Design and validation of a foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis
Open accessAbstract
Retinal prostheses have been developed to fight blindness in people affected by outer retinal layer dystrophies. To date, few hundred patients have received a retinal implant. Inspired by intraocular lenses, we have designed a foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis (named POLYRETINA) capable of stimulating wireless retinal ganglion cells. Here we show that within a visual angle of 46.3 degrees, POLYRETINA embeds 2215 stimulating pixels, of which 967 are in the central area of 5 mm, it is foldable to allow implantation through a small scleral incision, and it has a hemispherical shape to match the curvature of the eye. We demonstrate that it is not cytotoxic and respects optical and thermal safety standards; accelerated ageing shows a lifetime of at least 2 years. POLYRETINA represents significant progress towards the improvement of both visual acuity and visual field with the same device, a current challenging issue in the field.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Achieving a Smart Bionic Eye will require engineering next-generation visual prostheses with large electrode counts and developing sophisticated AI systems.
“Achieving this ambitious goal will certainly require the engineering of next-generation visual prostheses with large electrode counts (Ferlauto et al., 2018; Shah and Chichilnisky, 2020; Chen et al., 2020) and the development of sophisticated AI systems.”
From Towards a <i>Smart Bionic Eye</i> : AI-powered artificial vision for the treatment of incurable blindness (2022) · cites this paper as Ferlauto et al., 2018
POLYRETINA is a high-density wide-field epiretinal prosthesis containing 10,498 photovoltaic pixels distributed over an active area of approximately 43°.
“POLYRETINA is a high-density wide-field epiretinal prosthesis containing 10 498 photovoltaic pixels distributed over an active area of approximately 43 • [38,39,131,132].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
POLYRETINA is a foldable and injectable photovoltaic epiretinal prosthesis that can be safely delivered with a 6 mm size cut through the sclera and conform better to the curvature of the eye.
“To overcome this issue, POLYRETINA is a foldable and injectable photovoltaic epiretinal prosthesis that can be safely delivered with a 6 mm size cut through the sclera and conform better to the curvature of the eye [39,38].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
New developments in organic bioelectronics and photovoltaics showed superior features in conformability, flexibility and stretchability compared to silicon-based technology.
“In particular, new developments in organic bioelectronics and photovoltaics showed superior features in conformability, flexibility and stretchability [38,39] compared to silicon-based technology.”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The fabricated PDMS-interface and dome-shaped PDMS enable matching with the curvature of the eye.
“The fabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-interface and of the dome-shaped PDMS enable to match with the curvature of the eye [Fig.1(e)].”
From From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
A foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis is developed, capable of stimulating wireless retinal ganglion cells.
“For instance, a foldable and photovoltaic wide-field epiretinal prosthesis is developed, capable of stimulating wireless retinal ganglion cells.33”
From From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
Cogan, S. F. (2008) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Unsupervised spike detection and sorting with wavelets and superparamagnetic clustering
Quiroga, R. Q., Nadasdy, Z., & Ben-Shaul, Y. (2004) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976604774201631 · Cited by 2,119 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols
Merrill, D. R., Bikson, M., & Jefferys, J. G. R. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020 · Cited by 2,078 · see citing works
Causes of vision loss worldwide, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis
Bourne, R., Stevens, G. A., White, R. A., Smith, J. L., Flaxman, S. R., Price, H., Jonas, J. B., Keeffe, J. E., Leasher, J. L., Naidoo, K. S., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70113-x · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Electronic dura mater for long-term multimodal neural interfaces
Minev, I. R., Musienko, P., Hirsch, A., Barraud, Q., Wenger, N., Moraud, E. M., Gandar, J., Capogrosso, M., Milekovic, T., Asboth, L., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1260318 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
Retinal degeneration mutants in the mouse
Chang, B., Hawes, N. L., Hurd, R. E., Davisson, M. T., Nusinowitz, S., & Heckenlively, J. R. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00146-8 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words
Zrenner, E., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Benav, H., Besch, D., Bruckmann, A., Gabel, V.-P., Gekeler, F., Greppmaier, U., Harscher, A., Kibbel, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1747 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ANSI 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices
