The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research.
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In the citing paper
“A change of 6.39 on the Y-BOCS was considered reliable.”
From A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“The brief version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-II) 47,48 is a 12-item self-report measure that has evidence of reliability and validity for assessing various aspects of psychosocial and physical disability.”
From Acceptance-based Behavior Therapy for Depression With Psychosis (2015) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“we examined if the changes in distress tolerance were clinically significant (as indexed by the reliable change index (RCI; Jacobson and Truax, 1991)).”
From Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“Formative indicators of working memory, inhibitory control, and set shifting were derived, and these participant-level component scores were subjected to reliable change analyses (Jacobson & Truax, 1991) that explicitly account for measurement error to objectively define impairment (Kofler et al., 2016; Sarver et al., 2015).”
From Executive Functioning Heterogeneity in Pediatric ADHD (2019) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“Clinical significance at post-intervention was operationalized by the recommended reliable change index and cut-off points (Jacobson and Truax 1991; Vollestad et la. 2011)”
From CALM Pregnancy: results of a pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax 1991
In the citing paper
“The reliable change index (RCI) (Jacobson & Truax, 1991) was used as a means of calculating clinical significance of the changes on the TFI.”
From Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus in Spanish: a global feasibility trial. (2022) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“Patient safety was measured via adverse event monitoring on three indices (1) crisis/home treatment team involvement during the intervention (present/absent and number of treatment days); (2) inpatient hospitalization days during the intervention (present/absent and number of inpatient days); and (3) a reliable deterioration on the CORE-OM (see below) as defined by Jacobson and Truax (1991).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders: A feasibility and proof of concept study. (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax (1991)
In the citing paper
“Using Jacobson criteria for defining recovery, 80% of the MCT group were recovered at post-treatment and 12 month follow-up as measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, compared with 10% of patients who had received relaxation.”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax (1991)
In the citing paper
“Jacobson & Truax (1991) criteria for defining reliable improvement and recovery demonstrated that 87% of patients were recovered at post treatment as assessed by trait-anxiety and 75% remained recovered at 6 and 12 month follow-up.”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax (1991)
In the citing paper
“Reliable change indices 18 provided fi ner grained detail with a minimum of 15 (44%) inperson participants achieving reliable improvement on at least one measure (CPAQ)”
From A service evaluation to examine the effectiveness of chronic pain management programmes delivered using video conferencing technology compared to in-person (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Caseness data were unavailable for the CompACT-8; therefore, Jacobson and Truax’s “criterion a” was used to tentatively estimate thresholds (Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
From “I don’t want to take buprenorphine for the rest of my life”: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for a Client Struggling to Reduce Low-Dose Buprenorphine (a Hermeneutic Single-Case Efficacy Design) (2023) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“The RCI is considered a reliable indicator to test the efficacy of a particular therapy or program and can show whether an individual improves or deteriorates in comparison to pretreatment.”
From THE EFFICACY OF A COMPASSION, ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS-BASED PILOT INTERVENTION FOR ADOLESCENTS’ TEST ANXIETY: A CASE STUDY USING THE ACADEMIC PROGRAM (2023) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“To determine whether the detected change is in fact reliable, the RCI also considers normative data and the measurement error of the scale (Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
From THE EFFICACY OF A COMPASSION, ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS-BASED PILOT INTERVENTION FOR ADOLESCENTS’ TEST ANXIETY: A CASE STUDY USING THE ACADEMIC PROGRAM (2023) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“It was based on the Jacobson and Truax model for clinical significance [27].”
From Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: an open trial and feasibility study of a new treatment for arachnophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Reliability of change was calculated based on the reliable change index (RCI) according to Jacobson and Truax (24).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy in a psychiatric day hospital—A longitudinal naturalistic effectiveness trial (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The SDC and LOA provide indices determining whether the change in scores in a scale can be considered true change or not (Shimoi, 2011) and play similar roles to the reliable change index (Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the experiential avoidance in caregiving questionnaire (EACQ) (2023) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“The patients' psychological inflexibility clinically reduced; that is, most moved from the dysfunctional to the functional group according to the AAQ-II scores (Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: a quasiexperimental study (2023) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“RCIs lower than -1.96 indicate reliable symptom improvement [33].”
