dl), the effect being proportional to the baseline LDL-C”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.3. Soy and lupin proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [154] Tokede OA Onabanjo TA Yansane A Gaziano JM Djoussé L Soya products and serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials Br J Nutr 2015 114 831 43 26268987
plaindirectn = 2,670- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They found that the treated group experienced a marked reduction of small dense LDL (sdLDL) and TG, and increased HDL-C levels compared to placebo.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Gliozzi M Carresi C Musolino V The effect of Bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction on LDL small dense particles and non alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with metabolic syndrome Adv Biol Chem 2014 4 129 37
plaindirectn = 107- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“These effects seem to be additive to those of statins and associated with a positive impact on glucose metabolism and blood pressure as well [138].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Lan J Zhao Y Dong F Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension J Ethnopharmacol 2015 161 69 81 25498346
hedgedcorrelationaln = 2,569- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main limitation of the evidence on bergamot efficacy is related to the fact that the greater part of the clinical literature has been provided by a single research unit and not confirmed elsewhere.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical studies conducted to date with dosages between 500 and 1500 mg/day showed a good safety profile, with no side effects detected.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the evidence indicates that bergamot has lipid-lowering effects, both quantitative and qualitative, especially by reducing the levels of sdLDL and TG and significantly increasing HDL-C levels.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The cited meta-analyses and RCTs are of sufficient methodological quality and their results are valid for the populations studied.
- Rests on an assumption: The effects of nutraceuticals observed in trials generalize to clinical practice in the broader patient populations for whom they are recommended.
In the paper
“In the LPI group, the levels of HDL-C increased significantly (p < 0.036) and the LDL/HDL ratio decreased (p = 0.003), compared to the MPI group [158].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.3. Soy and lupin proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Bähr M Fechner A Krämer J Kiehntopf M Jahreis G Lupin protein positively affects plasma LDL cholesterol and LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio in hypercholesterolemic adults after four weeks of supplementation: a randomized, controlled crossover study Nutr J 2013 12 107 23902673 PMC3735452
plaindirectn = 33 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“they seem to have direct positive effects on endothelial function [155] and arterial stiffness [156].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.3. Soy and lupin proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Beavers DP Beavers KM Miller M Stamey J Messina MJ Exposure to isoflavone-containing soy products and endothelial function: a Bayesian meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012 22 182 91 20709515
- Not checked yetcites [156] Hazim S Curtis PJ Schär MY Acute benefits of the microbial-derived isoflavone metabolite equol on arterial stiffness in men prospectively recruited according to equol producer phenotype: a double-blind randomized controlled trial Am J Clin Nutr 2016 103 694 702 26843154 PMC4763500
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The BBR group showed a marked reduction in TG (26% BBR vs. 13% control; the difference did not reach statistical significance due to large inter-individual variations) and LDL-C (24% vs. 17% BBR control: p < 0.001) compared to the control group.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Meng S Wang LS Huang ZQ Berberine ameliorates inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome following percutaneous coronary intervention Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012 39 406 11 22220931
plaindirectn = 130 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In vitro it inhibits fatty acid synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase [109, 110].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Cighetti G Del Puppo M Paroni R Galli Kienle M Modulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity by pantetheine/pantethine Biochim Biophys Acta 1988 963 389 93 3196742
- Not checked yetcites [110] Cighetti G Del Puppo M Paroni R Fiorica E Galli Kienle M Pantethine inhibits cholesterol and fatty acid syntheses and stimulates carbon dioxide formation in isolated rat hepatocytes J Lipid Res 1987 28 152 61 3106549
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In particular, the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl flavanone enriched fraction (HMGF: brutieridin, melitidin and HMG-neoeriocitrin) has been extracted from the bergamot peel; they act as statins by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT, reducing the formation of cholesterol esters and limiting the transport of cholesterol in the blood.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Di Donna L De Luca G Mazzotti F Napoli A Salerno R Taverna D Sindona G Statin-like principles of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia): isolation of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl flavonoid glycosides J Nat Prod 2009 72 1352 4 19572741
- Not checked yetcites [119] Miceli N Mondello MR Monforte MT Hypolipidemic effects of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau juice in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet J Agric Food Chem 2007 55 10671 7 18038978
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The data suggest that pantethine supplementation for 16 weeks (600 mg/day for weeks 1–8 then 900 mg/day for weeks 9–16) is safe and significantly lowers TC and LDL-C (although with relatively limited clinical relevance) over and above the effect of therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) or diet alone [114].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Bertolini S Donati C Elicio N Lipoprotein changes induced by pantethine in hyperlipoproteinemic patients: adults and children Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986 24 630 7 3098691
hedgeddirectn = 120 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These results were confirmed by the same author in the next randomized, controlled, double-blind three-phase crossover trial, including 72 patients with hypercholesterolemia treated for 28 days with LPI, MP (milk protein) or MPA (milk protein 1.6 g/day of arginine). In addition to reducing LDL-C levels (in MPA and LPI groups), the LPI group showed an improvement in the levels of homocysteine (comp”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.3. Soy and lupin proteins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Bähr M Fechner A Kiehntopf M Jahreis G Consuming a mixed diet enriched with lupin protein beneficially affects plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized controlled trial Clin Nutr 2015 34 7 14 24746974
plaindirectn = 72- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In summary, the use of BBR at doses ranging between 500 and 1500 mg has proved to be effective in lipid lowering and relatively safe both in primary and secondary prevention.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The cited meta-analyses and RCTs are of sufficient methodological quality and their results are valid for the populations studied.