Delori, F. C., Webb, R. H., & Sliney, D. H. (2007) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.24.001250 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high pixel density
Mathieson, K., Loudin, J., Goetz, G. A., Huie, P., Wang, L., Kamins, T. I., Galambos, L., Smith, R., Harris, J. S., Sher, A., et al. (2012) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.104 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Chang, B., Hawes, N. L., Pardue, M. T., German, A. M., Hurd, R. E., Davisson, M. T., Nusinowitz, S., Rengarajan, K., Boyd, A. P., Sidney, S. S., et al. (2007) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.020 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Subretinal visual implant alpha IMS - clinical trial interim report
Stingl, K., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Besch, D., Chee, C. K., Cottriall, C. L., Gekeler, F., Groppe, M., Jackson, T. L., MacLaren, R. E., Koitschev, A., et al. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.001 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System
Luo, Y. H.-L., & da Cruz, L. (2016) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Photovoltaic restoration of sight with high visual acuity
Lorach, H., Goetz, G., Smith, R., Lei, X., Mandel, Y., Kamins, T. I., Mathieson, K., Huie, P., Harris, J. S., Sher, A., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3851 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Design of a high-resolution optoelectronic retinal prosthesis
Palanker, D., Vankov, A., Huie, P., & Baccus, S. A. (2005) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/2/1/012 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
A polymer optoelectronic interface restores light sensitivity in blind rat retinas
Ghezzi, D., Antognazza, M. R., Maccarone, R., Bellani, S., Lanzarini, E., Martino, N., Mete, M., Pertile, G., Bisti, S., Lanzani, G., et al. (2013) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.34 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationA hybrid bioorganic interface for neuronal photoactivation
Ghezzi, D., Antognazza, M. R., Maschio, M. D., Lanzarini, E., Benfenati, F., & Lanzani, G. (2011) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1164 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationA fully organic retinal prosthesis restores vision in a rat model of degenerative blindness
Maya‐Vetencourt, J. F., Ghezzi, D., Antognazza, M. R., Colombo, E., Mete, M., Feyen, P., Desii, A., Buschiazzo, A., Paolo, M. D., Marco, S. D., et al. (2017) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4874 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrical multisite stimulation of the isolated chicken retina
Stett, A., Barth, W., Weiss, S., Haemmerle, H., & Zrenner, E. (2000) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00005-5 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Accelerated aging for testing polymeric biomaterials and medical devices
Hukins, D. W. L., Mahomed, A., & Kukureka, S. N. (2008) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.06.001 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Mobility performance with a pixelized vision system.
Cha, K., Horch, K. W., & Normann, R. A. (1992) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(92)90229-c · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Dorn, J. D., Ahuja, A. K., Caspi, A., da Cruz, L., Dagnelie, G., Sahel, J.-A., Greenberg, R. J., McMahon, M. J., & Argus II Study Group, F. T. (2013) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/2013.jamaophthalmol.221 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Improving the spatial resolution of epiretinal implants by increasing stimulus pulse duration
Weitz, A. C., Nanduri, D., Behrend, M. R., Gonzalez-Calle, A., Greenberg, R. J., Humayun, M. S., Chow, R. H., & Weiland, J. D. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4877 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Boinagrov, D., Pangratz-Fuehrer, S., Goetz, G., & Palanker, D. (2014) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/11/2/026008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Real and virtual mobility performance in simulated prosthetic vision
Dagnelie, G., Keane, P. A., Narla, V., Yang, L., Weiland, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2007) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/4/1/s11 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Thresholds for activation of rabbit retinal ganglion cells with a subretinal electrode
Jensen, R. J., & Rizzo, J. F. (2006) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.01.012 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Bareket, L., Waiskopf, N., Rand, D., Lubin, G., David‐Pur, M., Ben-Dov, J., Roy, S., Eleftheriou, C. G., Sernagor, E., Cheshnovsky, O., et al. (2014) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl5034304 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Elastomeric substrates with embedded stiff platforms for stretchable electronics
Romeo, A., Liu, Q., Suo, Z., & Lacour, S. P. (2013) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4799653 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Temporal properties of visual perception on electrical stimulation of the retina
Pérez Fornos, A., Sommerhalder, J., da Cruz, L., Sahel, J. A., Mohand-Said, S., Hafezi, F., & Pelizzone, M. (2012) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9344 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Light damage to the retina: an historical approach
Norren, D. V., & Vos, J. J. (2015) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2015.218 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Resolution of the epiretinal prosthesis is not limited by electrode size
Behrend, M. R., Ahuja, A. K., Humayun, M. S., Chow, R. H., & Weiland, J. D. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2140132 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Area dependent efficiency of organic solar cells
Gupta, D., Bag, M., & Narayan, K. S. (2008) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.2998540 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Antognazza, M. R., Paolo, M. D., Ghezzi, D., Mete, M., Marco, S. D., Maya‐Vetencourt, J. F., Maccarone, R., Desii, A., Fonzo, F. D., Bramini, M., et al. (2016) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201600318 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinal prostheses: progress toward the next generation implants
Ghezzi, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00290 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationPosterior Eye Shape Measurement With Retinal OCT Compared to MRI
Kuo, A. N., Verkicharla, P. K., McNabb, R. P., Cheung, C. Y.-L., Hilal, S., Farsiu, S., Chen, C., Wong, T. Y., Ikram, M. K., Cheng, C., et al. (2016) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-18886 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fornos, A. P., Sommerhalder, J., Rappaz, B., Safran, A. B., & Pelizzone, M. (2005) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1173 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ten-Year Follow-up of a Blind Patient Chronically Implanted with Epiretinal Prosthesis Argus I
Lan, Y., Falabella, P., Christopher, P., Wuyyuru, V., Dorn, J. D., Schor, P., Greenberg, R. J., Weiland, J. D., & Humayun, M. S. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.08.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Intravitreal Injection of Normal Saline Induces Retinal Degeneration in the C57BL/6J Mouse
Hombrebueno, J. R., Luo, C., Guo, L., Chen, M., & Xu, H. (2014) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.3.2.3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Photovoltaic Pixels for Neural Stimulation: Circuit Models and Performance
Boinagrov, D., Lei, X., Goetz, G. A., Kamins, T. I., Mathieson, K., Galambos, L., Harris, J. S., & Palanker, D. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2014.2376528 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
SiC protective coating for photovoltaic retinal prosthesis
Lei, X., Kane, S. R., Cogan, S. F., Lorach, H., Galambos, L., Huie, P., Mathieson, K., Kamins, T. I., Harris, J. S., & Palanker, D. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046016 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Diamond Devices for High Acuity Prosthetic Vision
Ahnood, A., Hamish Meffin, A., Garrett, D. J., Fox, K. E., Ganesan, K., Stacey, A. D., Apollo, N. V., Wong, Y. T., Lichter, S. G., Kentler, W. G., et al. (2016) · Advanced Biosystems · doi:10.1002/adbi.201600003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Active confocal imaging for visual prostheses
Jung, J., Aloni, D., Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B., & Eli Peli, A. (2014) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.10.023 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Development of very large electrode arrays for epiretinal stimulation (VLARS)
Waschkowski, F., Hesse, S., Rieck, A. C., Lohmann, T., Brockmann, C., Laube, T., Bornfeld, N., Thumann, G., Walter, P., Mokwa, W., et al. (2014) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/1475-925x-13-11 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Toward a wide-field retinal prosthesis
Ameri, H., Ratanapakorn, T., Ufer, S., Eckhardt, H., Humayun, M. S., & Weiland, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/035002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Retinal safety of near infrared radiation in photovoltaic restoration of sight.
Lorach, H., Wang, J., Lee, D. Y., Dalal, R., Huie, P., & Palanker, D. (2016) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.7.000013 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Implantation of modular photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis
Lee, D. Y., Lorach, H., Huie, P., & Palanker, D. (2016) · Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina · doi:10.3928/23258160-20160126-11 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Chapter 1—restoring vision to the blind: the new age of implanted visual prostheses
(2014) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.3.7.3 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tumbleston, J. R., Ko, D.-H., Samulski, E. T., & López, R. (2010) · Physical Review B · doi:10.1103/physrevb.82.205325 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Organic Bioelectronics: From Functional Materials to Next‐Generation Devices and Power Sources
Ohayon, D., & Inal, S. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202001439 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Lee, S., Shi, Q., & Lee, C. (2019) · APL Materials · doi:10.1063/1.5063498 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Wireless Sensors for Wearable Electronics
