Cited by 9,587Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychology Research and BibliometricsMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.

Fabrigar, Leandre R., Wegener, Duane T., MacCallum, Robert C., Strahan, Erin J.·1999·Psychological Methods

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed. Since its initial development nearly a century ago (Spearman, 1904, 1927), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has been one of the most widely used statistical procedures in psychological research. Despite this

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272

Cites

128 of 128 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Psychometric theory (2nd ed.).
Sitgreaves, R. (1979) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/018882 · Cited by 14,384
The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors
Cattell, R. B. (1966) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 · Cited by 13,554
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
The application of electronic computers to factor analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1960) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/001316446002000116 · Cited by 12,459
Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
Hammer, T. H., Anderson, J. F., Gurdon, M. A., Jick, T. D., Petit, A., Stern, R. N., Schwartz, H., Vardi, Y., & Dunnette, M. D. (1977) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391755 · Cited by 11,947
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
Self-citation
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis
Horn, J. L. (1965) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289447 · Cited by 8,965
The Varimax Criterion for Analytic Rotation in Factor Analysis
Kaiser, H. F. (1958) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289233 · Cited by 7,605

Show all 128 references

Sorted by citations

The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: an integrative typology
McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.13.3.334.81 · Cited by 5,550
Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069 · Cited by 5,446
Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 · Cited by 5,435
Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide
OECD, Union, E., & Joint Research Centre - European Commission (2008) · doi:10.1787/9789264043466-en · Cited by 3,960
Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): validation of a 10-item measure of resilience
Campbell‐Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20271 · Cited by 3,575
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications.
Thompson, B. (2004) · doi:10.1037/10694-000 · Cited by 3,469
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies.
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000258 · Cited by 3,335
The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work.
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321 · Cited by 2,994
Mapping the moral domain.
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021847 · Cited by 2,666
The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality.
Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192 · Cited by 2,442
Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164405282485 · Cited by 2,454
The Sources of Four Commonly Reported Cutoff Criteria: What Did They Really Say?
Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428105284919 · Cited by 2,053
Applied Psychometrics: Sample Size and Sample Power Considerations in Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in General
Kyriazos, T. A. (2018) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2018.98126 · Cited by 1,882
“…indicated by high communalities, no cross-loadings, strong primary loadings per factor and also additional variables like the nature of the data, number of factors, number of items per factor (MacCallum, Widaman, Zhang, & Hong, 1999; Fabrigar et al., 1999; Costello & Osborne, 2005; DeVellis, 2017).”
Background
Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes
Heckman, J., Pinto, R., & Savelyev, P. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2052 · Cited by 1,628
Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0023353 · Cited by 1,634
Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(03)00030-4 · Cited by 1,533
The Toronto Mindfulness Scale: Development and validation
Lau, M. A., Bishop, S. R., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., Anderson, N. D., Carlson, L., Shapiro, S., Carmody, J., Abbey, S., & Devins, G. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20326 · Cited by 1,456
Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000626 · Cited by 1,470
A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve?
Howard, M. C. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 · Cited by 1,349
An Updated Guideline for Assessing Discriminant Validity
Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120968614 · Cited by 1,309
Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership
Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601106287091 · Cited by 1,288
The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006 · Cited by 1,298
Mental Health Provider Attitudes Toward Adoption of Evidence-Based Practice: The Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS)
Aarons, G. A. (2004) · Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1023/b:mhsr.0000024351.12294.65 · Cited by 1,272
The authentic personality: a theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the authenticity scale
Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385 · Cited by 1,237
Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Carpenter, S. (2018) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583 · Cited by 1,141
Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale
Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2006.tb00100.x · Cited by 984
In search of underlying dimensions: The use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Russell, D. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237645 · Cited by 954
Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888
Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students
Kim, Y., Sohn, D., & Choi, S. M. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.08.015 · Cited by 856
Initial Psychometric Properties of the Experiences Questionnaire: Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Decentering
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810
The Risks and Rewards of Speaking Up: Managerial Responses to Employee Voice
Burris, E. R. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0562 · Cited by 800
THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION BASED ON SEVEN MAJOR PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRES
ROBERTS, B. W., CHERNYSHENKO, O. S., STARK, S., & GOLDBERG, L. R. (2005) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2005.00301.x · Cited by 786
Linguistic Features Identify Alzheimer’s Disease in Narrative Speech
Fraser, K. C., Meltzer, J. A., & Rudzicz, F. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150520 · Cited by 797
The Tinnitus Functional Index: Development of a New Clinical Measure for Chronic, Intrusive Tinnitus
Meikle, M. B., Henry, J. A., Griest, S. E., Stewart, B. J., Abrams, H. B., McArdle, R., Myers, P. J., Newman, C. W., Sandridge, S., Turk, D. C., et al. (2012) · Ear & Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e31822f67c0 · Cited by 792
The Person–Situation Debate Revisited: Effect of Situation Strength and Trait Activation on the Validity of the Big Five Personality Traits in Predicting Job Performance
Judge, T. A., & Zapata, C. P. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0837 · Cited by 738
Role of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects
Niederkrotenthaler, T., Voracek, M., Herberth, A., Till, B., Strauss, M., Etzersdorfer, E., Eisenwort, B., & Sonneck, G. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074633 · Cited by 719
The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation.
Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0036465 · Cited by 682
Impacts of the CARE for Teachers program on teachers’ social and emotional competence and classroom interactions.
Jennings, P. A., Brown, J. L., Frank, J. L., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Davis, R., Rasheed, D., DeWeese, A., DeMauro, A. A., Cham, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000187 · Cited by 645
Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.
Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Becker, M., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., González, R., Didier, N., Carrasco, D., Cadena, M. P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000175 · Cited by 601
User acceptance of YouTube for procedural learning: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model
Lee, D. Y., & Lehto, M. R. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.001 · Cited by 565
The implementation leadership scale (ILS): development of a brief measure of unit level implementation leadership
Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., & Farahnak, L. R. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-45 · Cited by 559
Assessing the organizational context for EBP implementation: the development and validity testing of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS)
Ehrhart, M. G., Aarons, G. A., & Farahnak, L. R. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0157-1 · Cited by 502
Validation and psychometric properties of a short version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test
Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., & Brand, M. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014 · Cited by 523
Disentangling Components of Flexibility via the Hexaflex Model: Development and Validation of the Multidimensional Psychological Flexibility Inventory (MPFI)
Rolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645905 · Cited by 504
Using Principal Components and Factor Analysis in Animal Behaviour Research: Caveats and Guidelines
Budaev, S. V. (2010) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01758.x · Cited by 460
Are Scores on Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture Stable over Time? A Cohort Analysis
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2015) · Global Strategy Journal · doi:10.1002/gsj.1098 · Cited by 455
Translation and Validation of Body Image Instruments: Challenges, Good Practice Guidelines, and Reporting Recommendations for Test Adaptation
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454
Managing to Stay in the Dark: Managerial Self-Efficacy, Ego Defensiveness, and the Aversion to Employee Voice
Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0393 · Cited by 440
The complexities of complex span: Explaining individual differences in working memory in children and adults.
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71 · Cited by 427
The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0364-z · Cited by 432
Development and validation of the Multimodal Presence Scale for virtual reality environments: A confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approach
Makransky, G., Lilleholt, L., & Aaby, A. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.066 · Cited by 424
Latent structure of the Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale: a 10-year systematic review
Cosco, T. D., Doyle, F., Ward, M., & McGee, H. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.06.008 · Cited by 417
A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132940 · Cited by 380
Confirmatory analysis of exploratively obtained factor structures
