The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 150 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 118 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes including substance use disorders (SUDs). These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8–10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally delay, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. On the other hand, school start times are often earlier and use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet-lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies towards increase reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors, and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and SUDs. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence, and suggest areas that warrant further research.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that adolescent sleep and circadian disruption—driven by delayed rhythms, insufficient sleep, and social jet lag—enhances reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing vulnerability to substance use disorders. It synthesizes human and animal evidence for sleep/circadian modulation of reward circuitry and highlights chronotherapy and later school start times as potential interventions.
Key findings
- Adolescents need 8–10 hours of sleep per night, but 71% of high school students sleep less than 8 hours and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours; developmental phase delays, slower homeostatic sleep drive, increased light sensitivity, early school start times, electronic device use, and social factors contribute to circadian misalignment and “social jet lag.”
- Sleep/circadian disruption is associated with increased substance use and related problems: short sleep and weekend oversleep prospectively predict future alcohol and illicit drug use, and eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement rather than merely resulting from it.
- Sleep and circadian changes modulate reward circuitry: social jet lag is associated with lower mPFC reactivity to monetary reward; later sleep timing is associated with reduced mPFC and ventral striatal responses; sleep deprivation increases ventral striatal and decreases mPFC responses in young adults, while sleep restriction blunts striatal reward-outcome reactivity in adolescents.
- Animal and genetic evidence supports conserved mechanisms: adolescent rodents self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, sleep deprivation alters mPFC-to-nucleus accumbens synaptic transmission and enhances reward seeking, and circadian gene variants such as PER2, PER1, and CLOCK are linked to addiction-related phenotypes.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary study; no new participants, sample, or original data are reported.
- Synthesizes human epidemiological, neuroimaging, and genetic studies alongside animal models of sleep, circadian rhythms, reward, and substance use.
- Main analysis is conceptual integration, culminating in a testable hypothesis that late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment adversely affect cortico-limbic function, enhancing reward function and impairing cognitive control to increase substance use risk.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: cellular and molecular mechanisms linking sleep/circadian rhythms to reward remain poorly understood, and the directionality of associations is unclear—sleep/circadian disturbances may influence reward function, or sensation-seeking may drive late-night behavior and sleep loss.
- Stated in the paper: most circadian gene studies were completed in adulthood, and few studies have evaluated chronotherapies in adolescents, with existing adolescent trials limited to depression or delayed phase sleep disorder.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not systematically search or quantitatively synthesize the literature, and its conclusions rely on cited evidence and a proposed model rather than new experimental tests.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
50 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Dopamine availability increases during adolescence (11,12)”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Reward and Substance Use in Adolescence > Changes in reward circuitry and social context
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] Luciana, 2012, Incentive motivation, cognitive control, and the adolescent brain: Is it time for a paradigm shift?, Child Dev Perspect sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Adolescent Changes in the Dopamine System,” the paper reports peaks in dopamine tissue concentrations during adolescence and hypothesizes that tonic dopamine increases in early adolescence. The claim presents a general increase in dopamine availability as established fact, whereas the paper calls the tonic increase a hypothesis and says in “Conclusions, Critical Questions, and Next Steps” that dopamine systems have not been directly tested in human adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Supportedcites [12] Padmanabhan, 2014, Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior, Brain Cogn source
The Dopamine section describes an overall adolescent peak in dopamine signaling and reports that tonic dopamine concentrations peak in late adolescence. It cautions that much of the evidence comes from animal models and that findings vary by brain region, but supports the broad claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes including substance use disorders (SUDs).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Paiva, 2016, Mutual relations between sleep deprivation, sleep stealers and risk behaviours in adolescents, Sleep Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Sivertsen, 2015, Sleep and use of alcohol and drug in adolescence. A large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, Drug Alcohol Depend source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for initiating drug use and developing SUDs.”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies towards increase reward sensitivity and impulsivity”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep.”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“few consistently achieve these durations”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Basch, 2014, Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007-2013, Prev Chronic Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“circadian rhythms naturally delay”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Crowley, 2014, A longitudinal assessment of sleep timing, circadian phase, and phase angle of entrainment across human adolescence, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Adolescents require 8–10 hours of sleep per night”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Paruthi, 2016, Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: A consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, J Clin Sleep Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“school start times are often earlier and use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet-lag)”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rates of comorbidity between affective and SUDs during adolescence range from 9.0–47.9%”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Reward and Substance Use in Adolescence > Vulnerability for substance use and affective disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Affective problems, such as depression and anxiety, also often emerge during adolescence, both of which are associated with greater rates of substance use (4,5).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Reward and Substance Use in Adolescence > Vulnerability for substance use and affective disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Kandel, 1997, Psychiatric disorders associated with substance use among children and adolescents: Findings from the Methods for the Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders (MECA) Study, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