- Rests on an assumption: The effects of nutraceuticals observed in trials generalize to clinical practice in the broader patient populations for whom they are recommended.
- Rests on an assumption: The safety data from clinical trials adequately reflect real-world safety of these nutraceuticals.
In the paper
“Based on the abovementioned data, side effects are mild to moderate, mostly gastrointestinal (diarrhea, constipation, abdominal distension) and comparable to the control groups [139].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Derosa G Maffioli P Cicero AF Berberine on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis from preclinical evidences to clinical trials Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012 12 1113 24 22780092
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, the amount of atherogenic sdLDL significantly decreased (–35%), while large buoyant LDLs increased (+38%; both p < 0.05) compared to baseline levels.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Gliozzi M Carresi C Musolino V The effect of Bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction on LDL small dense particles and non alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with metabolic syndrome Adv Biol Chem 2014 4 129 37
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Usually the consumption of green tea is well tolerated; however, in some cases rash, transient elevation of blood pressure and mild gastrointestinal disorders may occur. Moreover, high doses of green tea can cause a deficiency of iron and folate due to its capacity to bind and reduce their intestinal absorption.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.2. Green tea extracts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Onakpoya I Spencer E Heneghan C Thompson M The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014 24 823 36 24675010
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Compared to nutraceuticals with a statin-similar mechanism of action, BBR has a greater effect in the reduction of triglyceridemia, partly related to its positive effect on insulin-resistance [139].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.1. Berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] Derosa G Maffioli P Cicero AF Berberine on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors: an analysis from preclinical evidences to clinical trials Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012 12 1113 24 22780092
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, green tea is associated with an improvement in FMD [144] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) [145], despite no apparent effect on hs-CRP levels [146].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 4. Inducer of LDL-cholesterol excretion > 4.2. Green tea extracts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Park CS Kim W Woo JS Green tea consumption improves endothelial function but not circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with chronic renal failure Int J Cardiol 2010 145 261 2 19962201
- Not checked yetcites [145] Lin QF Qiu CS Wang SL A cross-sectional study of the relationship between habitual tea consumption and arterial stiffness J Am Coll Nutr 2016 35 354 61 26709673
- Not checked yetcites [146] Serban C Sahebkar A Antal D Ursoniu S Banach M Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Nutrition 2015 31 1061 71 26233863
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The study by Berthold et al. showed that the administration of policosanols in hypercholesterolemic patients does not statistically improve the levels of TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C. This trial included 143 subjects divided into five groups each treated with 10, 20, 40, 80 mg of policosanols or placebo. Nobody in any group at the end of the study (12 weeks) showed a reduction of more than 10% in LDL-C”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.4. Policosanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Berthold HK Unverdorben S Degenhardt R Bulitta M Gouni-Berthold I Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 2006 295 2262 9 16705107
plainn = 143- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Group D showed a reduction of LDL-C and TG (–25.0% and –27.6%, respectively; p < 0.001 for all), without any side effects [123].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Mollace V Sacco I Janda E Hypolipemic and hypoglycaemic activity of bergamot polyphenols: from animal models to human studies Fitoterapia 2011 82 309 16 21056640
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, this was accompanied by a significant reduction of serum glucose, transaminases, γ-glutamyl-transferase, and inflammatory biomarkers such as hs-CRP and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [121].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Gliozzi M Carresi C Musolino V The effect of Bergamot-derived polyphenolic fraction on LDL small dense particles and non alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with metabolic syndrome Adv Biol Chem 2014 4 129 37
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The tolerability of pantethine is overall high, with acceptable safety confirmed also in children [114] and patients in hemodialysis [116].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Bertolini S Donati C Elicio N Lipoprotein changes induced by pantethine in hyperlipoproteinemic patients: adults and children Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986 24 630 7 3098691
- Not checked yetcites [116] Donati C Barbi G Cairo G Prati GF Degli Esposti E Pantethine improves the lipid abnormalities of chronic hemodialysis patients: results of a multicenter clinical trial Clin Nephrol 1986 25 70 4 3516477
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results showed dose-dependent lipid-lowering action of bergamot (groups A and B respectively LDL-C: –24.1% and –30.6%, TG: –28.2% and –37.9%, HDL-C: +22.3% and +40.1%, p < 0.001 for all) compared to baseline.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Mollace V Sacco I Janda E Hypolipemic and hypoglycaemic activity of bergamot polyphenols: from animal models to human studies Fitoterapia 2011 82 309 16 21056640
plaindirectn = 237 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“γ-oryzanol is a mix of triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates with lipid-lowering actions by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and the reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption [183].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.2. γ-oryzanol
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Mäkynen K Chitchumroonchokchai C Adisakwattana S Failla M Ariyapitipun T Effect of gamma-oryzanol on the bioaccessibility and synthesis of cholesterol Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2012 16 49 56 22338548