In the citing paper
“When the calculated RC score is >1.96, it is unlikely that the change that occurred during the treatment does not reflect real change (46).”
From Metacognitive Short-Term Intervention in Patients With Mental Disorders Following Cardiovascular Events (2022) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“Clinically significant change was defined as the posttreatment score falling below two standard deviations from the mean pretreatment score, i.e.M pre -2 × SD pre (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), in this study 21 points on the PSWQ-C.”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty–Focused Treatment for Adolescents With Excessive Worry: A Pilot Feasibility Study (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“Each RCI calculation (see Table 1) indicated that a reliable change had indeed occurred at the data collection points in August, September, and December for all four measures, with only one exception: Toby’s scores on the PHLMS awareness subscale did not change reliably from June to August.”
From Piloting a New Model for Treating Music Performance Anxiety: Training a Singing Teacher to Use Acceptance and Commitment Coaching With a Student (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“The observed shift in mean depression scores from the moderate level to the mild level represents not only a significant reduction in depressive symptoms from pre- to post-intervention, but also a clinically significant change according to Jacobson and Truax [37] whereby post-treatment scores fall within two standard deviations of the normal population mean score [39].”
From A pilot evaluation of a smartphone application for workplace depression (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax [37]
In the citing paper
“This framework is stricter than the most used method advocated by Jacobson and Truax (1991) and does not rely on the conceptual problems of p-values.”
From A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Focused on Repetitive Negative Thinking for Comorbid Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression (2020) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“We did not assess reliable change (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), because, due to our inclusive entry criteria, this would have necessitated post-intervention scores at or above ceiling level for several participants.”
From A pilot case series of a brief acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)-based guided self-help intervention for improving quality of life and mood in muscle disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Jacobson & Truax, 1991
In the citing paper
“Statistically reliable improvements in score were used to define minimal clinicallyimportant change, in the same way they are used in the national Improving Access to Psychological Therapies programme. 31”
From Cognitive behaviour therapy for long-term frequent attenders in primary care: A feasibility case series and treatment development study (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Figure 1. The equation for calculating Reliable Change Index”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for depression following psychosis: An examination of clinically significant change (2015) · cites this paper as Jacobson, N. S. & Truax, P. (1991)
In the citing paper
“is associated with a large burden of disease and generates considerable economic costs to society. 3-5”
From Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“is associated with a large burden of disease and generates considerable economic costs to society. 3-5”
From Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“As cautioned by Jacobson and Truax 21 cutoff scores can be arbitrary and may not capture all improvements (e.g., from one end of a range to another).”
From The Effectiveness of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Self-help Intervention for Chronic Pain. (2010) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“In order to provide consistency in discussing clinically significant change, and as recommended by Jacobson and Truax 21 , overall improvement (shift toward mean of general population) was reported.”
From The Effectiveness of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Self-help Intervention for Chronic Pain. (2010) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Evidence of such “reliable change” is one of the 2 criteria for clinically significant change suggested by Jacobson and colleagues.24,25”
In the citing paper
“In a post-hoc analysis of EESC data sets based on the Jacobson and Truax method (Jacobson and Truax 1991), ≥99% of participants did not show emotional control impairments and method-defined, reliable change in emotional expression during LDX treatment (Katic et al. 2012).”
From Treatment Outcomes with Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in Children Who Have Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with Emotional Control Impairments (2013) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax 1991
In the citing paper
“Deterioration was measured using the criteria for clinically significant deterioration by Jacobson and Truax (1991) in 11 studies, while 7 studies used another definition (such as moving to another symptom category or scoring a number of points lower on a depression scale).”
From Negative effects of psychotherapies for adult depression: A meta-analysis of deterioration rates (2018) · cites this paper as Jacobson and Truax (1991)
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“To meet criteria for clinically significant improvement participants were required to (1) meet the Jacobson and Truax (1991) criteria for reliable change on the OASIS (a post-treatment score that has decreased more than 1.96 times the standard deviation, in this case a reduction of 5 or more…”
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“Clinically significant changes (Evans et al., 1998; Jacobson & Truax, 1991) in the primary outcome measures were calculated using normal population data of the PSS ( M = 24.8, SD = 11.1) (Eklund et al., 2014) and the SWLS ( M = 24.1, SD = 6.9) (Pavot & Diener, 2008) along with clinical data from…”
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“We additionally used the criteria of Jacobson and Truax (1992) to evaluate the proportion of participants with ‘reliable’ and ‘clinically significant’ change at study endpoint.”
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How much is enough in brief Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? A randomized trial.
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“It was based on the Jacobson and Truax model for clinical significance [27].”
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“Reliable change index [91] was calculated assuming a reliability estimate of α = 0.”
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“Baselines for postintervention difference of ≥2.80, 4.02, and 5.11 points were considered reliable improvements of the HADS “Anxiety,” HADS “Depression,” and HADS total scores, respectively.”
MethodInfluentialPollock, B. E., Macfie, J., & Elledge, L. C. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1241853 · Cited by 13
Buchholz, J. L., Abramowitz, J. S., Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., & Twohig, M. P. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.004 · Cited by 13
White, R. G., Gumley, A. I., McTaggart, J., Rattrie, L., McConville, D., Cleare, S., McLeod, H. J., & Mitchell, G. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.06.004 · Cited by 13
Penwell, T. E., Smith, M., Ortiz, S. N., Brooks, G., & Thompson‐Brenner, H. (2024) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.3031 · Cited by 11
A study of outcome in patients treated at a psychiatric emergency unit
Svindseth, M. F., Nøttestad, J. A., & Dahl, A. A. (2010) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039481003690273 · Cited by 13
Schizophrenia: An exploration of an acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion-based group intervention
Martins, M. J., Castilho, P., Santos, V., & Gumley, A. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12210 · Cited by 13
A pilot study examining the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy as parent counseling
Bodden, D. H. M., & Matthijssen, D. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01926-2 · Cited by 13
“As an indication of clinical significance, we calculated the Reliable Change Index (RCI; Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
MethodBaranoff, J., Hanrahan, S. J., Kapur, D., & Connor, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9502-0 · Cited by 13
Jarrett, M. A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031749 · Cited by 12
MYHR, G., RUSSELL, J. J., SAINT-LAURENT, M., TAGALAKIS, V., BELISLE, D., KHODARY, F., FARIDI, K., & PINARD, G. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice® · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000426325.49396.4c · Cited by 12
Zarski, A.-C., Weisel, K. K., Berger, T., Krieger, T., Schaub, M. P., Berking, M., Görlich, D., Jacobi, C., & Ebert, D. D. (2024) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000536149 · Cited by 13
Hennemann, S., Böhme, K., Kleinstäuber, M., Ruckes, C., Baumeister, H., Daniel Ebert, D., Küchler, A.-M., & Witthöft, M. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.006 · Cited by 11
Brugnera, A., Nordstrand Jacobsen, T., Woodhouse, A., Compare, A., & Børsting Jacobsen, H. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12672 · Cited by 12
Kyrios, M., Nedeljkovic, M., Moulding, R., Klein, B., Austin, D., Meyer, D., & Ahern, C. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-209 · Cited by 12
“Clinically significant change will be based on a combination of reliable reduction in YBOCS scores and posttreatment YBOCS outside the clinical range [74].”
MethodLangenecker, S. A., Crane, N. A., Jenkins, L. M., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2018) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0140-2 · Cited by 11
Howard, S., Houghton, C. M. G., White, R., Fallon, V., & Slade, P. (2023) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.2024190 · Cited by 22
Tsimopoulou, I., Kroese, B. S., Unwin, G., Azmi, S., & Jones, C. (2018) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x1700023x · Cited by 12
Lilliengren, P., Philips, B., Falkenström, F., Bergquist, M., Ulvenes, P., & Wampold, B. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000217 · Cited by 12
Selvi, K., Parling, T., Ljótsson, B., Welch, E., & Ghaderi, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12684 · Cited by 12
“Scandinavian Journal of Psychology published by Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd significance (c = 108.54), according to the guideline suggested by Jacobson and Truax (1991), using Swedish clinical and normal samples’ BSQ scores (Ghaderi & Scott, 2004).”
MethodInfluentialBorst, M., Moeyaert, M., & van Rood, Y. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2314883 · Cited by 12
Hamernik, E., & Pakenham, K. I. (1999) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.16.4.259 · Cited by 12
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Hollon, S. D., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.001 · Cited by 12
Garel, N., Greenway, K. T., Dinh-Williams, L.-A. L., Thibault-Levesque, J., Jutras-Aswad, D., Turecki, G., Rej, S., & Richard-Devantoy, S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01689-y · Cited by 13
Jourdain, R. L., & Dulin, P. L. (2009) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650109334631 · Cited by 11
Knowlton, C. N., Kryvanos, A., Poole, M., Christopher, M., & Lafavor, T. (2019) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650119839156 · Cited by 11
Rickwood, D., McEachran, J., Saw, A., Telford, N., Trethowan, J., & McGorry, P. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.24.22279102 · Cited by 73
“The Jacobson and Truax method [23] was used to 283 determine reliable change (RCI) (indicating reliable improvement or decline) and 284 clinically significant change (CSI) (cut-off point at which the young person is more 285 likely to belong to a non-clinical than clinical population).”
MethodGreenberg, E., Albright, C., Hall, M., Hoeppner, S., Miller, S., Farley, A., Silverman, M., Braddick, V., Sprich, S., & Wilhelm, S. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.07.007 · Cited by 11
Melisse, B., van den Berg, E., & de Beurs, E. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24079 · Cited by 11
Grisham, J. R., Yap, K., Isemann, S., Svehla, J., Briggs, N., & Norberg, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100450 · Cited by 11
Corman, M., Rubio, M.-T., Cabrespine, A., Brindel, I., Bay, J.-O., De La Tour, R. P., & Dambrun, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03007-y · Cited by 11
“The reliable change index (RCI) was computed for each dimension [38].”
MethodA Blended Cognitive–Behavioral Intervention for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Case Study
Branquinho, M., Canavarro, M. C., & Fonseca, A. (2022) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501221082616 · Cited by 11
Roberts, K., Travers-Hill, E., Coker, S., Troup, J., Casey, S., Parkin, K., & Kim, Y. (2021) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x21000258 · Cited by 11
Seabra, D., Gato, J., Petrocchi, N., & do Céu Salvador, M. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02403-9 · Cited by 11
Wells, A., Reeves, D., Heal, C., Fisher, P., Doherty, P., Davies, L., Heagerty, A., & Capobianco, L. (2022) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001168 · Cited by 11
Sunde, T., Walseth, L. T., Himle, J. A., Vogel, P. A., Launes, G., Haaland, V. Ø., Hoffart, A., Johnson, S. U., & Haaland, Å. T. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.06.002 · Cited by 11
Nelson, N. E., & Hiller, W. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000223 · Cited by 11
Williams, S., Clarke, S., & Edginton, T. (2023) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1761 · Cited by 10
“The authors of the review call for researchers to examine individual-level data and suggest using the Reliable Change Index (RCI), which measures clinically significant improvements, deterioration, or no change in each participant.(39) 2 of 9 WILLIAMS ET AL.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P.
- ORCID
- Jacobson, Neil S.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-19
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W4235813114
- Cited by
- 7,770
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 323 · 2025: 310 · 2024: 326 · 2023: 363 · 2022: 411 · 2021: 472 · 2020: 484 · 2019: 457 · 2018: 452 · 2017: 395 · 2016: 385 · 2015: 399 · 2014: 373 · 2013: 350 · 2012: 304
- FWCI
- 20.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- meaningful change, clinical significance, psychotherapy outcome assessment, statistical significance, effect size
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