The DOI matches its Crossref record; 135 of the 152 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 78 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Open accessAbstract
Despite evidence linking trait mindfulness and mindfulness training with a broad range of effects, still little is known about its underlying active mechanisms. Mindfulness is commonly defined as (1) the ongoing monitoring of present-moment experience (2) with an orientation of acceptance. Building on conceptual, clinical, and empirical work, we describe a testable theoretical account to help explain mindfulness effects on cognition, affect, stress, and health outcomes. Specifically, Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT) posits that (1), by enhancing awareness of one's experiences, the skill of attention monitoring explains how mindfulness improves cognitive functioning outcomes, yet this same skill can increase affective reactivity. Second (2), by modifying one's relation to monitored experience, acceptance is necessary for reducing affective reactivity, such that attention monitoring and acceptance skills together explain how mindfulness improves negative affectivity, stress, and stress-related health outcomes. We discuss how MAT contributes to mindfulness science, suggest plausible alternatives to the account, and offer specific predictions for future research.
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In the paper
“monitoring skills (Observe), but not acceptance (Accept without Judgment), increased following training compared to a waitlist control.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baas et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“five studies have tested this prediction.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
In the paper
“in a combined sample of meditators and non-meditators, monitoring skills (Observe) (and also acceptance skills) were related to performance on a focused attention task (Moore & Malinowski, 2009).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moore & Malinowski, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“stress (e.g., subjective and physiological stress reactivity)”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIn the paper
“Over the course of mindfulness training, sustained attention also improves as the ability to maintain contact with present-moment experience develops (Chiesa et al., 2011).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chiesa et al., 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“stress reduction (Creswell & Lindsay, 2014)”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creswell & Lindsay, 2014
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT posits that there are distinct and synergistic effects of attention monitoring and acceptance skills on outcomes reported in the mindfulness literature.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“learning the skill of attention monitoring is sufficient for improving cognitive outcomes (e.g., selective attention, sustained attention, and task switching; working memory; insight)”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“randomized controlled trials indicate that mindfulness training can impact a broad range of outcomes, including effects on cognition and affect (e.g., attention, working memory, emotion regulation; for reviews, see Chiesa, Calati, & Serretti, 2011; Keng, Smoski, & Robins, 2011; Tang, Hölzel, & Posner, 2015)”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“the dispositional tendency to be mindful in daily life (as measured by validated self-report instruments of trait mindfulness) is associated with an array of beneficial emotion and attention regulation outcomes (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
In the paper
“self-reported creative behavior increased following this attention monitoring training, and increases in Observe skills from pre- to post-training predicted these increases in creative behavior”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baas et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
In the paper
“the self-reported tendency to monitor (Observe) was associated with higher task-based perceptual accuracy in two student samples, while acceptance was unrelated to perceptual accuracy; this relationship between monitoring and perceptual accuracy held across tasks with and without working memory load (Anicha, Ode, Moeller, & Robinson, 2012).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anicha, Ode, Moeller, & Robinson, 2012 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
In the paper
“creative performance in a student sample related to attention monitoring only, rather than monitoring and acceptance together (Baas, Nevicka, & Velden, 2014); specifically, monitoring (Observe), but not acceptance (Accept without Judgment) correlated with creative ideation and self-reported creativity.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baas, Nevicka, & Velden, 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we treat attention monitoring and acceptance as distinct and dissociable skills that together comprise the active mechanisms for mindfulness and mindfulness training effects.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > COMPONENTS OF MINDFULNESS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there is evidence to suggest that attention monitoring skills begin to improve more immediately after practice, while acceptance may take longer to cultivate (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > COMPONENTS OF MINDFULNESS
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Attention monitoring and acceptance instructions are central to many well-known mindfulness training interventions, and increases in awareness and nonreactivity are considered common processes across mindfulness-based interventions (Chambers, Gullone, & Allen, 2009).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > COMPONENTS OF MINDFULNESS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chambers, Gullone, & Allen, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“as well as many mental and physical health outcomes (e.g., delaying HIV progression, reducing risk for drug abuse and depression relapse, reducing PTSD symptomatology; Creswell, Myers, Cole, & Irwin, 2009; Bowen et al., 2014; Teasdale et al., 2000; Polusny et al., 2015; for reviews, see Khoury et al., 2013; Ludwig & Kabat-Zinn, 2008).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and physical health outcomes (e.g., stress-related immune and disease outcomes).”
- Also stated in: § MAT Core Tenets · plain
“improve stress-related health outcomes.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § MAT Core Tenets · plain
In the paper
“This capacity to monitor momentary experience relies on selective and executive attention networks. Specifically, conflict monitoring skills are important for recognizing when the mind wanders from its intended focus (e.g., breath), and orienting skills are necessary to redirect attention back to this focus object (cf. Malinowski, 2013).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Malinowski, 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“enhancing attention to affective information (potentially intensifying both negative and positive reactivity)”
- Also stated in: § Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness · plain
“For affective, stress, and stress-related health outcomes, MAT predicts that paying close attention to one’s experiences (high attention monitoring) will exacerbate negative reactivity (and enhance positive reactivity) independent of acceptance.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT posits that the two basic components of mindfulness (attention monitoring and acceptance) speak directly to the active mechanisms distinguishing it from other psychological constructs and intervention elements, and that these components and their interactions help explain an array of mindfulness-specific outcomes reported in the literature.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > COMPONENTS OF MINDFULNESS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a clinical sample, acceptance (Nonreactivity) moderated the effect of monitoring (Observe) on symptoms; among participants low in acceptance, high monitoring predicted higher rumination, worry, and depressive symptoms, and lower reappraisal (Desrosiers, Vine, Curtiss, & Klemanski, 2014).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Desrosiers, Vine, Curtiss, & Klemanski, 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When executive attention is exercised in affective contexts, we predict that monitoring increases awareness of affective information, and acceptance facilitates both early engagement with (Teper & Inzlicht, 2013) and disengagement from affective stimuli (Vago & Nakamura, 2011), thus reducing further emotional reactivity.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teper & Inzlicht, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Vago & Nakamura, 2011 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“meditation training programs that focus on these attention training practices have been shown to improve selective and executive attention ability and working memory (Chiesa et al., 2011; Jha, Krompinger, & Baime, 2007; Lutz, Slagter, Dunne, & Davidson, 2008).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tendency to monitor present-moment experiences–by itself–is often predictive of higher levels of psychological distress, but also relates to positive outcomes (although it’s unclear whether the relationship between monitoring and positive outcomes is driven by a combined tendency to monitor to experiences with acceptance, a hypothesis not tested in any of the reviewed studies).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mindfulness training programs do not teach acceptance skills in isolation. Rather, attention monitoring practices provide a scaffold for noticing moment-to-moment experience, which are viewed through an accepting lens.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Acceptance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reduce negative reactivity (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress) and reduce grasping of positive experiences (e.g., craving, substance use).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > MAT Core Tenets
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT posits that initial emotional agitation and symptom exacerbation are likely as monitoring is practiced, until acceptance skills are developed to reduce reactivity”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT views acceptance as a dynamic emotion regulation skill, and a critical mechanism for mindfulness training effects on altering affective responses (including boosting executive attention in affective contexts), stress reactivity, and stress-related health outcomes.”
- Also stated in: § MAT Core Tenets · plain
“Acceptance skills modify the way one relates to present-moment experience, regulating reactivity to affective experience.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Acceptance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § MAT Core Tenets · plain
In the paper
“there is some suggestion that acceptance may facilitate self-distancing and reappraisal of negative autobiographical memories, corresponding with comparative decreases in subgenual ACC and medial PFC activity (Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Acceptance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kross, Davidson, Weber, & Ochsner, 2009 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies begin to suggest that the ability to monitor and attend to stimuli drives the relationship between mindfulness and cognitive functioning (creativity, perceptual accuracy, attentional performance), while acceptance of one’s experience (in four of five studies reviewed) adds no additional benefits for these non-affective cognitive outcomes.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
In the paper
“practicing an accepting stance toward emotional experiences may both reduce amygdala activation and quicken amygdala recovery, corresponding with emotion regulatory ability (Desbordes et al., 2015).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Acceptance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Desbordes et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“attention monitoring practices may activate frontal and parietal brain regions (e.g., frontal eye field, dorsolateral PFC, inferior and superior parietal lobules) supporting attention orienting, as well as the executive network (e.g., ACC, anterior insula, basal ganglia) that supports conflict monitoring (Tang et al., 2015).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Attention Monitoring
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tang et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Monitoring skills may increase focus on all types of experiences: without acceptance, this tendency may increase affective reactivity to negative and positive events, and negative affective reactivity may hinder flexible responding on executive attention tasks that involve affect regulation.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #1: Attention Monitoring Alone Enhances Awareness
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adopting a mental stance of acceptance modifies one’s relationship with all monitored experiences: salient negatively-valenced experiences become less potent, neutral cues can become a source of rest and subtle pleasure, and positive experiences can be savored in the moment.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > MONITOR AND ACCEPTANCE THEORY (MAT) > Acceptance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In affective domains, monitoring skills are often related to higher negative psychological and somatic symptoms, as well as some positive outcomes (satisfaction with life and posttraumatic growth).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Literature Review: Summary
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and better physical health outcomes (Consedine & Butler, 2014; Daubenmier, Hayden, Chang, & Epel, 2014; Klein et al., 2015).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suspect that since attention monitoring and acceptance are central features of all mindfulness accounts, they are likely to be important mechanisms for mindfulness training intervention effects.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Attention monitoring and acceptance are central features of every account of mindfulness.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT predicts that high levels of monitoring and acceptance together drive reductions in affective reactivity and distress outcomes in healthy populations and reduce symptoms among clinical populations.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #2: Monitoring + Acceptance Mitigates Affective Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attention monitoring and acceptance components of mindfulness independently and synergistically underlie a broad range of outcomes”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While monitoring heightens and enhances experiences, acceptance promotes an adaptive response to these experiences.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #2: Monitoring + Acceptance Mitigates Affective Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT predicts that attention monitoring is an important mechanism of mindfulness effects on improved affective and stress reduction outcomes, but only with concomitant high levels of acceptance skills.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #2: Monitoring + Acceptance Mitigates Affective Reactivity