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, a major problem is its oral bioavailability: curcumin has low solubility in water and it is a substrate of rapid metabolism. New strategies of release have been studied and tested such as phytosomal complexation with phosphatidylcholine, coadministration of piperine, using turmeric oleoresin, reducing particle size, and changing the formulation (nanoemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticle”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203] Rahimi HR Nedaeinia R Sepehri Shamloo A Nikdoust S Kazemi Oskuee R Novel delivery system for natural products: nano-curcumin formulations Avicenna J Phytomed 2016 6 383 98 27516979 PMC4967834
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ω-3 present in krill oil (EPA + DHA) appears to be better absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract than that found in fish oil: this is possible because of phosphatidylcholine (the main phospholipid present in krill (40%), which binds EPA and DHA), which confers greater stability to fatty acids.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Cicero AF Colletti A Krill oil: evidence of a new source of polyunsaturated fatty acids with high bioavailability Clin Lipidol 2015 10 1 4
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“PUFAs might also be associated with an improvement of FMD and PWV, and, with larger dosages, with positive effects on inflammatory diseases and mood [171].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Cicero AF Reggi A Parini A Borghi C Application of polyunsaturated fatty acids in internal medicine: beyond the established cardiovascular effects Arch Med Sci 2012 8 784 93 23185186 PMC3506235
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a study including MetS patients, treatment with 1 g/day of curcuminoids as an add-on to the standard therapy resulted in a significant reduction of LDL-C (–0.78 mmol/l (30 mg/dl), p < 0.001), TG (–0.2 mmol/l (17.7 mg/dl), p = 0.006), and Lp(a) (–0.286 μmol/l (8 mg/dl), p < 0.001) and an elevation of HDL-C (+0.18 mmol/l (7 mg/dl), p = 0.003) [196].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196] Yang YS Su YF Yang HW Lee YH Chou JI Ueng KC Lipid-lowering effects of curcumin in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Phytother Res 2014 28 1770 7 25131839
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, omega-3 EPA and DHA represent a valid nutraceutical to reduce TG in the blood (by 18–25%) while their effects on LDL-C and HDL-C are clinically insignificant.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The lipid-lowering effects of nutraceuticals observed in short-term trials translate into reduced cardiovascular risk.
In the paper
“In the most recent meta-analysis of 7 RCTs with 662 participants Ursoniu et al. found a significant reduction in plasma concentrations of LDL-C (–15.52 mg/dl (0.4 mmol/l); 95% CI: –28.43 to –2.61; p = 0.018), and TG (–14.03 mg/dl (0.16 mmol/l); 95% CI: –21.38 to –6.67; p < 0.001), and significant elevation in plasma concentrations of HDL-C (6.65 mg/dl (0.17 mmol/l); 95% CI: 2.30 to 10.99; p = 0.00”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] Ursoniu S Sahebkar A Serban MC Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Nutr Rev 2017 75 361 73 28371906
plaindirectn = 662 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A relatively recent meta-analysis including data from 63 030 patients from 20 clinical trials showed that treatment with ω-3 did not have an impact on a composite CVD endpoint or total mortality but was associated with a significantly decreased rate of vascular death [181].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Kotwal S Jun M Sullivan D Perkovic V Neal B Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012 5 808 18 23110790
plaincorrelationaln = 63,030- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Especially, it needs be noted that smaller doses than 2–4 g/day such as a low dose supplementation of a margarine with n-3 PUFAs (400 mg/day EPA + DHA) or α-linolenic acid (2 g/day) do not significantly reduce TG levels, as was confirmed in an RCT involving 4837 post-MI patients. Such supplementation also did not reduce the rate of major CVD events [180].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180] Kromhout D Giltay EJ Geleijnse JM Alpha Omega Trial Group n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 2010 363 2015 26 20929341
plainn = 4,837- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it has to be stressed that CVD outcome studies with ω-3 have produced inconsistent results and their clinical efficacy appears to be related to non-lipid effects.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis that included 7 clinical trials to assess the effect of spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations showed the lipid-lowering efficacy of spirulina, with a reduction of LDL-C by –1.07 mmol/l (41.32 mg/dl) (95% CI: –1.57; –0.57, p < 0.001), TC by 1.21 mmol/l (46.76 mg/dl) (95% CI: –1.74; –0.68, p < 0.001) and TG by –0.5 mmol/l (44.23 mg/dl) (95% CI: –0.57; –0.43,”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.3. Spirulina
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188] Pulido-Moran M Moreno-Fernandez J Ramirez-Tortosa C Ramirez-Tortosa M Curcumin and health Molecules 2016 21 264 26927041 PMC6273481
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“C-phycocyanin, a particular essential pigment of Spirulina, contains a phycocyanobilin, which can activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1), a key enzyme in the heme catabolic pathway in endothelial cells. Moreover, phycocyanin has proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties [187].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.3. Spirulina
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] Serban MC Sahebkar A Dragan S A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations Clin Nutr 2016 35 842 51 26433766
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It was also observed that the administration of EPA or DHA individually gave comparable effects in the reduction of TG, but not other lipid parameters; in fact, DHA showed a very modest reduction of LDL-C by 5% and slightly increased HDL-C, while EPA produced no significant changes [169, 170].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Trumbo P Schlicker S Yates AA Poos M Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids J Am Diet Assoc 2002 102 1621 30 12449285
- Not checked yetcites [170] Wei MY Jacobson TA Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011 13 474 83 21975919
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, there was a small insignificant reduction of LDL-C of 0.06 mmol/l (2.3 mg/dl), but no differences in HDL-C [166].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Eslick GD Howe PR Smith C Priest R Bensoussan A Benefits of fish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis Int J Cardiol 2009 136 4 16 18774613
plainn = 511- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a filamentous microalga with known lipid-lowering effects, but with an unclear mechanism of action [186].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.3. Spirulina
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] Nagaoka S Shimizu K Kaneko H A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats J Nutr 2005 135 2425 30 16177207