- Not checked yetcites [5] O’Neil, 2011, Internalizing disorders and substance use disorders in youth: Comorbidity, risk, temporal order, and implications for intervention, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Initiation of substance use (i.e., first use of alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs) typically occurs during mid-to-late adolescence (~14–18 years), with frequency of use increasing during adolescence into early adulthood, and peaking during their 20’s”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Reward and Substance Use in Adolescence > Vulnerability for substance use and affective disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Chen, 1995, The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample, Am J Public Health source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Delays in sleep, circadian preference, and chronotype begin around puberty and reach their maximum around age 20 before beginning a long, slow shift towards earlier timing over the lifespan (35,36).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“adolescent rodents are willing to self-administer greater quantities of rewarding substances than adults, which may be mediated by an increased drive for rewards”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Reward and Substance Use in Adolescence > Evidence from Animal Models
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep timing shifts later, i.e., delays, throughout adolescence, with greater delays on weekends, when sleep timing is unconstrained by school schedules (37).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Changes in sleep/circadian timing appear to result from both phase delays in the timing of the circadian clock (38), and a slower accumulation in homeostatic sleep drive (37).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“caffeine later in the day disrupts sleep and delays circadian timing (52,53).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescents with short sleep duration are more likely to use substances—including caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and illicit drugs (54–56)—and to engage in other risky behaviors (54,57,58).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Sleep/circadian vulnerability for substance use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] McKnight-Eily, 2011, Relationships between hours of sleep and health-risk behaviors in US adolescent students, Prev Med source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Paiva, 2016, Mutual relations between sleep deprivation, sleep stealers and risk behaviours in adolescents, Sleep Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Sivertsen, 2015, Sleep and use of alcohol and drug in adolescence. A large population-based study of Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, Drug Alcohol Depend source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Thomas, 2015, Sleep problems across development: A pathway to adolescent risk taking through working memory, J Youth Adolesc source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Wheaton, 2016, Sleep duration and injury-related risk behaviors among high school students—United States, 2007-2013, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“adolescents tend to experience reduced sleep duration, increased daytime sleepiness, and increased sleep disturbances (37).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the vast majority (71%) of high school students sleep less than 8 hours per night, and 44% sleep fewer than 6 hours per night (44).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Basch, 2014, Prevalence of sleep duration on an average school night among 4 nationally representative successive samples of American high school students, 2007-2013, Prev Chronic Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although sleep duration decreases, sleep need—i.e., the amount of sleep required to ensure maximal alertness and performance—appears to remain unchanged (37).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Carskadon, 2011, Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm, Pediatr Clin North Am source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Slow-wave sleep (SWS) decreases ~60% across adolescence (49), possibly reflecting synaptic pruning and resulting efficiency of network connectivity (50,51).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Normative changes in sleep and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Baker, 2016, Age-related differences in sleep architecture and electroencephalogram in adolescents in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence sample, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Feinberg, 2010, Sleep EEG changes during adolescence: An index of a fundamental brain reorganization, Brain Cogn source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Saletin, 2013, Structural brain correlates of human sleep oscillations, Neuroimage source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple lines of evidence support sleep and circadian modulation of reward function, suggesting a mechanistic pathway to substance abuse (Figure 2).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Murray, 2009, Nature’s clocks and human mood: The circadian system modulates reward motivation, Emotion source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional studies in adolescents and adults report associations between greater eveningness and more frequent substance use and increased substance problems (63).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Sleep/circadian vulnerability for substance use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Hasler, 2015, Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder, Alcohol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent prospective evidence suggests eveningness predicts increases in substance involvement, and not merely a consequence of staying up late because they are engaging in substance use (64,65).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Sleep/circadian vulnerability for substance use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Tavernier, 2015, Perceived morningness-eveningness predicts academic adjustment and substance use across university, but social jetlag is not to blame, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Hasler, 2017, Eveningness among late adolescent males predicts neural reactivity to reward and alcohol dependence two years later, Behav Brain Res source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity (70,71,73–79).