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Higher monitoring skills (Observe) were associated with lower IL-6, but this relationship was driven by acceptance (Nonreactivity) toward these experiences: participants reporting higher monitoring and acceptance skills had low IL-6 levels, while the tendency to monitor experiences without a stance of acceptance was not associated with IL-6 levels.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Tenet #2: Monitoring + Acceptance Mitigates Affective Reactivity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tomfohr, Pung, Mills, & Edwards, 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review of the literature, in light of MAT tenet #2, was constrained because few studies examined the interactive effects of monitoring and acceptance skills in predicting outcomes (most studies examined independent effects of monitoring and acceptance subscales separately).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“noticing experiences is crucial for appreciating them and building positive states”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and equally effective for reducing pain ratings and negative affect”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kohl, Rief, & Glombiewski, 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, attention monitoring alone is related to better cognitive functioning in neutral contexts (better perceptual accuracy and attentional performance; higher creativity) and not consistently related to executive function when affect regulation is involved (Stroop performance).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE FOR MAT? > Literature Review: Summary
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT is focused on the mechanisms of mindfulness training interventions where acceptance is not taught independent of monitoring training; instead, mindfulness training interventions teach attention monitoring skills for careful observation of one’s moment-to-moment experience, and acceptance skills are applied to these monitored experiences to regulate automatic reactivity.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Acceptance cannot be trained without some target object to monitor.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practice in monitoring one’s experiences trains attentional processes and enhances these experiences as they occur in the present moment.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“higher well-being, self-esteem, and pro-environmental behavior (Barbaro & Pickett, 2016; Cash & Whittingham, 2010; Christopher & Gilbert, 2010);”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“lower worry, rumination, negative cognitions, and emotion dysregulation (Christopher & Gilbert, 2010; Fisak & Lehe, 2012; Paul et al., 2013; Reese et al., 2015);”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MAT builds on conceptual, clinical, and empirical work to provide a theoretical framework outlining the putative active mechanisms of mindfulness training, with the hope that by understanding mechanisms we can develop and deliver more effective and efficient interventions.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings indicate that attention monitoring skills alone (1a) are associated with better cognitive functioning on non-affective tasks (e.g., perceptual accuracy, attentional performance, creativity), but (1b) do not reliably predict executive attention on tasks that rely on both attentional control and affect regulation (e.g., Stroop task).”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance modifies the way an individual relates to the content of monitored experience, tempering affective reactivity to produce a variety of beneficial outcomes across affective and physical health domains.”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“acceptance appears to be essential for reducing symptoms (and the grasping of positive experiences)”
§ Mechanisms of Mindfulness Training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)1 > GENERAL DISCUSSION > Plausible Alternative Accounts to MAT
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The literature lacks a theory connecting the psychological mechanisms of mindfulness to the many reported mindfulness-related outcomes.
“Yet, despite these advances, still little theory links the psychological mechanisms of mindfulness with the broad variety of mindfulness-related outcomes reported in the literature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little experimental work directly testing MAT.
“it is a new theoretical account and as such there is little experimental work directly testing it.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Self-report measures of monitoring and acceptance meaningfully, though imperfectly, reflect the skills developed through mindfulness training.
“assuming meaningful (albeit imperfect) associations between the development of monitoring and acceptance skills through mindfulness training and the self-reporting of these same skills.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the reviewed samples, the tendency to monitor experience does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept experience.
“assuming that the tendency to monitor experience in the samples reviewed does not necessarily correspond to a tendency to accept those experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FFMQ Observe, Nonreactivity, and Nonjudgment subscales validly measure attention monitoring and acceptance skills.
“We also only reviewed results from mindfulness subscales that clearly map onto attention monitoring and acceptance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Acceptance cannot be trained without some target object to monitor.
“it’s not clear how acceptance would be trained in the absence of a target object to monitor with acceptance”
The paper relies on this without support.
Attention monitoring and acceptance are central features of every account of mindfulness.
“since attention monitoring and acceptance are central features of all mindfulness accounts”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT; 24) suggests that the mechanism behind stress reduction through mindfulness training is divided into two steps following each other: First, participants learn attentional and interoceptive capacities (monitoring). Second, they develop emotional capacities, focusing on strengthening a sense of acceptance, which manages”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness has previously been associated with stress reduction and improved relaxation, among other benefits [16,58,59].”
From Web-Based Mindfulness Meditation as an Adjunct to Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Safety Personnel: Mixed Methods Feasibility Evaluation Study (2024) · cites this paper as [59]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, studies that have independently assessed the two dimensions, attention monitoring and acceptance, have revealed that acceptance only has an effect on psychological symptoms such as depression and anxiety and that attention monitoring alone, without the acceptance dimension, could increase anxiety (e.g. Brown et al., 2015; Kohls et al., 2009; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
From Acceptance Is a Better Predictor of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, and Well-Being Compared to Other Emotional Competences. (2025) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research evidence suggests that these MABI's underlying mechanisms may be very relevant in order to help athletes to manage their internal experiences more effectively and maintain optimal functioning in highly demanding performance environments (for reviews, see Bühlmayer et al., 2017; Gardner & Moore, 2012, 2017; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017; Noetel et al., 2017; Sappington &am”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, according to Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017), these two mechanisms should not be taught in isolation but rather together, considering their potential synergistic effects.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, both stronger evidence and enhanced knowledge about the MABI's underlying active mechanisms are still needed in order to achieve more effective interventions for the desired outcomes related to sport performance among elite athletes (Gardner & Moore, 2017; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017; Noetel et al., 2017).”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“mindfulness may enhance acceptance by promoting a nonjudgmental and compassionate attitude towards one's experiences [18, 83–85].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“By learning to acknowledge emotions without criticism or resistance, individuals can diminish the intensity and associated distress of their experiences [85].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“conceptual frameworks pushing for a systematic theory-driven investigation of these interventions [5,23,24,25] have posited domain-specific effects of specific practices.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Conceptual models of psychopathology and prominent perspectives on MBIs have consistently proposed certain key underlying psychological processes, such as emotion regulation and mindfulness skills [5,24,42,43,44,45,48,50,63,64,65,66].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to MAT, acceptance is an umbrella term encompassing a broad range of constructs, including the non-judging and non-reactivity facets of mindfulness (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017).”