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results were confirmed in normolipidemic and borderline subjects in the meta-analysis by Leslie et al. that included 2270 individuals with optimal lipid or suboptimal TG profiles (TG < 2 mmol/l (177 mg/dl)). In studies that used more than 4 g/day of ω-3 TG were reduced by 9–26%, while a reduction of 4–51% was found with doses from 1 to 5 g/day of ω-3 [167].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Leslie MA Cohen DJ Liddle DM Robinson LE Ma DW A review of the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood triacylglycerol levels in normolipidemic and borderline hyperlipidemic individuals Lipids Health Dis 2015 14 53 26048287 PMC4488064
plaindirectn = 2,270- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Safety: No serious side effects have been reported; most of them have been defined as mild gastrointestinal [169].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Trumbo P Schlicker S Yates AA Poos M Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids J Am Diet Assoc 2002 102 1621 30 12449285
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In recent RCTs, supplementation with curcumin (1 g/day) was associated with a reduction of serum uric acid (p < 0.001) [199], increase of adiponectin (+76.78%, p = 0.033) levels and reduction of leptin (–26.49%, p = 0.238) [189].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] Panahi Y Kianpour P Mohtashami R Jafari R Simental-Mendía LE Sahebkar A Curcumin lowers serum lipids and uric acid in subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016 68 223 9 27124606
- Not checked yetcites [189] Panahi Y Hosseini MS Khalili N Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial Nutrition 2016 32 1116 22 27297718
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As reported in recent meta-analyses of RCTs, curcuminoids showed an increase in serum activities of superoxide dismutase (p = 0.0007) and catalase (p = 0.005) and glutathione concentrations (p = 0.01) and a reduction in serum lipid peroxides (p = 0.008) [189] and of TNF-α [190].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Panahi Y Hosseini MS Khalili N Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial Nutrition 2016 32 1116 22 27297718
- Not checked yetcites [190] Sahebkar A Cicero AF Simental-Mendía LE Aggarwal BB Gupta SC Curcumin downregulates human tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Pharmacol Res 2016 107 234 42 27025786
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These data have since been confirmed in a further trial carried out on 100 MetS patients [197] and in another one with 80 NAFLD patients [198].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [197] Panahi Y Khalili N Hosseini MS Abbasinazari M Sahebkar A Lipid-modifying effects of adjunctive therapy with curcuminoids-piperine combination in patients with metabolic syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial Complement Ther Med 2014 22 851 7 25440375
- Not checked yetcites [198] Rahmani S Asgary S Askari G Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with curcumin: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Phytother Res 2016 6 8 [Epub ahead of print] 10.1002/ptr.5659 27270872
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of RCTs showed that sesame fractions intake is associated with a significant TG reduction (–0.24 mmol/l (21.3 mg/dl); 95% CI: –0.32; –0.15, p < 0.001), while no changes occurred with LDL-C or HDL-C levels [179].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] Khalesi S Paukste E Nikbakht E Khosravi-Boroujeni H Sesame fractions and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials Br J Nutr 2016 115 764 73 26758593
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mechanisms through which ω-3 reduce TG are: the reduction of synthesis of hepatic VLDL, the reduction of available substrate for the synthesis of new TG (ω-3 are false substrates), the reduction of the activity of TG-synthesizing enzymes (diacylglycerol acyltransferase or phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase), the increase of β-oxidation of fatty acids, the reduction of the endogenous synthesis”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Harris WS Bulchandani D Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006 17 387 93 16832161
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cholesterol-lowering effects were more significant in females (in particular in postmenopausal women) and in individuals with high cholesterol levels at baseline [177].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177] Pan A Yu D Demark-Wahnefried W Franco OH Lin X Meta-analysis of the effects of flexseed interventions on blood lipids Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 288 97 19515737 PMC3361740
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The lipid-lowering mechanisms of action of curcuminoids are unclear; nevertheless, it seems that curcumin inhibits the expression of the NPC1L1 transporter via the SREBP2 transcription factor [191], and that it increases the efflux of cholesterol via expression of ABCA1 and activating AMPK-SIRT1-LXRα signaling in THP-macrophage-derived foam cells [192]. Furthermore, curcumin enhances the number of”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.4. Curcumin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Kumar P Malhotra P Ma K SREBP2 mediates the modulation of intestinal NPC1L1 expression by curcumin Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011 301 G148 55 21527728 PMC3129937
- Not checked yetcites [192] Liu XL Liu MH Hu HJ Curcumin enhanced choelsterol efflux by upregulating ABCA1 expression through AMPK-SIRT1-LXRalpha signaling in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells DNA Cell Biol 2015 34 561 72 26102194
- Not checked yetcites [193] Tai MH Chen PK Chen PY Wu MJ Ho CT Yen JH Curcumin enhances cell-surface LDLR level and promotes LDL uptake through downregulation of PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells Mol Nutr Food Res 2014 58 2133 45 25164566
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination of red yeast rice extract (200 mg, corresponding to 3 mg of Monacolin K) with policosanol (10 mg) was also tested in a large single-blind, randomized, multicenter study in 411 centers, comparing the effect of the nutraceutical association plus diet versus diet alone with a follow-up of 16 weeks. In 2408 eligible subjects (1665 adults and 743 elderly), LDL-C was reduced by 21%, wh”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.1. Red yeast rice and policosanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [241] Cicero AF Benvenuti C ARMoweb study Group Efficacy of a red yeast rice based nutraceutical in large subgroups of hypercholesterolemic subjects in every day clinical practice Med J Nutr Metab 2010 3 239 46
plaindirectn = 2,408- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“In diabetic patients, silymarin improves fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c, but not lipid parameters [227].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.9. Silymarin (Silybum marianum)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Voroneanu L Nistor I Dumea R Apetrii M Covic A Silymarin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Diabetes Res 2016 2016 5147468 27340676 PMC4908257