Park, Y., Lee, S.-I., & Park, J. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19204353 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Ejneby, M. S., Jakešová, M., Ferrero, J. J., Migliaccio, L., Sahalianov, I. Y., Zhao, Z., Magnus Berggren, A., Khodagholy, D., Đerek, V., Gelinas, J. N., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00817-7 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Wang, J., He, T., & Lee, C. (2019) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104039 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
In Vivo Organic Bioelectronics for Neuromodulation
Magnus Berggren, A., Głowacki, E. D., Simon, D. T., Stavrinidou, E., & Tybrandt, K. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00390 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Optoelectronic control of single cells using organic photocapacitors
Jakešová, M., Ejneby, M. S., Đerek, V., Schmidt, T., Gryszel, M., Brask, J., Schindl, R., Simon, D. T., Magnus Berggren, A., Elinder, F., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav5265 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Electroactive material-based biosensors for detection and drug delivery
Olvera, D., & Monaghan, M. G. (2020) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2020.09.011 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Conformable hybrid systems for implantable bioelectronic interfaces
Fallegger, F., Schiavone, G., & Lacour, S. P. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201903904 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Chenais, N. A. L., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-021-00133-2 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationMonolithic silicon for high spatiotemporal translational photostimulation
Li, P., Zhang, J., Hayashi, H., Yue, J., Li, W., Yang, C., Sun, C., Shi, J., Huberman-Shlaes, J., Hibino, N., et al. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07016-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Conjugated Polymer for Implantable Electronics toward Clinical Application
Liu, Y., Feig, V. R., & Bao, Z. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202001916 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Establishing Stability in Organic Semiconductor Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Production
Yao, L., Guijarro, N., Boudoire, F., Liu, Y., Rahmanudin, A., Wells, R. A., Sekar, A., Cho, H., Yum, J., Formal, F. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c00126 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationLehane, R. A., Gamero‐Quijano, A., Malijauskaite, S., Holzinger, A., Conroy, M., Laffir, F. R., Kumar, A., Bangert, U., McGourty, K., & Scanlon, M. D. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c12373 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ferlauto, L., D’Angelo, A. N., Vagni, P., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Mor, F. M., Cuttaz, E. A., Heuschkel, M. O., Stoppini, L., & Ghezzi, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00648 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatially selective activation of the visual cortex via intraneural stimulation of the optic nerve
Gaillet, V., Cutrone, A., Artoni, F., Vagni, P., Mega Pratiwi, A., Romero, S. A., Lipucci Di Paola, D., Micera, S., & Ghezzi, D. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0446-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf‐Unfolding Flexible Microelectrode Arrays Based on Shape Memory Polymers
Wang, J., Zhao, Q., Wang, Y., Zeng, Q., Wu, T., & Du, X. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900566 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Emerging approaches for restoration of hearing and vision
Kleinlogel, S., Vogl, C., Jeschke, M., Neef, J., & Moser, T. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2019 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Retinal Prostheses: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives for Vision Restoration
Wu, K. Y., Mina, M., Sahyoun, J.-Y., Kalevar, A., & Tran, S. D. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23135782 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Photovoltaic organic interface for neuronal stimulation in the near-infrared
Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Chenais, N. A. L., Ferlauto, L., Kawecki, M., Zollinger, E. G., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-020-0023-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationNoninvasive Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves using Temporally‐Interfering Electrical Fields
Botzanowski, B., Donahue, M. J., Ejneby, M. S., Gallina, A. L., Ngom, I., Missey, F., Acerbo, E., Byun, D., Carron, R., Cassara, A. M., et al. (2022) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202200075 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Higgins, S. G., Fiego, A. L., Patrick, I., Creamer, A., & Stevens, M. M. (2020) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202000384 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
POLYRETINA restores light responses in vivo in blind Göttingen minipigs
Vagni, P., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Vila, C.-H., Zollinger, E. G., Sherafatipour, G., Wolfensberger, T. J., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31180-z · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Frontier of Peripheral Nerve and Organ Interfaces