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Hasler, 2012, Chronotype and diurnal patterns of positive affect and affective neural circuitry in primary insomnia, J Sleep Res source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Miller, 2015, Chronotype predicts positive affect rhythms measured by ecological momentary assessment, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [73] Adan, 2010, Relationship between circadian typology and functional and dysfunctional impulsivity, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Caci, 2004, Novelty seekers and impulsive subjects are low in morningness, Eur Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Drennan, 1991, The effects of depression and age on the Horne-Ostberg morningness-eveningness score, J Affect Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Hasler, 2010, Morningness-eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect, Psychiatry Res source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Merikanto, 2015, Circadian preference links to depression in general adult population, J Affect Disord source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Owens, 2016, Self-regulation and sleep duration, sleepiness, and chronotype in adolescents, Pediatrics source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Tonetti, 2010, Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking, Eur Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several longitudinal studies have linked markers of social jet-lag, including larger weekend delays and more variable sleep timing, with greater likelihood of alcohol use 2-years later (59); greater alcohol use disorder symptoms 3- and 5-years later (68); and an earlier onset of alcohol use disorder (69).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Sleep/circadian vulnerability for substance use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Pasch, 2012, Longitudinal bi-directional relationships between sleep and youth substance use, J Youth Adolesc source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Hasler, 2014, A longitudinal study of insomnia and other sleep complaints in adolescents with and without alcohol use disorders, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Hasler, 2016, Restless sleep and variable sleep timing during late childhood accelerate the onset of alcohol and other drug involvement, J Stud Alcohol Drugs source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sleep restriction is associated with blunted striatal reactivity to reward outcome in adolescents (91), but heightened response in young adults (92).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Franzen, 2016, Sleep restriction lowers striatal responses to the receipt of monetary reward in adolescents, Sleep
- Not checked yetcites [92] Germain, 2016, Sleep restriction amplifies neural response to reward cues compared to normal sleep and sleep deprivation, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation also disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Mullin, 2013, Sleep deprivation amplifies striatal activation to monetary reward, Psychol Med source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Venkatraman, 2007, Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Gujar, 2011, Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences, J Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Telzer, 2013, The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence, Neuroimage source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Thomas, 2000, Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity, J Sleep Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Typically-developing adolescents with shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality exhibit lower caudate response to reward anticipation (85), greater insula response to risk-taking, and lower functional connectivity between DLPFC and both insula and VS during risk taking (89)”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Variants of PER2 are associated with D2 receptor availability and cocaine addiction vulnerability (133,134); risky alcohol drinking under high psychosocial stress (135); and disrupted sleep (136).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Shumay, 2012, Repeat variation in the human PER2 gene as a new genetic marker associated with cocaine addiction and brain dopamine D2 receptor availability, Transl Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [134] Volkow, 2011, Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [135] Blomeyer, 2013, Association of PER2 genotype and stressful life events with alcohol drinking in young adults, PLoS One source
- Not checked yetcites [136] Comasco, 2010, The clock gene PER2 and sleep problems: Association with alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents, Ups J Med Sci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“sleep deprivation reduces dopamine D2/D3 receptors in the VS without affecting basal dopamine release (96)”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Effects of sleep and circadian changes on reward function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Volkow, 2012, Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain, J Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CLOCK variants, particularly the CLOCK 3111T/C polymorphism, are associated with alcohol dependence (138), and increased risk for comorbid depression and alcohol use disorders (139).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Evidence from animal models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [138] Kovanen, 2010, Circadian clock gene polymorphisms in alcohol use disorders and alcohol consumption, Alcohol Alcohol source
- Not checked yetcites [139] Sjöholm, 2010, CLOCK is suggested to associate with comorbid alcohol use and depressive disorders, J Circadian Rhythms source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A combination of later school start times at the population level, and sleep and circadian interventions at the individual level, could help to align adolescent’s biological rhythms with the environment and perhaps mitigate future psychiatric and substance abuse problems.”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Treatment Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chronotherapies, such as bright light therapy and social rhythm therapy, are efficacious treatments for certain mood disorders in adults, and have favorable side effect profiles (147,148).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Treatment Implications
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One randomized cross-over trial of 28 adolescents with depression found BLT (2,500 lux vs. placebo, 50 lux), induced an antidepressant response and a phase advance of cortisol and melatonin rhythms, with no adverse treatment effects (150).”
§ Impact of sleep and circadian rhythms on addiction vulnerability in adolescents > Sleep and Circadian Function in Adolescence: A Novel Risk Factor for Substance Use? > Treatment Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Niederhofer, 2012, Bright light treatment as mono-therapy of non-seasonal depression for 28 adolescents, Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep and circadian rhythms undergo developmental changes from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood.
“Sleep and circadian rhythms undergo developmental changes from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During adolescence, an evening preference combined with social demands and other environmental factors contributes to circadian misalignment and exacerbates sleep disturbances, impacting neural circuits underlying mood and reward.
“During adolescence, an evening preference combined with social demands and other environmental factors, contributes to circadian misalignment and further exacerbates sleep disturbances, impacting neural circuits underlying mood and reward.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescent development is associated with enhanced reward sensitivity relative to cognitive control, phase delay in endogenous circadian rhythms, and reduced homeostatic sleep drive.
“Adolescent development is associated with enhanced reward sensitivity relative to cognitive control, phase delay in endogenous circadian rhythms, and reduced homeostatic sleep drive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Genetic, environmental and social factors interact with these developmental processes, often resulting in late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment.
“Genetic, environmental and social factors interact with these developmental processes, often resulting in late sleep timing, short sleep duration, and circadian misalignment.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Humans, rodents and some NHPs undergo changes in circadian rhythms during adolescence140.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [140]
In the citing paper
“Environmental factors, such as social pressure from peers and/or decreasing parental involvement in bedtime routines, can also contribute to changes in adolescent sleep timing and duration140.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [140]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Niederhofer, H., & von Klitzing, K. (2012) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.625123 · Cited by 37
RetractedBardo, M. T., & Hammer, R. P. (1991) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90226-e · Cited by 3,229
Social Jetlag: Misalignment of Biological and Social Time
Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520500545979 · Cited by 2,625
A marker for the end of adolescence
Roenneberg, T., Kuehnle, T., Pramstaller, P. P., Ricken, J., Havel, M., Guth, A., & Merrow, M. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.039 · Cited by 1,585
Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D’Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5866 · Cited by 1,562
Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005483 · Cited by 1,545
Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review
Cain, N., & Gradisar, M. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006 · Cited by 1,376 · cited 1×
“continuity, and quality by inducing circadian phase delays (40).”
BackgroundMorphometric study of human cerebral cortex development
Huttenlocher, P. R. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90031-i · Cited by 1,239
Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement
Dalley, J. W., Fryer, T. D., Brichard, L., Robinson, E. S. J., Theobald, D. E. H., Lääne, K., Peña, Y., Murphy, E. R., Shah, Y., Probst, K., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137073 · Cited by 1,188
Concurrent overproduction of synapses in diverse regions of the primate cerebral cortex
Rakic, P., Bourgeois, J.-P., Eckenhoff, M. F., Zecevic, N., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3952506 · Cited by 1,133 · cited 1×
“development, then are gradually pruned during adolescence in humans, non-human primates, and rodents (17-22).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Franzen, 2016, Sleep restriction lowers striatal responses to the receipt of monetary reward in adolescents, Sleep, 39S, A93
- Germain, 2016, Sleep restriction amplifies neural response to reward cues compared to normal sleep and sleep deprivation, Sleep, 39S, A94
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan
Logan, R. W., & McClung, C. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0088-y · Cited by 713
Self-citationDrug delivery systems for programmed and on-demand release
Davoodi, P., Lee, L. Y., Xu, Q., Sunil, V., Sun, Y., Soh, S., & Wang, C. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.002 · Cited by 372
Sleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain
Simon, E. B., Vallat, R., Barnes, C. M., & Walker, M. P. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.003 · Cited by 261
The brain’s reward system in health and disease
Lewis, R. G., Florio, E., Punzo, D., & Borrelli, E. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_4 · Cited by 170
Impulsivity traits and neurocognitive mechanisms conferring vulnerability to substance use disorders
Verdejo‐García, A., & Albein‐Urios, N. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108402 · Cited by 115
Metadata
- Authors
- Logan, R. W., Hasler, B. P., Forbes, E. E., Franzen, P. L., Torregrossa, M. M., Huang, Y. H., Buysse, D. J., Clark, D. B., & McClung, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- McClung, Colleen A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 987-996
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5972052
- OpenAlex
- W2772046940
- Semantic Scholar
- 00246217ceb81edb5fc9e742d5c22f4f50f41e08
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (5K01DA038654-03, 5R21DA041872-02, 4K01DA032557-05, 5R01DA033064-04, 5R21DA041563-02, 5R01DA042029-02, 5R01DA035805-04, 5R01DA039865-03, 1K02DA042886-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5R01MH104418-03, 5K01MH077106-05, 5R01MH077159-09, 5R01MH106460-02)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA025547)
- National Institute on Aging (5R01AG047139-03)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep, circadian rhythm, addiction vulnerability, adolescents, substance use disorders, sleep homeostasis, chronotype, school start time, social jetlag, energy drinks, caffeine, reward sensitivity, impulsivity, brain reward system, sleep deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Wake Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Vulnerable Populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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