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most of them are used in combination with a low dosage of other nutraceuticals, statins and other lipid-lowering drugs, because that allows the risk of side effects to be reduced and the efficacy to be improved (reducing the residual CV risk) [237].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [237] Cicero AF Ferroni A Ertek S Tolerability and safety of commonly used dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with lipid-lowering effects Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012 11 753 66 22788832
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are preliminary studies suggesting a potential role of silymarin as lipid-lowering agent; studies in vitro have shown an inhibitory effect of silybin on HMG-CoA reductase and in vivo an improved uptake of LDL by the liver and a reduction of hepatic cholesterol synthesis [227].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.9. Silymarin (Silybum marianum)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Voroneanu L Nistor I Dumea R Apetrii M Covic A Silymarin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J Diabetes Res 2016 2016 5147468 27340676 PMC4908257
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to some pre-clinical and clinical investigations, artichoke leaf extract (ALE) has potential hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects. The beneficial effects of artichoke can be attributed to its antioxidant action.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [208] Capasso F Gaginella TS Grandolini G Izzo AA Phytotherapy: a Quick Reference to Herbal Medicine 2003 Berlin Springer
- Not checked yetcites [209] Safaa M Hanaa A Abdel F Nahila A Abdelaaty S Cynara scolymus for relieving on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in rat Int J Pharm Pharmac Sci 2013 5 57 66
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even if vitamin E seems not to be an effective lipid-lowering treatment, its supplementation seems to be associated with reduced risk of fatal myocardial infarction [219].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.7. Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [219] Loffredo L Perri L Di Castelnuovo A Iacoviello L De Gaetano G Violi F Supplementation with vitamin E alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015 25 354 63 25779938
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 58 diabetic patients, 320 mg/day of anthocyanins for 24 weeks significantly decreased LDL-C (–7.9%, p < 0.05), TG (–23%, p < 0.01), apoB48 (–16.5%, p < 0.05), and apoCIII (–11%, p < 0.01) and increased HDL-C (+19.4%, p < 0.05) compared to placebo.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.8. Anthocyanins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Li D Zhang Y Liu Y Sun R Xia M Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients J Nutr 2015 145 742 8 25833778
plaindirectn = 58 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact it is well known that the bioavailability of anthocyanins is low and they are rapidly biotransformed into derivates of phenolic acid [225].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.8. Anthocyanins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Marques C Fernandes I Norberto S Pharmacokinetics of blackberry anthocyanins consumed with or without ethanol: a randomized and crossover trial Nutr Food Res 2016 60 2319 30 27306520
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The most recent meta-analysis of 9 RCTs with 702 subjects suggested a significant decrease in plasma concentrations of TC (weighted mean difference (WMD): –17.6 mg/dl (0.46 mmol/l), 95% CI: –22.0, –13.3, p < 0.001), LDL-C (–14.9 mg/dl (0.39 mmol/l), 95% CI: –20.4, –9.5, p = 0.011) and triglycerides (WMD: –9.2 mg/dl (0.1 mmol/l), 95% CI: –16.2, –2.1, p = 0.011) [214].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] Sahebkar A Pirro M Banach M Mikhailidis DP Atkin SL Cicero AFG Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017 6 13 10.1080/10408398.2017.1332572 28609140
hedgeddirectn = 702 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, the anthocyanin group showed an improvement of fasting plasma glucose (–8.5%, p < 0.05), of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) for insulin resistance index (p < 0.05) and of adiponectin concentrations (+23.4%, p < 0.01) [222].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.8. Anthocyanins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Li D Zhang Y Liu Y Sun R Xia M Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients J Nutr 2015 145 742 8 25833778
plaindirectn = 58 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, artichoke extract showed pleiotropic activities in the improvement of certain liver enzymes such as AST and ALT (p < 0.001), blood sugar (p = 0.029) and systolic blood pressure (p = 0.004) [210].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Rangboo V Noroozi M Zavoshy R Rezadoost SA Mohammadpoorasl A The effect of artichoke leaf extract on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Int J Hepatol 2016 2016 4030476 27293900 PMC4879230
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An RCT (75 patients treated for 12 weeks with 1280 mg/day of artichoke leaf extract or placebo) showed a mean reduction of TC by 4.2% compared to baseline and an increasing trend of TC levels in the placebo group. The total difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0025). No significant difference between groups was observed for LDL-C, HDL-C or TG levels [211].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Bundy R Walker AF Middleton RW Wallis C Simpson HC Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma cholesterol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial Phytomedicine 2008 15 668 75 18424099
plaindirectn = 75- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At doses between 50 and 200 mg it showed an improvement of endothelial function (reducing the serum levels of hs-CRP, advanced glycation end products, metalloproteinases and cell adhesion molecules) and arterial stiffness (improving PWV, pulse volume (PV) and the augmentation index (AI)) [217, 218].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.7. Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] Rasool AH Rahman AR Yuen KH Wong AR Arterial compliance and vitamin E blood levels with a self emulsifying preparation of tocotrienol rich vitamin E Arch Pharm Res 2008 31 1212 7 18806966
- Not checked yetcites [218] Prasad K Tocotrienols and cardiovascular health Curr Pharm Des 2011 17 2147 54 21774782
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, ALE could represent an adjuvant in the regulation of lipid profile and liver levels of AST and ALT; however, the available clinical data are still preliminary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The lipid-lowering effects of nutraceuticals observed in short-term trials translate into reduced cardiovascular risk.
In the paper
“A second RCT (143 patients treated with 1800 mg/day of ALE for 6 weeks) showed a mean reduction of TC of 18.5% compared to 8.6% in the placebo group – the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.00001). Moreover, the levels of LDL-C were also significantly decreased in the artichoke leaf extract group (mean: –1.26 mmol/l (48.7 mg/dl)) compared to the placebo group (”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Englisch W Beckers C Unkauf M Ruepp M Zinserling V Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia Arzneimittelforschung 2000 50 260 5 10758778
plaindirectn = 143 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results could explain the variability observed in the response among patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, and they may be useful in identifying subjects who could potentially benefit the most from this supplementation [247].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.2. Red yeast rice, policosanols and berberine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] De Castro-Orós I Solà R Valls RM Genetic variants of LDLR and PCSK9 associated with variations in response to antihypercholesterolemic effects of armolipid plus with berberine PLoS One 2016 11 e0150785 27015087 PMC4807809
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant carotenoid, is often cited as having a lipid-lowering effect, but this effect is not supported by clinical evidence, while its supplementation is associated with a mild but significant improvement in fasting plasma glucose [235].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.11. Other nutraceuticals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] Ursoniu S Sahebkar A Serban MC Banach M Lipid profile and glucose changes after supplementation with astaxanthin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Arch Med Sci 2015 11 253 66 25995739 PMC4424245
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are several suggested mechanisms of lipid-lowering action of vitamin E: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α, PPAR-β, and PPAR-γ) activation, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and radical scavenger [215].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.7. Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] Li F Tan W Kang Z Wong CW Tocotrienol enriched palm oil prevents atherosclerosis through modulating the activities of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors Atherosclerosis 2010 211 278 82 20138624
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The third study (44 patients treated with 1920 mg/day of ALE for 12 weeks) showed no significant differences in the lipid profile at the end of the treatment. However, according to a subgroup analysis, patients treated with artichoke leaf extract who had at baseline TC levels greater than 230 mg/dl showed a significant reduction of TC when compared with those treated with placebo (p = 0.0015) [213”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.6. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus, Cynara cardunculus)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Petrowicz O Gebhardt R Donner M Schwandt M Kraft K Effects of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on lipoprotein metabolism in vitro and in vivo Atherosclerosis 1997 129 147
plainn = 44 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The association of red yeast rice extract (340 mg containing 5 mg of MonK) and octacosanols (10 mg) was tested in 111 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia, normal/border-line triglyceridemia and low CVD risk (< 20% according to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS)). The reduction of LDL-C was 20% and it was similar to that obtained with pravastatin at the dose 20 mg/day, without any serious”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.1. Red yeast rice and policosanols
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [239] Cicero AF Brancaleoni M Laghi L Donati F Mino M Antihyperlipidaemic effect of a Monascus purpureus brand dietary supplement on a large sample of subjects at low risk for cardiovascular disease: a pilot study Complement Ther Med 2005 13 273 8 16338198
plaindirectn = 111- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, natural products with different mechanisms of action can be associated to achieve a potential synergetic effect, acting on the absorption of lipids from the bowel and/or increasing their excretion (soluble fibers, glucomannan, plant sterols, probiotics), enhancing the hepatic uptake of cholesterol (berberine, soybean proteins), inducing LDL-C excretion (berberine, soy proteins, chlor”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] Cicero AF Parini A Rosticci M Nutraceuticals and cholesterol-lowering action Int J Cardiol Med Endocr 2015 6 1 4
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among the biological activities exerted by anthocyanins, clinical trials have demonstrated particular antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects [221].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.8. Anthocyanins
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Wallace TC Slavin M Frankenfeld CL Systematic review of anthocyanins and markers of cardiovascular disease Nutrients 2016 8 pii: E32 10.3390/nu8010032 PMC4728646 26761031
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, CLA supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in LDL-C (MD: –0.22 mmol/l (8.5 mg/dl); 95% CI: –0.36; –0.08, p = 0.002), while non-significant results were obtained for HDL-C and TG [230].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.10. Conjugated linoleic acid
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Derakhshande-Rishehri SM Mansourian M Kelishadi R Heidari-Beni M Association of foods enriched in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA supplements with lipid profile in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis Public Health Nutr 2015 18 2041 54 25379623 PMC10271550