From Mindfulness acting with awareness and emotional eating among polycystic ovary syndrome women with infertility: the mediating role of depression (2024) · cites this paper as Lindsay and Creswell, 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Acceptance has been shown to reduce reactivity (Lindsay and Creswell 2017; Lindsay et al. 2018)”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Lindsay and Creswell 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The combined skill of monitoring and acceptance has been suggested to be a key mechanism of beneficial change (Cayoun et al. 2020; Lindsay and Creswell 2017).”
From Development and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16 (2021) · cites this paper as Lindsay and Creswell 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lindsay and Creswell [19] proposed the Monitoring and Acceptance theory (MAT), according to which mindfulness works through the two mechanisms of attention monitoring and acceptance: while monitoring alone tends to increase affective reactivity, monitoring and acceptance together lead to increased psychophysical well-being.”
From Accept anxiety to improve sleep: The impact of the covid-19 lockdown on the relationships between mindfulness, distress and sleep quality (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nonreactivity and nonjudging belong with the acceptance component in Monitor and Acceptance Theory [34], a recently proposed model to describe mechanisms of mindfulness for cognition, affect, stress, and health.”
From Changes in depression and anxiety through mindfulness group therapy in Japan: The role of mindfulness and self-compassion as possible mediators (2019) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, monitoring attention and acceptance are the central mechanisms in mindfulness training programs; these interact to improve stress, affect, and health outcomes (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017).”
From The Development of Mindful-Based Dance Movement Therapy Intervention for Chronic Pain: A Pilot Study With Chronic Headache Patients (2021) · cites this paper as Lindsay and Creswell, 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“previous studies that have shown that attention monitoring alone, without the dimension of acceptance, could even increase anxiety (Brown et al., 2015; Kohls et al., 2009; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017)”
From Acceptance Is a Better Predictor of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, and Well-Being Compared to Other Emotional Competences. (2025) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, MABI's beneficial effects on a wide range of outcomes, comprising effects on cognition and affect, may be explained by two main mechanisms (for a review, see Lindsay & Creswell, 2017): (a) the use of attention to monitor present-moment experience (i.e., attention monitoring skills), and (b) a mental attitude of acceptance toward momentary experience (i.e.,”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
In the citing paper
“A variety of MBI-specific psychological mechanisms have been proposed (see Table 2).”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“these findings were consistent with a proposed mechanistic model explaining how mindfulness impacts health outcomes, that it is the combination of monitoring and acceptance that encourages nonreactivity and improved emotion regulation (Monitor and Acceptance Theory; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
From Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment (2020) · cites this paper as Lindsay & Creswell, 2017
In the citing paper
“Monitor and Acceptance Training (MAT) [74] posits that deliberately combining attention monitoring with acceptance (e.g., mental attitude of nonjudgment, openness and receptivity, and equanimity toward internal and external experiences) will produce superior cognitive and affective change.”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“However, mindfulness requires conscious effort and can be difficult to maintain, particularly for novice meditators who already expend greater cognitive resources to control their self-regulatory skills [7-9].”
From Understanding How Virtual Reality Can Support Mindfulness Practice: Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as [9]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Acceptance is not central to every account described
MinorThe claim that acceptance is central to all mindfulness accounts conflicts with the paper's description of accounts that treat it as a separate construct rather than a central component.
“since attention monitoring and acceptance are central features of all mindfulness accounts”
“some Buddhist accounts of mindfulness as ‘clear awareness’ focus on attention monitoring as a sole component, and consider acceptance to be a separate distinct construct (rather than a central component of mindfulness; Desbordes et al., 2015).”
Citations
Cites
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · cited 2×
“…and distracted behavior being an openness to engaging with one’s experiences), and also measures attention monitoring (on one’s actions or not) (see Brown & Ryan, 2003 for a discussion of the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS) development, on which Act with Awareness is primarily…”
BackgroundAssessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,507
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234 · cited 1×
“…and measures: (1) the use of attention to monitor one’s present moment experiences, and (2) a mental attitude of acceptance toward momentary experience (for reviews of the conceptualizations of mindfulness, see Bishop et al., 2004; Quaglia, Brown, Lindsay, Creswell, & Goodman, 2014).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229 · cited 1×
“Acting early in the stage of attentional deployment (Gross, 2015), acceptance allows a person to orient toward arising affective experiences, monitor them as they occur, and let them pass.”
BackgroundMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 · Cited by 4,577 · cited 2×
“…other multi-dimensional models of mindfulness training (which are important to rigorously evaluate; e.g., self-management, dereification, intention; Baer, 2003; Lutz, Jha, Dunne, & Saron, 2015; Shapiro et al., 2006), the basic components of attention monitoring and acceptance are common factors…”
BackgroundMindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review.
Baer, R. A. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015 · Cited by 4,576
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · cited 1×
“Perhaps most familiar to psychological and behavioral medicine scientists is the MindfulnessBased Stress Reduction (MBSR) program, an 8-week group-based training program that fosters mindfulness through a series of guided mindfulness meditation practices (Kabat-Zinn, 1982).”
BackgroundShapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20237 · Cited by 4,002 · cited 2×
“And though additional active features are identified in other multi-dimensional models of mindfulness training (which are important to rigorously evaluate; e.g., self-management, dereification, intention; Baer, 2003; Lutz, Jha, Dunne, & Saron, 2015; Shapiro et al., 2006), the basic components of attention monitoring a…”
BackgroundMindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958
Flagged first, then by citations
17 of the 152 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Pickert, 2014, The mindful revolution, Time
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lindsay, E. K., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1813588116 · Cited by 344
“More broadly, mindfulness skills may initiate ripple effects (31), with benefits extending to a range of personal and social outcomes that can improve health (16, 32).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarpenter, J. K., Conroy, K., Gomez, A. F., Curren, L. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101785 · Cited by 342
Brief mindfulness training for negative affectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Schumer, M. C., Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000324 · Cited by 316
“By fostering awareness and nonreactivity toward momentary affective experiences, mindfulness alters how one relates to negative affect; unpleasant and stressful experiences are allowed to arise and pass without interference (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, 2007; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
Self-citationUnderstanding How Virtual Reality Can Support Mindfulness Practice: Mixed Methods Study
Seabrook, E., Kelly, R., Foley, F., Theiler, S., Thomas, N., Wadley, G., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16106 · Cited by 262
“However, mindfulness requires conscious effort and can be difficult to maintain, particularly for novice meditators who already expend greater cognitive resources to control their self-regulatory skills [7-9].”
BackgroundMindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes
Creswell, J. D., Lindsay, E. K., Villalba, D. K., & Chin, B. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000675 · Cited by 252
“Although we have previously described these theoretical perspectives (5,12,40), here we provide some updates and links to biobehavioral processes relevant to biobehavioral medicine researchers.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLindsay, E. K., Young, S., Smyth, J. M., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.015 · Cited by 226
“Acceptance training has been theorized as an essential component of mindfulness interventions for improving affective reactivity, stress, and health outcomes (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017), but no mechanistic dismantling studies have tested this hypothesis.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000134 · Cited by 218
“MAT offers two competing predictions about how monitoring and acceptance skills impact affective experience: the Monitor Only hypothesis and the Monitor Accept hypothesis.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLindsay, E. K., Young, S., Smyth, J. M., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4se5m · Cited by 226
Self-citationLindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.004 · Cited by 220
Self-citationJosefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Lindwall, M., Tornberg, R., & Böröy, J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01098-7 · Cited by 161
Vos, L. M. W., Habibović, M., Nyklíček, I., Smeets, T., & Mertens, G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113927 · Cited by 152
“Being aware of one’s experiences and accepting negative thoughts and feelings is related to lower psychological distress during stressful life events (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundCásedas, L., Pirruccio, V., Vadillo, M. A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01279-4 · Cited by 145
Coo, C., & Salanova, M. (2017) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9892-8 · Cited by 178
“…skills together boost performance on cognitive tasks that involve emotion regulation, reduce negative reactivity (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress), reduce grasping for positive experiences (e.g., craving, substance use), and improve stress-related health outcomes (Lindsay and Creswell 2016).”
BackgroundThe relationship between acceptance of cancer and distress: A meta-analytic review
Secinti, E., Tometich, D. B., Johns, S. A., & Mosher, C. E. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.05.001 · Cited by 132
Iani, L., Lauriola, M., Chiesa, A., & Cafaro, V. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0981-5 · Cited by 129
“Acceptance skills are central to modern mindfulness-based interventions (Bishop et al. 2004; Lindsay and Creswell 2017), as well as to traditional accounts of mindfulness (Grabovac et al. 2011).”
BackgroundYang, M., Jia, G., Sun, S., Ye, C., Zhang, R., & Yu, X. (2019) · Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12944 · Cited by 99
An affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 115
A Systematic Review of Mindfulness Interventions on Psychophysiological Responses to Acute Stress
Morton, M. L., Helminen, E. C., & Felver, J. C. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01386-7 · Cited by 117
Mindful eating: what we know so far
Tapper, K. (2022) · Nutrition Bulletin · doi:10.1111/nbu.12559 · Cited by 118
Mindfulness training improves employee well-being: A randomized controlled trial.
Slutsky, J., Chin, B. N., Raye, J., & Creswell, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000132 · Cited by 119
“Theorists suggest that the attention monitoring component of mindfulness improves cognitive functioning (in affectively neutral contexts) and enhances positive experiences (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChin, B., Lindsay, E. K., Greco, C. M., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Creswell, J. D. (2019) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000763 · Cited by 103
“However, this result is consistent with the prediction made by Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017) that attention monitoring alone is not sufficient for reducing psychological stress.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationRudkin, E., Medvedev, O. N., & Siegert, R. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0766-2 · Cited by 96
“Monitor and Acceptance Theory (Lindsay and Creswell 2017) proposes that mindful acceptance skills combined with enhanced awareness of one’s experiences result in the beneficial consequences of mindfulness.”
BackgroundBrown, L., Rando, A. A., Eichel, K., Van Dam, N. T., Celano, C. M., Huffman, J. C., & Morris, M. E. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000900 · Cited by 93
“(4) ; Kristina Eichel, PhD (5) ; Nicholas T.”
