Nicotine and cannabinoids: parallels, contrasts and interactions
Abstract
After a brief outline of the nicotinic and cannabinoid systems, we review the interactions between the pharmacological effects of nicotine and cannabis, two of the most widely used drugs of dependence. These drugs are increasingly taken in combination, particularly among the adolescents and young adults. The review focuses on addiction-related processes, gateway and reverse gateway theories of addiction and therapeutic implications. It then reviews studies on the important period of adolescence, an area that is in urgent need of further investigation and in which the importance of sex differences is emerging. Three other areas of research, which might be particularly relevant to the onset and/or maintenance of dependence, are then reviewed. Firstly, the effects of the two drugs on anxiety-related behaviours are discussed and then their effects on food intake and cognition, two areas in which they have contrasting effects. Certain animal studies suggest that reinforcing effects are likely to be enhanced by joint consumption of nicotine and cannabis, as also may be anxiolytic effects. If this was the case in humans, the latter might be viewed as an advantage particularly by adolescent girls, although the increased weight gain associated with cannabis would be a disadvantage. The two drugs also have opposite effects on cognition and the possibility of long-lasting cognitive impairments resulting from adolescent consumption of cannabis is of particular concern.
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England, L. J., Aagaard, K., Bloch, M., Conway, K., Cosgrove, K., Grana, R., Gould, T. J., Hatsukami, D., Jensen, F., Kandel, D., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mateos, B., Borcel, E., Loriga, R., Luesu, W., Bini, V, Llorente, R., Castelli, M., & Viveros, M.-P. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110370503 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- VIVEROS, M., MARCO, E., & FILE, S.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- VIVEROS, M
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1161-1181
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027465045
- Semantic Scholar
- 10a9165891a23d47b83bb3b4ac2d7ce735548613
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 283
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- nicotine, cannabinoids, cannabis, drug addiction, polydrug use, gateway theory, adolescence, sex differences, anxiety, dietary intake, cognitive impairment, anxiolytic effects, reinforcement, adolescent girls, weight gain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Cannabinoids, Drug Interactions, Eating, Humans, Nicotine, Behavior, Addictive, Substance-Related Disorders
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