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even knowing that statins are the drugs of choice in patients with high LDL-C levels and moderate-to-high CV risk, the use of high-intensity statins increases the side effects and therefore reduces the therapy adherence and compliance [277, 278].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [277] Šimić I Reiner Ž Adverse effects of statins – myths and reality Curr Pharm Des 2015 21 1220 6 25312733
- Not checked yetcites [278] Banach M Stulc T Dent R Toth PP Statin non-adherence and residual cardiovascular risk: there is need for substantial improvement Int J Cardiol 2016 225 184 96 27728862
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For these combined products, due to lack of enough data, is not possible, at this moment, to suggest a final classification. The level of evidence might have been limited to “B” or “C” – expert opinion with the class of suggestion “IIb” waiting for confirmative trials.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most of the combinations presented below have been tested only in a single study, and the obtained results have not been confirmed yet, so no recommendations can be made.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was assessed on 56 hypercholesterolemic patients, who were randomly assigned to receive vitamin D 200 IU/day (n = 28) or a placebo (n = 28) as an add-on to statin for 6 months.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.9. Statins and vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] Qin XF Zhao LS Chen WR Yin da W Wang H Effects of vitamin D on plasma lipid profiles in statin-treated patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Clin Nutr 2015 34 201 6 24844869
plainn = 56 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taking into consideration that low serum vitamin D level seems to be associated with CVD risk and development of statin-related myopathy, the supplementation of vitamin D should always be considered in subjects with low vitamin D levels [297].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.9. Statins and vitamin D
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Michalska-Kasiczak M Sahebkar A Mikhailidis DP Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Analysis of vitamin D levels in patients with and without statin-associated myalgia – a systematic review and meta-analysis of 7 studies with 2420 patients Int J Cardiol 2015 178 111 6 25464233
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Safety: No safety concerns; limited data – further studies are necessary.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.9. Statins and vitamin D
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The cited meta-analyses and RCTs are of sufficient methodological quality and their results are valid for the populations studied.
“Based on available data it seems that the best results were obtained with Lactobacillus strains.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effects of nutraceuticals observed in trials generalize to clinical practice in the broader patient populations for whom they are recommended.
“In summary, the administration of RYR can be recommended because of its effects on LDL-C in patients with moderately elevated cholesterol, especially in primary prevention.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The safety data from clinical trials adequately reflect real-world safety of these nutraceuticals.
“Clinical studies conducted to date with dosages between 500 and 1500 mg/day showed a good safety profile, with no side effects detected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The chronic use of a high quantity of soy products containing isoflavones could interfere with thyroid function and fertility.
“Safety: The chronic use of a high quantity of soy products containing isoflavones could interfere with thyroid function and fertility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Soybean and its derivatives contain high amounts of phytic acid that reduces the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc.
“Furthermore, soybean and its derivatives contain high amounts of phytic acid that reduces the absorption of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lupine has a good safety profile, causing no severe side effects, and those which occurred were mostly gastrointestinal.
“Lupine has shown a good safety profile, causing no severe side effects, and those which occurred were mostly gastrointestinal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In alloxan-injured mice, phycocyanin decreases TC and TG levels in serum, increases hepatic glycogen level and maintains glucokinase expression in the liver.
“According to experimental studies in alloxan-injured mice, phycocyanin decreases TC and TG levels in serum, increases the hepatic glycogen level and maintains glucokinase (GK) expression in the liver.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lipid-lowering effects of nutraceuticals observed in short-term trials translate into reduced cardiovascular risk.
“In conclusion, the intake of soy and lupine represents a potential, relatively weak adjuvant therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, especially in individuals with moderate cholesterol levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The safety data from short-term studies are sufficient to establish long-term safety.
“Long-term safety studies are not available yet.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cited studies' results are reliable and applicable to the populations described in the paper.
“Based on the available data, no serious safety concerns have been raised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The absence of reported serious safety concerns in the available studies indicates that the nutraceutical combinations have no serious safety concerns.
“Based on the available data, no serious safety concerns have been raised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Improvements in surrogate endpoints such as LDL-C, hs-CRP, and endothelial function translate into clinical cardiovascular benefit.
“Many available data, including the most recent studies with PCSK9 inhibitors, support the LDL-C concept that “lower is better” [276].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Low vitamin D status is associated with hyperlipidemia.