van Prooijen, J.-W., & van der Kloot, W. A. (2001) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640121971518 · Cited by 375
An Adaptation and Extension of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale 1
Mackenzie, C. S., Knox, V. J., Gekoski, W. L., & Macaulay, H. L. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01984.x · Cited by 368
Evidence for three subtypes of repetitive behavior in autism that differ in familiality and association with other symptoms
Lam, K. S. L., Bodfish, J. W., & Piven, J. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01944.x · Cited by 320
A meta-analytic investigation of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.
Yufik, T., & Simms, L. J. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020981 · Cited by 323
Defining key features of the broad autism phenotype: A comparison across parents of multiple‐ and single‐incidence autism families
Losh, M., Childress, D., Lam, K., & Piven, J. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30612 · Cited by 316
The Central Role of Engagement in Online Communities
Ray, S., Kim, S. S., & Morris, J. G. (2014) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2014.0525 · Cited by 293
Mathematics anxiety in young children: concurrent and longitudinal associations with mathematical performance
Vukovic, R. K., Kieffer, M. J., Bailey, S. P., & Harari, R. R. (2013) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2012.09.001 · Cited by 278
Development and Validation of an Inventory to Assess Mealtime Behavior Problems in Children with Autism
Lukens, C. T., & Linscheid, T. R. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0401-5 · Cited by 278
On the dimensionality of the System Usability Scale: a test of alternative measurement models
Borsci, S., Federici, S., & Lauriola, M. (2009) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-009-0268-9 · Cited by 275
Assessing worry in older adults: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model
Hopko, D. R., Reas, D. L., Beck, J. G., Stanley, M. A., Wetherell, J. L., Novy, D. M., & Averill, P. M. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.2.173 · Cited by 271
The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research
Elhai, J. D., & Palmieri, P. A. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.007 · Cited by 257
The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Psychometric properties in general community samples
Preece, D. A., Becerra, R., Robinson, K., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1564319 · Cited by 237
Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability
Penny, A. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Klein, R. M., Corkum, P., & Eskes, G. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016600 · Cited by 241
Assessing body awareness and autonomic reactivity: Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Perception Questionnaire‐Short Form (BPQ‐SF)
Cabrera, A., Kolacz, J., Pailhez, G., Bulbena‐Cabre, A., Bulbena, A., & Porges, S. W. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1596 · Cited by 224
Negative Effects of Psychological Treatments: An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Negative Effects Questionnaire for Monitoring and Reporting Adverse and Unwanted Events
Rozental, A., Kottorp, A., Boettcher, J., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157503 · Cited by 223
Examining the dimensionality of effortful control in preschool children and its relation to academic and socioemotional indicators
Allan, N. P., & Lonigan, C. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023748 · Cited by 208
Openness to Experience: Its Lower Level Structure, Measurement, and Cross-Cultural Equivalence
Woo, S. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., Longley, A., Zhang, Z.-X., Chiu, C.-Y., & Stark, S. E. (2014) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.806328 · Cited by 200
The relationship between dispositional mindfulness, attachment security and emotion regulation
Goodall, K., Trejnowska, A., & Darling, S. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.008 · Cited by 201
Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: an exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale
SIERRA, M., BAKER, D., MEDFORD, N., & DAVID, A. S. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705005325 · Cited by 201
Trust, Individualism and job characteristics as predictors of employee preference for teamwork
Kiffin-Petersen, S., & Cordery, J. (2003) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585190210158538 · Cited by 198
Fear of Autonomous Robots and Artificial Intelligence: Evidence from National Representative Data with Probability Sampling
Liang, Y., & Lee, S. A. (2017) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0401-3 · Cited by 197
Delineating and validating higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study
Michelini, G., Barch, D. M., Tian, Y., Watson, D., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0593-4 · Cited by 171
Food choice questionnaire (FCQ) revisited. Suggestions for the development of an enhanced general food motivation model
Fotopoulos, C., Krystallis, A., Vassallo, M., & Pagiaslis, A. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.09.014 · Cited by 192
Measuring values and committed action with the Engaged Living Scale (ELS): psychometric evaluation in a nonclinical sample and a chronic pain sample.
Trompetter, H. R., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M. G., Fledderus, M., Westerhof, G. J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033813 · Cited by 184
An expectancy value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI
Chan, C. K. Y., & Zhou, W. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00284-4 · Cited by 192
