The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
Abstract
Introduction Interactions between Continuous Predictors in Multiple Regression The Effects of Predictor Scaling on Coefficients of Regression Equations Testing and Probing Three-Way Interactions Structuring Regression Equations to Reflect Higher Order Relationships Model and Effect Testing with Higher Order Terms Interactions between Categorical and Continuous Variables Reliability and Statistical Power Conclusion Some Contrasts Between ANOVA and MR in Practice
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward A Unified View1
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/30036540 · Cited by 45,035
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929
Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701341316 · Cited by 9,973
Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x · Cited by 8,159
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Chin, W. W., Marcolin, B. L., & Newsted, P. R. (2003) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.14.2.189.16018 · Cited by 6,479
Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses
Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpi014 · Cited by 6,223
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 · Cited by 5,688
FOUNDATION FOR A GENERAL STRAIN THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY*
AGNEW, R. (1992) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x · Cited by 5,046
Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.12.1.1 · Cited by 4,711
Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: A new look at an old issue.
Enders, C. K., & Tofighi, D. (2007) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.12.2.121 · Cited by 4,462
Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research.
Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115 · Cited by 4,037
An index and test of linear moderated mediation
Hayes, A. F. (2015) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683 · Cited by 3,979
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Dweck, C. S. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x · Cited by 3,784
Jansen, J. J. P., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2006) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0576 · Cited by 3,705
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables.
MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.19 · Cited by 3,538
Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction, and Market Value
Luo, X., & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2006) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.4.001 · Cited by 3,439
Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects.
McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376 · Cited by 3,270
Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach
Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001 · Cited by 3,196
Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients
Schielzeth, H. (2010) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00012.x · Cited by 3,027
Reciprocation of perceived organizational support.
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42 · Cited by 3,106
Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272002 · Cited by 3,041
Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behaviour
Janssen, O. (2000) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317900167038 · Cited by 2,816
Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm
Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030150306 · Cited by 2,502
Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170 · Cited by 2,483
McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011) · The Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.x · Cited by 2,340
Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología
Ato, M., López-García, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511 · Cited by 2,254
Leadership Behavior and Employee Voice: Is the Door Really Open?
Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.26279183 · Cited by 2,250
Czaja, S. J., Charness, N., Fisk, A. D., Hertzog, C., Nair, S. N., Rogers, W. A., & Sharit, J. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.2.333 · Cited by 2,113
Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.219 · Cited by 2,113
Daily Well-Being: The Role of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe, J., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200266002 · Cited by 2,067
The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change
Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356 · Cited by 2,056
How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.595 · Cited by 2,059
Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: A motivational model of alcohol use
Cooper, M. L., Frone, M. R., Russell, M., & Mudar, P. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.990 · Cited by 1,975
Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life.
Anderson, C. A., & Dill, K. E. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.772 · Cited by 1,778
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A., & Hancock, J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887 · Cited by 1,728
The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance
Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2008) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.642 · Cited by 1,731
Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.2.142 · Cited by 1,704
Business model design and the performance of entrepreneurial firms
Zott, C., & Amit, R. (2007) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0232 · Cited by 1,707
Cultural cognition of scientific consensus.
Kahan, D. M., Jenkins‐Smith, H., & Braman, D. (2011) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2010.511246 · Cited by 1,686
What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs.
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.325 · Cited by 1,694
Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/20159587 · Cited by 1,623
Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life
Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z · Cited by 1,511
Probing interactions in fixed and multilevel regression: Inferential and graphical techniques
Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2005) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4003_5 · Cited by 1,506
Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification
Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296228002 · Cited by 1,444
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Latent Interaction Effects with the LMS Method
Klein, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2000) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02296338 · Cited by 1,429
Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.225 · Cited by 1,729
Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor.
Gailliot, M. T., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Maner, J. K., Plant, E. A., Tice, D. M., Brewer, L. E., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325 · Cited by 1,297
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1053 · Cited by 1,303
A Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations
Blais, A.-R., & Weber, E. U. (2006) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500000334 · Cited by 1,286
Reaping relational rewards from corporate social responsibility: The role of competitive positioning
Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2007) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.01.001 · Cited by 1,295
Multicollinearity in Regression Analyses Conducted in Epidemiologic Studies
P. Vatcheva, K., & Lee, M. (2016) · Epidemiology: Open Access · doi:10.4172/2161-1165.1000227 · Cited by 1,291
Latent Class Analysis: An Alternative Perspective on Subgroup Analysis in Prevention and Treatment
Lanza, S. T., & Rhoades, B. L. (2013) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0201-1 · Cited by 1,255
Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 · Cited by 1,253
Residual Effects of Past on Later Behavior: Habituation and Reasoned Action Perspectives
Ajzen, I. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_02 · Cited by 1,249
Walter, A., Auer, M., & Ritter, T. (2006) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.02.005 · Cited by 1,222
Stam, W., & Elfring, T. (2008) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2008.30744031 · Cited by 1,218
Aguinis, H., Beaty, J. C., Boik, R. J., & Pierce, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.94 · Cited by 1,216
Tests of the three-path mediated effect
Taylor, A. B., MacKinnon, D. P., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428107300344 · Cited by 1,209
The analysis of count data: a gentle introduction to poisson regression and its alternatives.
Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890802634175 · Cited by 1,172
Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem”
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42 · Cited by 1,165
Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2010) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2010.498290 · Cited by 1,160
Gibson, C. B., & Gibbs, J. L. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.3.451 · Cited by 1,152
Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2016.55 · Cited by 1,117
Grant, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.108 · Cited by 1,114
Why do women opt out? Sense of belonging and women's representation in mathematics.
Good, C., Rattan, A., & Dweck, C. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026659 · Cited by 1,113
Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J.-L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.43669971 · Cited by 1,094
Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000239 · Cited by 1,077
Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice.
Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.33 · Cited by 1,086
Corporate image and corporate reputation in customers’ retention decisions in services
Nguyen, N., & Leblanc, G. (2001) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/s0969-6989(00)00029-1 · Cited by 1,072
Barber (2005) · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x · Cited by 1,063
Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191 · Cited by 1,032
The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school
Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00084-9 · Cited by 1,028
The dark side of buyer–supplier relationships: A social capital perspective⋆
Villena, V. H., Revilla, E., & Choi, T. Y. (2011) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2010.09.001 · Cited by 1,018
Shanock, L. R., Baran, B. E., Gentry, W. A., Pattison, S. C., & Heggestad, E. D. (2010) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9183-4 · Cited by 1,000
Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. E., Schulz, R., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256921 · Cited by 991
Who attains social status? Effects of personality and physical attractiveness in social groups.
Anderson, C., John, O. P., Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.1.116 · Cited by 987
Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x · Cited by 940
The Role of Relational Information Processes and Technology Use in Customer Relationship Management
Jayachandran, S., Sharma, S., Kaufman, P., & Raman, P. (2005) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.2005.69.4.177 · Cited by 966
Hainmueller, J., Mummolo, J., & Xu, Y. (2019) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1017/pan.2018.46 · Cited by 959
Lamberton, C. P., & Rose, R. L. (2012) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jm.10.0368 · Cited by 955
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018867 · Cited by 940
Vohs, K. D., Baumeister, R. F., Schmeichel, B. J., Twenge, J. M., Nelson, N. M., & Tice, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.5.883 · Cited by 929
How Behaviors are Influenced by Perceived Norms: A Test of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior
Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650205275385 · Cited by 927
Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/3069309 · Cited by 921
A General Model for Testing Mediation and Moderation Effects
Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0109-6 · Cited by 918
Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Lampe, C. (2014) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12078 · Cited by 916
Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: test of a trickle-down model.
Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L.-Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.191 · Cited by 914
Carmeli, A. (2003) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/02683940310511881 · Cited by 899
Harackiewicz, J. M., Barron, K. E., Tauer, J. M., Carter, S. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.316 · Cited by 892
Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/20159571 · Cited by 889
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.60 · Cited by 885
Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600641200 · Cited by 878
Getting a cue: the need to belong and enhanced sensitivity to social cues
Pickett, C. L., Gardner, W. L., & Knowles, M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262085 · Cited by 862
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.687 · Cited by 862
Seeman, T. E., Lusignolo, T. M., Albert, M., & Berkman, L. (2001) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.4.243 · Cited by 855
Possible selves and academic outcomes: How and when possible selves impel action.
Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., & Terry, K. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188 · Cited by 852
Sprott, D., Czellar, S., & Spangenberg, E. (2009) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.1.92 · Cited by 850
Metadata
- Venue
- Choice Reviews Online
- Publisher
- American Library Association
- Published
- 1992-02-01
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 06
- Pages
- 29-3352-29-3352
- ISSN
- 0009-4978 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-8253
- OpenAlex
- W2797247465
- Cited by
- 36,654
- References
- 0
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.