Shahriari, D., Rosenfeld, D., & Anikeeva, P. (2020) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.025 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Inherited retinal disease in Norway – a characterization of current clinical and genetic knowledge
Holtan, J. P., Selmer, K. K., Heimdal, K., & Bragadóttir, R. (2019) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14218 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Electrical Stimulation of Neurons with Quantum Dots via Near-Infrared Light
Karatum, O., Kaleli, H. N., Eren, G. O., Şahin, A., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c01989 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Photoactive Organic Substrates for Cell Stimulation: Progress and Perspectives
Hopkins, J., Travaglini, L., Lauto, A., Cramer, T., Fraboni, B., Seidel, J., & Mawad, D. (2019) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201800744 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Karatum, O., Gwak, M.-J., Hyun, J., Önal, A., Koirala, G. R., Kim, T., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d2cs01020h · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Xia, Y., Geng, C., Bi, X., Li, M., Zhu, Y., Yao, Z., Wan, X., Li, G., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202301518 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
An update on visual prosthesis
Ramirez, K. A., Drew-Bear, L. E., Vega-Garces, M. I., Belandria, H. B., & Arévalo, J. F. (2023) · International Journal of Retina and Vitreous · doi:10.1186/s40942-023-00498-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wireless phototherapeutic contact lenses and glasses with red light-emitting diodes
Park, Y., Cha, E., An, H. S., Lee, K., Song, M. H., Kim, H. K., & Park, J. (2019) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-019-2595-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Paltrinieri, T., Bondi, L., Đerek, V., Fraboni, B., Głowacki, E. D., & Cramer, T. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202010116 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Deep Learning–Based Scene Simplification for Bionic Vision
Han, N., Srivastava, S., Xu, A., Klein, D., & Beyeler, M. (2021) · Augmented Humans Conference 2021 · doi:10.1145/3458709.3458982 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges
Borda, E., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationImplantation of electronic visual prosthesis for blindness restoration
Jang, J., Kim, H., Song, Y. M., & Park, J. (2019) · Optical Materials Express · doi:10.1364/ome.9.003878 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
State‐of‐the‐Art Electronic Materials for Thin Films in Bioelectronics
Gablech, I., & Głowacki, E. D. (2023) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.202300258 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Joseph, E., Ciocca, M., Wu, H., Marcozzi, S., Ucci, M. A., Keremane, K. S., Zheng, L., Poudel, B., Wu, C., Camaioni, A., et al. (2024) · npj Biosensing · doi:10.1038/s44328-024-00015-w · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Abdullaeva, O. S., Balzer, F., Schulz, M., Parisi, J., Lützen, A., Dedek, K., & Schiek, M. (2018) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201805177 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Organic semiconductors for light-mediated neuromodulation
Medagoda, D. I., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-021-00217-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRetinal Organoids and Retinal Prostheses: An Overview
Bellapianta, A., Cetkovic, A., Bolz, M., & Salti, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23062922 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vertical-junction photodiodes for smaller pixels in retinal prostheses
Huang, T., Kamins, T. I., Chen, Z., Wang, B.-Y., Bhuckory, M. B., Galambos, L., Ho, E., Ling, T., Afshar, S., Shin, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abe6b8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Noninvasive Ultrasound Retinal Stimulation for Vision Restoration at High Spatiotemporal Resolution
Qian, X., Lu, G., Thomas, B. B., Li, R., Chen, X., Shung, K. K., Humayun, M. S., & Zhou, Q. (2022) · BME Frontiers · doi:10.34133/2022/9829316 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Photovoltaic neurointerface based on aluminum antimonide nanocrystals
Han, M., Jalali, H. B., Yıldız, E., Qureshi, M. H., Şahin, A., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2021) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-021-00123-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nanoengineering InP Quantum Dot-Based Photoactive Biointerfaces for Optical Control of Neurons
Karatum, O., Aria, M. M., Eren, G. O., Yıldız, E., Melikov, R., Srivastava, S. B., Sürme, S., Dogru-Yuksel, I. B., Jalali, H. B., Ülgüt, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.652608 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Transient electronics: new opportunities for implantable neurotechnology
Fanelli, A., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyeler, M., & Sanchez-Garcia, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aca69d · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Achieving this ambitious goal will certainly require the engineering of next-generation visual prostheses with large electrode counts (Ferlauto et al 2018, Chen et al 2020, Shah and Chichilnisky 2020) and the development of sophisticated AI systems.”
