The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cytotoxicity of microglia
Abstract
The most characteristic property of microglia is their swift activation in response to neuronal stress and their capacity for site‐directed phagocytosis. The transformation of microglia into intrinsic brain macrophages appears to be under strict control and takes place if neuronal and/or terminal degeneration occurs in response to nerve lesion. The differentiation of microglia into brain macrophages is accompanied by the release of several secretory products, e.g., proteinases, cytokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, and reactive nitrogen intermediates. Interference with the microglial activation or the productions of cytotoxic metabolites by microglia may thus offer new therapeutic opportunities for the prevention of neuronal cell death in CNS disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285 · Cited by 2,990
Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045
Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease.
Griffin, W. S., Stanley, L. C., Ling, C., White, L., MacLeod, V, Perrot, L. J., White, C. L., & Araoz, C. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.19.7611 · Cited by 1,777
Microglia in degenerative neurological disease
McGeer, P. L., Kawamata, T., Walker, D. G., Akiyama, H., Tooyama, I., & McGeer, E. G. (1993) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.440070114 · Cited by 596
Cited by
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514
Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1996) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(96)10049-7 · Cited by 4,396
Self-citationMicroglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110
Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism
Vargas, D. L., Nascimbene, C., Krishnan, C., Zimmerman, A. W., & Pardo, C. A. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20315 · Cited by 2,149
Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes
Polikov, V. S., Tresco, P. A., & Reichert, W. M. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.015 · Cited by 1,896
M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination
Miron, V. E., Boyd, A., Zhao, J.-W., Yuen, T. J., Ruckh, J. M., Shadrach, J. L., van Wijngaarden, P., Wagers, A. J., Williams, A., Franklin, R. J. M., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3469 · Cited by 1,777
Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development
Zhang, W., Xiao, D., Mao, Q., & Xia, H. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5 · Cited by 1,668
Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: role of inflammatory cells
Jin, R., Yang, G., & Li, G. (2010) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.1109766 · Cited by 1,521
MCGEER, P., & MCGEER, E. (1995) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(95)00011-9 · Cited by 1,287
Wu, D. C., Jackson-Lewis, V., Vila, M., Tieu, K., Teismann, P., Vadseth, C., Choi, D.-K., Ischiropoulos, H., & Przedborski, S. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-05-01763.2002 · Cited by 1,183
MICROGLIA AS MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATORY AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
González-Scarano, F., & Baltuch, G. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.219 · Cited by 984
Biran, R., Martin, D. C., & Tresco, P. A. (2005) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.04.020 · Cited by 893
Bringmann, A., Iandiev, I., Pannicke, T., Wurm, A., Hollborn, M., Wiedemann, P., Osborne, N. N., & Reichenbach, A. (2009) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001 · Cited by 761
Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections
Rock, R. B., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Cheeran, M., Lokensgard, J. R., & Peterson, P. K. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.4.942-964.2004 · Cited by 723
Combs, C. K., Karlo, J. C., Kao, S.-C., & Landreth, G. E. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-04-01179.2001 · Cited by 721
Bal-Price, A., & Brown, G. C. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-17-06480.2001 · Cited by 686
The peripheral benzodiazepine binding site in the brain in multiple sclerosis
Banati, R. B., Newcombe, J., Gunn, R. N., Cagnin, A., Turkheimer, F., Heppner, F., Price, G., Wegner, F., Giovannoni, G., Miller, D. H., et al. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2321 · Cited by 661
Self-citationNitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in parkinson's disease
Hunot, S., Boissière, F., Faucheux, B., Brugg, B., Mouatt-Prigent, A., Agid, Y., & Hirsch, E. C. (1996) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00578-1 · Cited by 595
Combs, C. K., Johnson, D. E., Karlo, J. C., Cannady, S. B., & Landreth, G. E. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-02-00558.2000 · Cited by 483
Inflammatory Regulators in Parkinson's Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2
Knott, C., Stern, G., & Wilkin, G. P. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1006/mcne.2000.0914 · Cited by 503
Invited Review Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems
Cadet, J. L., & Brannock, C. (1998) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(97)00031-4 · Cited by 499
Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
McGeer, P. L., & McGeer, E. G. (2002) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.10191 · Cited by 470
Visualising microglial activation in vivo
Banati, R. B. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10144 · Cited by 428
Self-citationThe role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology
Yang, I., Han, S. J., Kaur, G., Crane, C., & Parsa, A. T. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.006 · Cited by 410
“For example, microglia express TLR [22] and initiate innate responses with the production of cytokines, chemokines and nitric oxide (NO) [37, 38].”
BackgroundO’Donnell, J., Zeppenfeld, D., McConnell, E., Pena, S., & Nedergaard, M. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-x · Cited by 399
The P2X 7 Receptor Drives Microglial Activation and Proliferation: A Trophic Role for P2X 7 R Pore
Monif, M., Reid, C. A., Powell, K. L., Smart, M. L., & Williams, D. A. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5512-08.2009 · Cited by 374
Gao, H.-M., Zhou, H., Zhang, F., Wilson, B. C., Kam, W., & Hong, J.-S. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3732-10.2011 · Cited by 369
Liu, B., Du, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2000) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)39275-4 · Cited by 347
Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation
Kumar, V. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012 · Cited by 331
The role of glial cells in Parkinsonʼs disease
Vila, M., Jackson-Lewis, V., Guégan, C., Chu Wu, D., Teismann, P., Choi, D.-K., Tieu, K., & Przedborski, S. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-200108000-00009 · Cited by 326
Hunter, R. L., Dragicevic, N., Seifert, K., Choi, D. Y., Liu, M., Kim, H., Cass, W. A., Sullivan, P. G., & Bing, G. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04327.x · Cited by 322
Control of glial immune function by neurons
Neumann, H. (2001) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.1108 · Cited by 319
Molecular consequences of activated microglia in the brain: overactivation induces apoptosis
Liu, B., Wang, K., Gao, H.-M., Mandavilli, B., Wang, J.-Y., & Hong, J.-S. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.t01-1-00216.x · Cited by 286
Nitric oxide-mediated mitochondrial damage: A potential neuroprotective role for glutathione
Bolaños, J. P., Heales, S. J. R., Peuchen, S., Barker, J. E., Land, J. M., & Clark, J. B. (1996) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00240-7 · Cited by 263
Kim, S., Moon, M., & Park, S. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-09-0132 · Cited by 263
Microglial Aβ Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease
Yu, Y., & Ye, R. D. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-014-0101-6 · Cited by 247
Senile plaques stimulate microglia to release a neurotoxin found in Alzheimer brain
Giulian, D., Haverkamp, L. J., Li, J., Karshin, W. L., Yu, J., Tom, D., Li, X., & Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1995) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(95)00067-i · Cited by 242
Immune reactive cells in senile plaques and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Vehmas, A. K., Kawas, C. H., Stewart, W. F., & Troncoso, J. C. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00090-8 · Cited by 230
Banati, R. B., Goerres, G. W., Myers, R., Gunn, R. N., Turkheimer, F. E., Kreutzberg, G. W., Brooks, D. J., Jones, T., & Duncan, J. S. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.2199 · Cited by 224
Self-citationGlial activation in Alzheimer's disease: the role of Aβ and its associated proteins
Meda, L. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00307-4 · Cited by 222
Tau Protein Interaction Partners and Their Roles in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Tauopathies
Sinsky, J., Pichlerova, K., & Hanes, J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22179207 · Cited by 220
Glucagon-like peptide-1 inhibits LPS-induced IL-1β production in cultured rat astrocytes
Iwai, T., Ito, S., Tanimitsu, K., Udagawa, S., & Oka, J.-I. (2006) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2006.04.008 · Cited by 207
Zecca, L., Wilms, H., Geick, S., Claasen, J.-H., Brandenburg, L.-O., Holzknecht, C., Panizza, M. L., Zucca, F. A., Deuschl, G., Sievers, J., et al. (2008) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-008-0361-7 · Cited by 205
Moon, M., Kim, H. G., Hwang, L., Seo, J.-H., Kim, S., Hwang, S., Kim, S., Lee, D., Chung, H., Oh, M. S., et al. (2009) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-009-9037-x · Cited by 203
Novel glucocorticoid effects on acute inflammation in the CNS
Dinkel, K., MacPherson, A., & Sapolsky, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01604.x · Cited by 179
The Complex Molecular Biology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Redler, R. L., & Dokholyan, N. V. (2012) · Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385883-2.00002-3 · Cited by 172
Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System
Aravalli, R. N., Peterson, P. K., & Lokensgard, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5 · Cited by 173
Astrocyte–neuron interactions in neurological disorders
Ricci, G., Volpi, L., Pasquali, L., Petrozzi, L., & Siciliano, G. (2009) · Journal of Biological Physics · doi:10.1007/s10867-009-9157-9 · Cited by 155
Mutant α-Synuclein Overexpression Mediates Early Proinflammatory Activity
Su, X., Federoff, H. J., & Maguire-Zeiss, K. A. (2009) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-009-9053-x · Cited by 145
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Reactive Astrocytes Adjacent to β-Amyloid Plaques
Wallace, M. N., Geddes, J. G., Farquhar, D. A., & Masson, M. R. (1997) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1996.6373 · Cited by 145
Striatal Neuroinflammation Promotes Parkinsonism in Rats
Choi, D.-Y., Liu, M., Hunter, R. L., Cass, W. A., Pandya, J. D., Sullivan, P. G., Shin, E.-J., Kim, H.-C., Gash, D. M., & Bing, G. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005482 · Cited by 141
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Neuroinflammation
Cagnin, A., Kassiou, M., Meikle, S. R., & Banati, R. B. (2007) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.04.006 · Cited by 137
Self-citationMetabolic and inflammatory adaptation of reactive astrocytes: role of PPARs
Iglesias, J., Morales, L., & Barreto, G. E. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9833-2 · Cited by 137
Sankarapandi, S., Zweier, J. L., Mukherjee, G., Quinn, M. T., & Huso, D. L. (1998) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1998.0658 · Cited by 136
Stalder, M., Deller, T., Staufenbiel, M., & Jucker, M. (2001) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00209-3 · Cited by 118
Zujovic, V., Schussler, N., Jourdain, D., Duverger, D., & Taupin, V. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00259-4 · Cited by 102
Retina-derived microglial cells induce photoreceptor cell death in vitro
Roque, R. S., Rosales, A. A., Jingjing, L., Agarwal, N., & Al-Ubaidi, M. R. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01625-x · Cited by 101
Sheffield, L. G., Marquis, J. G., & Berman, N. E. J. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01037-5 · Cited by 96
Microglia: Friend and foe in tauopathy
Odfalk, K. F., Bieniek, K. F., & Hopp, S. C. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102306 · Cited by 60
MLean, N. A., & Verge, V. M. K. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23021 · Cited by 62
Suppression of LPS-induced tau hyperphosphorylation by serum amyloid A
Liu, J., Wang, D., Li, S.-Q., Yu, Y., & Ye, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0493-y · Cited by 58
“Activated microglial cells in turn exhibit dramatic morphological changes, proliferate, migrate, and produce a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators [4, 7] such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and IL-18, which accelerate tauopathy including the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) [8–11].”
Neuroprotective activities of natural products from marine macroalgae during 1999–2015
Alghazwi, M., Kan, Y. Q., Zhang, W., Gai, W. P., Garson, M. J., & Smid, S. (2016) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-016-0908-2 · Cited by 58
Astrocytes as targets for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection
Schoneboom, B. A., Fultz, M. J., Miller, T. H., McKinney, L. C., & Grieder, F. B. (1999) · Journal of Neurovirology · doi:10.3109/13550289909029475 · Cited by 58
Resveratrol Inhibits Oligomeric Aβ-Induced Microglial Activation via NADPH Oxidase
YAO, Y., LI, J., NIU, Y., YU, J.-Q., YAN, L., MIAO, Z.-H., ZHAO, X.-X., LI, Y.-J., YAO, W.-X., ZHENG, P., et al. (2015) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2015.4199 · Cited by 55
Gildawie, K. R., Orso, R., Peterzell, S., Thompson, V., & Brenhouse, H. C. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135381 · Cited by 46
miR-142-3p Regulates BDNF Expression in Activated Rodent Microglia Through Its Target CAMK2A
Gupta, N., Jadhav, S., Tan, K.-L., Saw, G., Mallilankaraman, K. B., & Dheen, S. T. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00132 · Cited by 40
Satellite Glial Cells: Morphology, functional heterogeneity, and role in pain
Andreeva, D., Murashova, L., Burzak, N., & Dyachuk, V. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1019449 · Cited by 38
Loss of Perineuronal Net in ME7 Prion Disease
Franklin, S. L., Love, S., Greene, J. R. T., & Betmouni, S. (2008) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181654386 · Cited by 33
Tumor necrosis factor receptor fragment attenuates interferon-γ-induced non-REM sleep in rabbits
Kubota, T., Majde, J. A., Brown, R. A., & Krueger, J. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00382-4 · Cited by 32
Chronic diazepam administration increases the expression of Lcn2 in the CNS
Furukawa, T., Shimoyama, S., Miki, Y., Nikaido, Y., Koga, K., Nakamura, K., Wakabayashi, K., & Ueno, S. (2017) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.283 · Cited by 31
Dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 regulates the inflammatory response of activated microglia
Manivannan, J., Tay, S. S. W., Ling, E.-A., & Dheen, S. T. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.023 · Cited by 29
Salemi, J., Obregon, D. F., Cobb, A., Reed, S., Sadic, E., Jin, J., Fernandez, F., Tan, J., & Giunta, B. (2011) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-6-3 · Cited by 28
CCAAT-enhancer binding proteinα is expressed in activated microglial cells after brain injury
Walton, M., Saura, J., Young, D., MacGibbon, G., Hansen, W., Lawlor, P., Sirimanne, E., Gluckman, P., & Dragunow, M. (1998) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00169-7 · Cited by 28
Pérez-Pinzón, M. A., Vitro, T. M., Dietrich, W. D., & Sick, T. J. (1999) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010051019 · Cited by 27
Tawbeh, A., Gondcaille, C., Saih, F.-E., Raas, Q., Loichot, D., Hamon, Y., Keime, C., Benani, A., Di Cara, F., Cherkaoui-Malki, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2025.1542938 · Cited by 21
Chowdhury, T., Allen, M. F., Thorn, T. L., He, Y., & Hewett, S. J. (2018) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox7080100 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Banati, R. B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P., & Kreutzberg, G. W.
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-118
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- OpenAlex
- W2116605894
- Cited by
- 1,029
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 29.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