BackgroundDefining Mindfulness: A Review of Existing Definitions and Suggested Refinements
Chems-Maarif, R., Cavanagh, K., Baer, R. A., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02507-2 · Cited by 126
“…definitions, although they may refer to distinctive aspects of experience (Barcaccia et al., 2019; Bishop et al., 2004; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Brown et al., 2007; Feldman, 2001; Germer, 2005; Kabat-Zinn, 1990; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017; Marlatt & Kristeller, 1999; Salzberg, 2011; Segal et al., 2018).”
Wojnarowska, A., Kobylinska, D., & Lewczuk, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00242 · Cited by 82
Mindfulness enhances cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of 111 randomized controlled trials
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2023.2248222 · Cited by 106
“Additionally, increased acceptance, awareness, and quality of engagement through MBIs might enhance subjective cognitive functioning (Daglas-Geor-giou et al., 2022; Hallion et al., 2019; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017) and objective cognitive functioning (Fisher et al., 2019; Teper & Inzlicht, 2013).”
BackgroundPotential Mechanisms of Mindfulness in Improving Sleep and Distress
Lau, W. K. W., Leung, M.-K., Wing, Y.-K., & Lee, T. M. C. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0796-9 · Cited by 73
“To understand why mindfulness training could be beneficial to sleep problems, Lindsay and Creswell (2016) proposed the Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT) to explain the potential underlyingmechanisms ofmindfulness in alleviating stress and its related disorders.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMindfulness and intergroup bias: A systematic review
Oyler, D. L., Price‐Blackshear, M. A., Pratscher, S. D., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220978694 · Cited by 84
“The monitor and acceptance theory (MAT; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017) outlines how both attention and acceptance are essential for mindfulness to improve mental and physical health.”
BackgroundCrego, A., Bernabé, J. R. Y., Martínez, M. Á. G., Riesco-Matías, P., & Petisco, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030925 · Cited by 93
“Others propose attention monitoring and acceptance of inner experiences [11]; emotional intelligence [5]; self-compassion [7,12]; and self-regulation of processes such as attention, increased body awareness, emotional regulation through reappraisal, exposure, extinction and reconsolidation, and change in one’s perspec…”
BackgroundCheung, R. Y. M., & Ng, M. C. Y. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1069-y · Cited by 78
Carreiro, S., Chintha, K. K., Shrestha, S., Chapman, B. P., Smelson, D. A., & Indic, P. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107929 · Cited by 74
“The Sensor had an Effect on Participants—The largest emerging theme with regard to effects of the sensor was an increase in mindfulness, or the process of being attentive to, and accepting of, one’s current experience.(Lindsay and Creswell, 2017) This came up with greater than two thirds of participants and was unifor…”
BackgroundGamaiunova, L., Brandt, P.-Y., Bondolfi, G., & Kliegel, M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.026 · Cited by 82
“16 Acceptance can be defined as a mental attitude of nonjudgment and receptivity toward internal and external experiences (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundA common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions
Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00090-8 · Cited by 75
Hirshberg, M. J., Frye, C., Dahl, C. J., Riordan, K. M., Vack, N. J., Sachs, J., Goldman, R., Davidson, R. J., & Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000739 · Cited by 78
Liu, Z., Chen, Q. L., & Sun, Y.-Y. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s146213 · Cited by 72
“45 Non-judgmental acceptance, 46 an important element of mindfulness, can help participants “embrace” stressful caregiving as it is, but still enjoy a full and rich life.”
Norouzi, E., Gerber, M., Masrour, F. F., Vaezmosavi, M., Pühse, U., & Brand, S. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101636 · Cited by 89
Whitehead, R., Bates, G., Elphinstone, B., Yang, Y., & Murray, G. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0041-9 · Cited by 69
“The ‘acceptance’ component of mindfulness involves a non-reactive and non-judging interaction with experience, and is theorized to explain the positive effect of 1 3 mindfulness training on reducing negative affective experiences (Lindsay and Cresswell 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBernabé, J. R. Y., Crego, A., Martínez, M. Á. G., & Jiménez, L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22932 · Cited by 80
Blanke, E. S., Riediger, M., & Brose, A. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000323 · Cited by 69
“However, according to the Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017), attention to experience without acceptance may increase affective reactivity, both for PA and NA.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPellerin, N., Raufaste, É., Corman, M., Teissèdre, F., & Dambrun, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14572-5 · Cited by 76
The impact of a brief mindfulness training on interoception: A randomized controlled trial
Lima-Araujo, G. L. D., de Sousa Júnior, G. M., Mendes, T., Demarzo, M., Farb, N., Barros de Araujo, D., & Sousa, M. B. C. D. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273864 · Cited by 68
“This effect can be explained by the acceptance aspect of the mindfulness attitude, which improves negative affectivity, stress, and stress-related health outcomes such as anxiety levels [13].”
BackgroundMao, L., Li, P., Wu, Y., Luo, L., & Hu, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.022 · Cited by 68
Stein, E., & Witkiewitz, K. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01444-0 · Cited by 63
“The Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT; Lindsay and Creswell 2017) asserts that mindful attention skills increase awareness of one’s present moment experience which may directly improve cognitive skills, but also has the potential to increase the experience of affect and reactivity.”
BackgroundResultTran, M. A. Q., Vo‐Thanh, T., Soliman, M. S. A., Khoury, B., & Chau, N. N. T. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01980-x · Cited by 73
“In addition, the research results could add to the theory of MAT (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017) and the CBS model of behavioral health (e.g., Hayes et al., 2012; Jo et al., 2022) by providing empirical evidence on the structural paths between the investigated latent variables.”
InfluentialGötmann, A., & Bechtoldt, M. N. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110695 · Cited by 65
Pellerin, N., & Raufaste, É. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590276 · Cited by 78
The Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
Sussman, S. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591 · Cited by 64
Montero-Marín, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Puebla-Guedea, M., Luciano, J. V., Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & García-Campayo, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00307 · Cited by 61
“It includes a values-based activation component supported by the ongoing monitoring of present-moment experience and orientation toward acceptance, both of which are characteristics of mindfulness training (13).”
BackgroundKlussman, K., Curtin, N., Langer, J., & Nichols, A. (2022) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.3707 · Cited by 97
“A second, integral quality of mindfulness, in addition to present-moment awareness, is an accepting stance toward experiences (see Kabat-Zinn, 1990; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundZou, Y., Li, P., Hofmann, S. G., & Liu, X. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01053 · Cited by 63
Raza, B., Ali, M., Naseem, K., Moeed, A., Ahmed, J., & Hamid, M. (2018) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2018.1542943 · Cited by 78
“The training of trait mindfulness will reduce the stress in employees (Jha et al., 2017; Creswell & Lindsay, 2014; Hugh-Jones et al., 2018; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundHadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.008 · Cited by 63
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 65
“Decentering through mindfulness may facilitate metacognitive monitoring of present moment experience without experiential avoidance of aversive cognitions, emotions, or behavioral urges.(38,39) RCTs have demonstrated that MBIs can reduce emotional(40) and behavioral avoidance,(41) and brief mindfulness training has be…”
BackgroundTakahashi, T., Sugiyama, F., Kikai, T., Kawashima, I., Guan, S., Oguchi, M., Uchida, T., & Kumano, H. (2019) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-019-0145-4 · Cited by 61
“Nonreactivity and nonjudging belong with the acceptance component in Monitor and Acceptance Theory [34], a recently proposed model to describe mechanisms of mindfulness for cognition, affect, stress, and health.”
BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions for stress and burnout in teachers: A systematic review
Hidajat, T. J., Edwards, E. J., Wood, R., & Campbell, M. A. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104303 · Cited by 111
Kubo, A., Kurtovich, E., McGinnis, M., Aghaee, S., Altschuler, A., Quesenberry, C., Kolevska, T., Liu, R., Greyz‐Yusupov, N., & Avins, A. (2024) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5557 · Cited by 57
“8 However, standard MBIs require 30 þ h of in ‐ person class sessions plus 45 min/day of daily homework.”
MethodPrudenzi, A., D. Graham, C., Flaxman, P. E., & O’Connor, D. B. (2022) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1898651 · Cited by 58
“Mindfulness was measured by following the compartmentalisation of attention monitoring and acceptance mechanisms suggested by Lindsay and Creswell (2017).”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment and Validation of the Equanimity Scale-16
Rogers, H. T., Shires, A. G., & Cayoun, B. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01503-6 · Cited by 60
“acceptance has been suggested to be a key mechanism of beneficial change (Cayoun et al. 2020; Lindsay and Creswell 2017).”
BackgroundVillalba, D. K., Lindsay, E. K., Marsland, A. L., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., Walsh, C. P., Gray, K., Chin, B., et al. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219120 · Cited by 59
“Specifically, MAT argues that developing acceptance in conjunction with attention monitoring skills fosters non-reactivity to stressful experiences and buffers individuals against the negative outcomes of stress [14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAizik-Reebs, A., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., Gebremariam, S. G., & Bernstein, A. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702621998641 · Cited by 57
“…et al., 2013); emotion-regulation skills, including interoceptive awareness, acceptance, and reduced reactivity (Gu et al., 2015; Held & Owens, 2015; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017); and adaptive/maladaptive self-referentiality, including reduced perseverative negative thinking (Gu et al., 2015;…”
Chin, B. N., Lindsay, E. K., Greco, C. M., Brown, K. W., Smyth, J. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Creswell, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000969 · Cited by 57
Self-citationSimione, L., Raffone, A., & Mirolli, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01607-7 · Cited by 52
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Therapy for Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Lin, L., Lin, L., Tzeng, G.-L., Huang, Y.-H., Tai, J.-F., Chen, Y., Wu, C.-J., Chen, P.-H., Lin, P., & Hung, P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09862-z · Cited by 52
“Lindsay et al. said that mindfulness is a way of paying attention to present-moment experience with a mental stance of receptivity and acceptance (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundMethodLevit‐Binnun, N., Arbel, K., & Dorjee, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727857 · Cited by 57
Sustainable Compassion Training: Integrating Meditation Theory With Psychological Science
Condon, P., & Makransky, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02249 · Cited by 53
“This view from the Dzogchen and Mahamudra traditions aligns with research on mindfulness and emotional reactivity, which shows that acceptance is a key ingredient of mindfulness meditation (Lindsay and Creswell, 2017; Lindsay et al., 2018) and allied therapies that relieve stress (Hayes, 2002; Robins et al.”
Feuerborn, L. L., & Gueldner, B. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01101-1 · Cited by 64
Rogge, R. D., & Daks, J. S. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01537-w · Cited by 50
“Building on recent conceptual (Shapiro et al. 2006; Lindsay and Creswell 2017) and empirical (Brown et al. 2015; Carmody and Baer 2008; Feldman et al. 2010; Pearson et al. 2015) work, the Unified Flexibility and Mindfulness (UFM; Fig.”
MethodBaeza-Velasco, C., Bulbena, A., Polanco-Carrasco, R., & Jaussaud, R. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1419294 · Cited by 51
“These interventions promote passing from rational or irrational thinking concerning physical symptoms and hypervigilance to a non-judgmental way of observing experiences through the development of monitoring attention skills and a mental attitude of acceptance [58,63].”
BackgroundSchulte‐Frankenfeld, P. M., & Trautwein, F. (2022) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12328 · Cited by 51
“In line with our expectations and current theories on active mechanisms of mindfulnessbased interventions (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017), increases in mindfulness qualified increases in self-regulation.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTumminia, M. J., Colaianne, B. A., Roeser, R. W., & Galla, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01238-6 · Cited by 59
It’s my secret space’: The benefits of mindfulness for social workers
Kinman, G., Grant, L., & Kelly, S. (2020) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcz073 · Cited by 52
Nursing students' trait mindfulness and psychological stress: A correlation and mediation analysis
Lu, J., Mumba, M. N., Lynch, S., Li, C., Hua, C., & Allen, R. S. (2019) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.12.011 · Cited by 60
Grupe, D. W., Stoller, J. L., Alonso, C. M., McGehee, C., Smith, C., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., & Davidson, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720753 · Cited by 61
Effect of Acceptance Versus Attention on Pain Tolerance: Dissecting Two Components of Mindfulness
Wang, Y., Qi, Z., Hofmann, S. G., Si, M., Liu, X., & Xu, W. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-1091-8 · Cited by 51
Takahashi, T., Kawashima, I., Nitta, Y., & Kumano, H. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294119841848 · Cited by 55
“Such training is considered to cultivate the two capacities of monitoring and acceptance skills, which are potential mechanism variables in mindfulness training (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48
A Critical Review of the Monitor and Acceptance Theory of Mindfulness
Simione, L., & Saldarini, F. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02129-0 · Cited by 61
“…effects on improved affective and stress reduction outcomes, but only with concomitant high levels of acceptance skills,” and later that “high tendency to monitor experiences is associated with adaptive outcomes only with concomitant high levels of acceptance” (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017, p. 54).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMcBride, E. E., & Greeson, J. M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02340-z · Cited by 47
“Other potential mediators could include rumination (Schanche et al., 2020) and attention monitoring (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundResultCognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and cortisol habituation: A randomized controlled trial
Manigault, A. W., Shorey, R. C., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., Woody, A., Figueroa, W. S., France, C. R., & Zoccola, P. M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.009 · Cited by 54
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45
Zhang, C., Li, X., Chung, P., Huang, Z., Bu, D., Wang, D., Guo, Y., Wang, X., & Si, G. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01644-2 · Cited by 50
“According to the monitor and acceptance theory, experiential acceptance is a critical emotion regulation mechanism of mindfulness intervention that mindfulness might impact on the adaptive and maladaptive outcomes via experiential acceptance (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundEmbodied Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation
Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., Sadowski, I., & Spinelli, C. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211059856 · Cited by 55
“Bishop et al. (2004) included acceptance as part of their definition of mindfulness, and acceptance was suggested to be an active mechanism in MBPs, a predictor of their outcomes, and an element that distinguishes them from other therapeutic interventions (Lindsay & Creswell, 2017).”
BackgroundEffects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Police Officers
Hoeve, M., de Bruin, E. I., van Rooij, F. B., & Bögels, S. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01631-7 · Cited by 49
“Rather than to try to avoid or change these negative thoughts or feelings, accepting and being non-judgmental toward them allow them to weaken and fade away and to let other, including more positive, thoughts and feelings enter awareness (Lindsay and Creswell 2017).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45
Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2024) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001308 · Cited by 47
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Garzón, E., García‐Rubio, C., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119873718 · Cited by 49
“However, given the literature warnings of overfitting in bifactor structures and difficult theoretical compatibilities with mindfulness models (e.g., Hölzel et al., 2011; Lindsay & Creswell, 2017), it seems challenging to match the existence of this structure.”
BackgroundConsidering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43
Mindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43
A mind full of happiness: How mindfulness shapes affect dynamics in daily life.
Rowland, Z., Wenzel, M., & Kubiak, T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000562 · Cited by 49
Wang, L., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Zhang, K., Ma, J., Xu, L., Liu, Z., Liu, L., Luo, Y., & Gu, C. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40059 · Cited by 44
“First, the iMBCR program in this study developed the patients’ capacity for the intentional self-regulation of attention as well as the attitude and practice of acceptance, which has been proven to be effective in reducing negative reactivity and improving stress-related health outcomes [41].”
MethodSensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 46
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43
How mindfulness shapes the situational use of emotion regulation strategies in daily life.
Wenzel, M., Rowland, Z., & Kubiak, T. (2020) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2020.1758632 · Cited by 42
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 42
Human Neurobiological Approaches to Hedonically Motivated Behaviors
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G. E., & Sadler, J. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.009 · Cited by 42
Feedback Models for Gambling Control: The Use and Efficacy of Online Responsible Gambling Tools
Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.034 · Cited by 42
Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”
Davis, C., & Mason, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.023 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lindsay, Emily K.
- Creswell, J. David
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 48-59
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5195874
- OpenAlex
- W2548953146
- Cited by
- 919
- References
- 152
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 142 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- KiltHub Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- KiltHub Repository
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM081760)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT008493, R01AT008685)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, attention monitoring, acceptance, trait mindfulness, emotional reactivity, negative affectivity, stress, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Awareness, Humans, Meditation, Mindfulness
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