“Low vitamin D status has been associated with hyperlipidemia.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some evidence of additive efficacy is available for the association of statins with PUFAs, soluble fibers, plant sterols, bergamot, tocotrienols, garlic, and vitamin D [107]”
From Nutraceuticals in the Management of Dyslipidemia: Which, When, and for Whom? Could Nutraceuticals Help Low-Risk Individuals with Non-optimal Lipid Levels? (2021) · cites this paper as [107]
In the citing paper
“In certain clinical situations, such as in patients who are unable to tolerate statin therapy and who also have persistent severe elevations in triglycerides (TGs), omega-3 acids might represent an important natural alternative choice (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Nutraceuticals can help achieve lipid therapeutic goals and reduce CV residual risk; however, data on the latter are still limited (19)”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Direct vascular effects, mainly on FMD, have been demonstrated (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Soybeans and their derivatives contain high amounts of phytic acid that reduces the absorption of some minerals (calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc) (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Based on available studies, some adverse effects have been reported, but the results are conflicting (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials and meta-analyses have not shown any major safety concerns (131), nor is there any evidence of direct vascular effects after their persistent use (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Bergamot may potentially reduce overall CV risk, but effects on CV outcomes have not been demonstrated (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Substitution of soybean proteins in the diet has been used for the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“The chronic use of a high quantity of soy products containing isoflavones might interfere with thyroid function and fertility (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Bergamot has a good efficacy and safety profile in dyslipidemic and other cardiometabolic patients without any adverse effects detected.”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Direct vascular effects (FMD, PWV) have been demonstrated, as well as their role in reduction of CV outcomes (19).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 8. Conclusions
“there are still no outcome studies proving that nutraceuticals can prevent CVD morbidity or mortality.”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
“RYR supplementation showed a reduction in the risk of CHD (31.0%, p = 0.04), all-cause mortality (31.9%, p = 0.01), stroke (44.1%, p = 0.04)”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“At 1-year follow-up, 58 (72.5%) patients of the combined therapy group (n = 86) reached the therapeutic goal”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 7. Nutraceuticals combined with pharmacological therapy > 7.3. Ezetimibe, red yeast rice, policosanol and berberine
Reported 72.5 · recomputed 67.44186
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
“The EFSA has established as 0.2 μg/kg b.w. per day the highest quantity of citrinin which can be taken by humans with no nephrotoxic effects [100].”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
“the level of 20 μg/kg b.w. per day suggested by the EFSA [86].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
“significantly reduced LDL-C (–0.21 mmol/l (8.1 mg/dl)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 2. Inhibitors of intestinal cholesterol absorption > 2.2. Soluble fibers
“(95% CI: 0.27; –0.14)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
“#### 6.9.4. Psyllium and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
“The combination of phytosterols and ω-3 PUFAs reduced LDL-C by 12.5% (p = 0.002) and TG by 25.9% (p = 0.005)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
“| IIa | A | 600–900 mg | Not applicable | Not demonstrated | Not demonstrated |”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.3. Pantethine
“In a further 16-week triple-blinded RCT carried out on mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects pantethine 600–900 mg/day reduced LDL-C level by 11% [115].”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
“A small increase of HDL-C (0.007 mmol/l; 0.03; 0.11)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 3. Inhibitors of liver cholesterol synthesis > 3.1. Red yeast rice extract
“(0.3 mg/dl)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 6. Nutraceutical combinations > 6.9. Different nutraceutical combinations supported by single RCTs
“TG –0.60 ±0.63 mmol/l (23.2 mg/dl)”
§ Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel > 5. Other nutraceuticals with mixed mechanisms of action > 5.1. Polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids
“TG of 14% (–0.34 mmol/l (30.12 mg/dl)”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cicero, A. F. G., Colletti, A., Bajraktari, G., Descamps, O., Djuric, D. M., Ezhov, M., Fras, Z., Katsiki, N., Langlois, M., Latkovskis, G., Panagiotakos, D. B., Paragh, G., Mikhailidis, D. P., Mitchenko, O., Paulweber, B., Pella, D., Pitsavos, C., Reiner, Ž., Ray, K. K., Rizzo, M., Sahebkar, A., Serban, M.-C., Sperling, L. S., Toth, P. P., Vinereanu, D., Vrablík, M., Wong, N. D., & Banach, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University Clinical Center of Kosovo (XK)
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik (SK)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Paracelsus Medical University (AT)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University Hospital Centre Zagreb (HR)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Istituto Euro Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IT)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Emory University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Medical University of Lodz (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Cicero, Arrigo F.G.
- Banach, Maciej
- ORCID
- Cicero, Arrigo F.G.
- Colletti, Alessandro
- Bajraktari, Gani
- Descamps, Olivier
- Djuric, Dragan M.
- Katsiki, Niki
- Langlois, Michel
- Latkovskis, Gustavs
- Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B.
- Mikhailidis, Dimitri P.
- Mitchenko, Olena
- Paulweber, Bernhard
- Pella, Daniel
- Pitsavos, Christos
- Reiner, Željko
- Ray, Kausik K.
- Rizzo, Manfredi
- Sahebkar, Amirhossein
- Sperling, Laurence S.
- Toth, Peter P.
- Wong, Nathan D.
- Banach, Maciej
- Venue
- Archives of Medical Science
- Publisher
- Termedia Sp. z.o.o.
- Published
- 2017
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 965-1005
- ISSN
- 1734-1922 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5575230
- OpenAlex
- W2743820880
- Semantic Scholar
- ff099cb4733a1f447f72569bbb7dd31b1d41801e
- Cited by
- 281
- References
- 294
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 42.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Archives of Medical Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Medical Faculty of the University of Zagreb (University of Zagreb) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- nutraceuticals, lipid-lowering drugs, cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk factors, statins, dietary cholesterol, dietary fiber, phytosterols, omega-3 fatty acids, clinical guidelines
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