The work-related acceptance and action questionnaire: Initial psychometric findings and their implications for measuring psychological flexibility in specific contexts
Bond, F. W., Lloyd, J., & Guenole, N. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12001 · Cited by 186
Preferences for positive psychology exercises
Schueller, S. M. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439761003790948 · Cited by 182
Psy-Flex: A contextually sensitive measure of psychological flexibility
Gloster, A. T., Block, V. J., Klotsche, J., Villanueva, J., Rinner, M. T. B., Benoy, C., Walter, M., Karekla, M., & Bader, K. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.09.001 · Cited by 175
Approaches to learning, need for cognition, and strategic flexibility among university students.
Evans, C. J., Kirby, J. R., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2003) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709903322591217 · Cited by 174
Measuring Mindfulness: First Steps Towards the Development of a Comprehensive Mindfulness Scale
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9 · Cited by 173
The process of change in cognitive therapy for depression: predictors of early inter-session symptom gains.
Strunk, D. R., Brotman, M. A., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.011 · Cited by 169
Impulsivity and suicidality in adolescent inpatients
Auerbach, R. P., Stewart, J. G., & Johnson, S. L. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0146-8 · Cited by 166
Further clarifying prospective and inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty: Factorial and construct validity of test scores from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale.
Hong, R. Y., & Lee, S. S. M. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000074 · Cited by 170
Apples and oranges (and pears, oh my!): the search for moderators in meta-analysis
Cortina, J. M. (2003) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428103257358 · Cited by 168
Separation of performance-approach and performance-avoidance achievement goals: A broader analysis.
Murayama, K., Elliot, A. J., & Yamagata, S. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021948 · Cited by 166
Further development of YBOCS dimensions in the OCD collaborative genetics study: symptoms vs. categories
Pinto, A., Greenberg, B. D., Grados, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Murphy, D. L., Hasler, G., Stout, R. L., Rauch, S. L., Shugart, Y. Y., et al. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.010 · Cited by 163
The water load test as a measure of gastric interoception: development of a two-stage protocol and application to a healthy female population
van Dyck, Z., Vögele, C., Blechert, J., Lutz, A. P. C., Schulz, A., & Herbert, B. M. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163574 · Cited by 153
Female tokens in high-prestige work groups: Catalysts or inhibitors of group diversification?
Duguid, M. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.009 · Cited by 140
A principal component analysis based three-dimensional sustainability assessment model to evaluate corporate sustainable performance
Jiang, Q., Liu, Z., Liu, W., Li, T., Cong, W., Zhang, H., & Shi, J. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.255 · Cited by 142
Patterns of parent-reported homework problems among ADHD-referred and non-referred children.
Power, T. J., Werba, B. E., Watkins, M. W., Angelucci, J. G., & Eiraldi, R. B. (2006) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1521/scpq.2006.21.1.13 · Cited by 135
Structural validity of the Insomnia Severity Index: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Manzar, M. D., Jahrami, H. A., & Bahammam, A. S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101531 · Cited by 138
On being aware and accepting: A one‐year longitudinal study into adolescent well‐being
Ciarrochi, J., Kashdan, T. B., Leeson, P., Heaven, P., & Jordan, C. (2011) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.09.003 · Cited by 135
Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Japanese psychiatric outpatient and student populations
Matsudaira, T., Igarashi, H., Kikuchi, H., Kano, R., Mitoma, H., Ohuchi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-42 · Cited by 134
Construct validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and Wide Range Intelligence test: Convergent and structural validity
Canivez, G. L., Konold, T. R., Collins, J. M., & Wilson, G. (2009) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0018030 · Cited by 131
Italian version of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Psychometric proprieties and measurement invariance across sex, BMI-status and age
Dakanalis, A., Zanetti, M. A., Clerici, M., Madeddu, F., Riva, G., & Caccialanza, R. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.010 · Cited by 130
The structure of perceived emotional control. Psychometric properties of a revised anxiety control questionnaire
Brown, T. A., White, K. S., Forsyth, J. P., & Barlow, D. H. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80005-4 · Cited by 129

Authors: Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J.
Affiliations: Queen's University (CA)
ORCID: Wegener, Duane T.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1999-09
Volume: 4
Issue: 3
Pages: 272-299
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272
OpenAlex: W1977775666
Cited by: 9,587
References: 128
Citations by year: 2026: 777 · 2025: 658 · 2024: 598 · 2023: 548 · 2022: 538 · 2021: 577 · 2020: 526 · 2019: 528 · 2018: 476 · 2017: 452 · 2016: 461 · 2015: 472 · 2014: 478 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 346
FWCI: 40.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, questionable research practices, methodological recommendations, research integrity, publication practices

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks