Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents

In the paper

“school start times are often earlier and use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet-lag)”

In the paper

“Rates of comorbidity between affective and SUDs during adolescence range from 9.0–47.9%”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source

In the paper

“Affective problems, such as depression and anxiety, also often emerge during adolescence, both of which are associated with greater rates of substance use (4,5).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [4] Kandel, 1997, Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: Findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
• Not checked yetcites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source

In the paper

“Initiation of substance use (i.e., first use of alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs) typically occurs during mid-to-late adolescence (~14–18 years), with frequency of use increasing during adolescence into early adulthood, and peaking during their 20’s”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Chen, 1995, The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample, Am J Public Health source

In the paper

“Delays in sleep, circadian preference, and chronotype begin around puberty and reach their maximum around age 20 before beginning a long, slow shift towards earlier timing over the lifespan (35,36).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Randler, 2008, Morningness-eveningness comparison in adolescents from different countries around the world, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [36] Roenneberg, 2004, A marker for the end of adolescence, Curr Biol source

In the paper

“adolescent rodents are willing to self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, which may be mediated by an increased drive for rewards”

In the paper

“Sleep timing shifts later, i.e., delays, throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends, when sleep timing is unconstrained by school schedules (37).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

In the paper

“Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the timing of the circadian clock (38), and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive (37).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source
• Not checked yetcites [38] Crowley, 2014, A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence, PLoS One source

In the paper

“caffeine later in the day disrupts sleep and delays circadian timing (52,53).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Burke, 2015, Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro, Sci Transl Med source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Drake, 2013, Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed, J Clin Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Adolescents with short sleep duration are more likely to use substances—including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs (54–56)—and to engage in other risky behaviors (54,57,58).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [54] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, Prev Med source
• Not checked yetcites [55] Paiva, 2016, Mutual relations between sleep deprivation, sleep stealers and risk behaviours in adolescents, Sleep Sci source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Sivertsen, 2015, Sleep and use of alcohol and drug in adolescence. A large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, Drug Alcohol Depend source
• Not checked yetcites [57] Thomas, 2015, Sleep problems across development: A pathway to adolescent risk taking through working memory, J Youth Adolesc source
• Not checked yetcites [58] Wheaton, 2016, Sleep duration and injury-related risk behaviors among high school students—United States, 2007-2013, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep source

In the paper

“adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances (37).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

In the paper

“the vast majority (71%) of high school students sleep less than 8 hours per night, and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours per night (44).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Basch, 2014, Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007-2013, Prev Chronic Dis source

In the paper

“Although sleep duration decreases, sleep need—i.e., the amount of sleep required to ensure maximal alertness and performance—appears to remain unchanged (37).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source

In the paper

“Slow-wave sleep (SWS) decreases ~60% across adolescence (49), possibly reflecting synaptic pruning and resulting efficiency of network connectivity (50,51).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Baker, 2016, Age-related differences in sleep architecture and electroencephalogram in adolescents in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence sample, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Feinberg, 2010, Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: An index of a fundamental brain reorganization, Brain Cogn source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Saletin, 2013, Structural brain correlates of human sleep oscillations, Neuroimage source

In the paper

“Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse (Figure 2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [72] Murray, 2009, Nature’s clocks and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation, Emotion source

In the paper

“Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems (63).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Hasler, 2015, Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder, Alcohol source

In the paper

“Recent prospective evidence suggests eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement, and not merely a consequence of staying up late because they are engaging in substance use (64,65).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Tavernier, 2015, Perceived morningness-eveningness predicts academic adjustment and substance use across university, but social jetlag is not to blame, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [65] Hasler, 2017, Eveningness among late adolescent males predicts neural reactivity to reward and alcohol dependence two years later, Behav Brain Res source

In the paper

“eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity (70,71,73–79).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source
• Not checked yetcites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [73] Adan, 2010, Relationship between circadian typology and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, Chronobiol Int source
• Not checked yetcites [74] Caci, 2004, Novelty seekers and impulsive subjects are low in morningness, Eur Psychiatry source
• Not checked yetcites [75] Drennan, 1991, The effects of depression and age on the Horne-Ostberg morningness-eveningness score, J Affect Disord source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Hasler, 2010, Morningness-eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect, Psychiatry Res source
• Not checked yetcites [77] Merikanto, 2015, Circadian preference links to depression in general adult population, J Affect Disord source
• Not checked yetcites [78] Owens, 2016, Self-regulation and sleep duration, sleepiness, and chronotype in adolescents, Pediatrics source
• Not checked yetcites [79] Tonetti, 2010, Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking, Eur Psychiatry source

In the paper

“Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2-years later (59); greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3- and 5-years later (68); and an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder (69).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Pasch, 2012, Longitudinal bi-directional relationships between sleep and youth substance use, J Youth Adolesc source
• Not checked yetcites [68] Hasler, 2014, A longitudinal study of insomnia and other sleep complaints in adolescents with and without alcohol use disorders, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
• Not checked yetcites [69] Hasler, 2016, Restless sleep and variable sleep timing during late childhood accelerate the onset of alcohol and other drug involvement, J Stud Alcohol Drugs source

In the paper

“sleep restriction is associated with blunted striatal reactivity to reward outcome in adolescents (91), but heightened response in young adults (92).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [91] Franzen, 2016, Sleep restriction lowers striatal responses to the receipt of monetary reward in adolescents, Sleep
• Not checked yetcites [92] Germain, 2016, Sleep restriction amplifies neural response to reward cues compared to normal sleep and sleep deprivation, Sleep

In the paper

“Sleep deprivation also disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Mullin, 2013, Sleep deprivation amplifies striatal activation to monetary reward, Psychol Med source
• Not checked yetcites [87] Venkatraman, 2007, Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions, Sleep source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Gujar, 2011, Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences, J Neurosci source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Telzer, 2013, The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence, Neuroimage source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Thomas, 2000, Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity, J Sleep Res source

In the paper

“Typically-developing adolescents with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality exhibit lower caudate response to reward anticipation (85), greater insula response to risk-taking, and lower functional connectivity between DLPFC and both insula and VS during risk taking (89)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [85] Holm, 2009, Reward-related brain function and sleep in pre/early pubertal and mid/late pubertal adolescents, J Adolesc Health source
• Not checked yetcites [89] Telzer, 2013, The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence, Neuroimage source

In the paper

“Variants of PER2 are associated with D2 receptor availability and cocaine addiction vulnerability (133,134); risky alcohol drinking under high psychosocial stress (135); and disrupted sleep (136).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] Shumay, 2012, Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability, Transl Psychiatry source
• Not checked yetcites [134] Volkow, 2011, Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
• Not checked yetcites [135] Blomeyer, 2013, Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults, PLoS One source
• Not checked yetcites [136] Comasco, 2010, The clock gene PER2 and sleep problems: Association with alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents, Ups J Med Sci source

In the paper

“sleep deprivation reduces dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the VS without affecting basal dopamine release (96)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Volkow, 2012, Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain, J Neurosci source

In the paper

“CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence (138), and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders (139).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [138] Kovanen, 2010, Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption, Alcohol Alcohol source
• Not checked yetcites [139] Sjöholm, 2010, CLOCK is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders, J Circadian Rhythms source

In the paper

“A combination of later school start times at the population level, and sleep and circadian interventions at the individual level, could help to align adolescent’s biological rhythms with the environment and perhaps mitigate future psychiatric and substance abuse problems.”

In the paper

“Chronotherapies, such as bright light therapy and social rhythm therapy, are efficacious treatments for certain mood disorders in adults, and have favorable side effect profiles (147,148).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [147] Wirz-Justice, 2003, Chronobiology and mood disorders, Dialogues Clin Neurosci source
• Not checked yetcites [148] Frank, 2007, Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: A means of improving depression and preventing relapse in bipolar disorder, J Clin Psychol source

In the paper

“One randomized cross-over trial of 28 adolescents with depression found BLT (2,500 lux vs. placebo, 50 lux), induced an antidepressant response and a phase advance of cortisol and melatonin rhythms, with no adverse treatment effects (150).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [150] Niederhofer, 2012, Bright light treatment as mono-therapy of non-seasonal depression for 28 adolescents, Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract source