Cited by 164Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchHealth, Environment, Cognitive Aging

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Gene-environment interactions in Alzheimer's disease: A potential path to precision medicine

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Eid, Aseel, Mhatre, Isha, Richardson, Jason R.·2019·Pharmacology & Therapeutics

DOI 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.005PMC PMC6827882

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the United States and afflicts >5.7 million Americans in 2018. Therapeutic options remain extremely limited to those that are symptom targeting, while no drugs have been approved for the modification or reversal of the disease itself. Risk factors for AD including aging, the female sex, as well as carrying an APOE4 genotype. These risk factors have been extensively examined in the literature, while less attention has been paid to modifiable risk factors, including lifestyle, and environmental risk factors such as exposures to air pollution and pesticides. This review highlights the most recent data on risk factors in AD and identifies gene by environment interactions that have been investigated. It also provides a suggested framework for a personalized therapeutic approach to AD, by combining genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Understanding modifiable risk factors and their interaction with non-modifiable factors (age, susceptibility alleles, and sex) is paramount for designing personalized therapeutic interventions.

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See all 164

Authors: Eid, A., Mhatre, I., & Richardson, J. R.
Affiliations: Florida International University (US)
Corresponding author: Richardson, Jason R.
ORCID: Richardson, Jason R.
Venue: Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2019-07
Volume: 199
Pages: 173-187
ISSN: 0163-7258 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.005
PMC: PMC6827882
OpenAlex: W2922392851
Cited by: 164
References: 268
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 9
FWCI: 1.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: NIH (R01ES021800, R01ES026057, R01ES026067-S2, U01NS108956)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, gene-environment interaction, modifiable risk factors, lifestyle risk factors, air pollution exposure, pesticide exposure, APOE ε4, sex differences, aging, personalized medicine, precision medicine, dementia
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Risk Factors, Precision Medicine, Gene-Environment Interaction

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