Thorn, J. T., Migliorini, E., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abb5bc · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationPoly(3-hexylthiophene) as a versatile semiconducting polymer for cutting-edge bioelectronics
Aziz, I. A., Tullii, G., Antognazza, M. R., & Criado‐Gonzalez, M. (2025) · Materials Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5mh00096c · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Retinal Stimulator ASIC Architecture Based on a Joint Power and Data Optical Link
Lemaire, W., Benhouria, M., Koua, K., Besrour, M., Gauthier, L.-P., Martin-Hardy, G., Rossignol, T., Roy, S., & Fontaine, R. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2020.3045141 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review
Ahnood, A., Chambers, A., Gelmi, A. A., Yong, K., & Kavehei, O. (2023) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d2cs00830k · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lu, G., Gong, C., Sun, Y., Qian, X., Nair, D. S. R., Li, R., Zeng, Y., Ji, J., Zhang, J., Kang, H., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48683-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Advanced Sensory Hardware for Intelligent Eye‐Machine Interfacing: from Wearables to Bionics
Wang, Z., Li, S., & Shen, G. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202503519 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Micro/Nano Technologies for High-Density Retinal Implant
Zeng, Q., Zhao, S., Yang, H., Zhang, Y., & Wu, T. (2019) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi10060419 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Extracellular Photovoltage Clamp Using Conducting Polymer‐Modified Organic Photocapacitors
Ejneby, M. S., Migliaccio, L., Gicevičius, M., Đerek, V., Jakešová, M., Elinder, F., & Głowacki, E. D. (2020) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.201900860 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Photochemistry of Organic Retinal Prostheses
Manfredi, G., Colombo, E., Barsotti, J., Benfenati, F., & Lanzani, G. (2019) · Annual Review of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052445 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab3913 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in conductive hydrogels for neural recording and stimulation
Dawit, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., & Pei, R. (2024) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d4bm00048j · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The very large electrode array for retinal stimulation (VLARS)—A concept study
Lohmann, T., Haiss, F., Schaffrath, K., Schnitzler, A. C., Waschkowski, F., Barz, C. S., van der Meer, A.-M., Werner, C., Johnen, S., Laube, T., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab4113 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A computational model of phosphene appearance for epiretinal prostheses
Granley, J., & Beyeler, M. (2021) · 2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629663 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ciocca, M., Giannakou, P., Mariani, P., Cinà, L., Carlo, A. D., Tas, M. O., Asari, H., Marcozzi, S., Camaioni, A., Shkunov, M. N., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77819-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Chenais, N. A. L., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abcd6f · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationBruno, U., Mariano, A., Rana, D., Gemmeke, T., Musall, S., & Santoro, F. (2023) · Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering · doi:10.1088/2634-4386/acc683 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rasla, A., & Beyeler, M. (2022) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3562939.3565620 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Transparent Molecular Adhesive Enabling Mechanically Stable ITO Thin Films
Bok, S., Seok, H., Kim, Y. A., Park, J., Kim, J., Kang, J., Kim, H., & Lim, B. (2021) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c20582 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Immersive Virtual Reality Simulations of Bionic Vision
Kasowski, J., & Beyeler, M. (2022) · Augmented Humans 2022 · doi:10.1145/3519391.3522752 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Conformable neural interface based on off-stoichiometry thiol-ene-epoxy thermosets
Borda, E., Medagoda, D. I., Leccardi, M. J. I. A., Zollinger, E. G., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121979 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical mechanisms of emerging neuromodulation modalities
Karatum, O., Han, M., Erdoğan, E. T., Karamürsel, S., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acd870 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Im, M., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab8ca9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
All‐Printed Electrocorticography Array for In Vivo Neural Recordings
Borda, E., Ferlauto, L., Schleuniger, J., Mustaccio, A., Lütolf, F., Lücke, A., Fricke, S., Marjanović, N., & Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.201901403 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationHighly Branched Au Superparticles as Efficient Photothermal Transducers for Optical Neuromodulation
Cheng, X., Li, W., Wang, Y., Weng, K., Xing, Y., Huang, Y., Sheng, X., Yao, J., Zhang, H., & Li, J. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c07163 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nanotechnology for vision restoration
Lanzani, G., Chiaravalli, G., Colombo, E., Manfredi, G., Marco, S. D., Vurro, V., & Benfenati, F. (2024) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-024-00210-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wang, C., Fang, C., Zou, Y., Yang, J., & Sawan, M. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acb295 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adaptive Interfacial Materials and Implants for Visual Restoration
Zhu, X., Wang, F., Zhao, Q., & Du, X. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202314575 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Vėbraitė, I., & Hanein, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Medical Technology · doi:10.3389/fmedt.2021.675744 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shape Morphable Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayer for Implanted Retinal Electronics
Zhou, M., Kang, D. H., Kim, J., & Weiland, J. D. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11040392 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Song, X., Qiu, S., Shivdasani, M. N., Zhou, F., Liu, Z., Ma, S., Chai, X., Chen, Y., Cai, X., Guo, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac5b18 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Implantable Neural Interfaces for Multimodal Electrical Neuromodulation
Wang, L., Liu, S., Zhao, W., Li, J., Zeng, H., Kang, S., Sheng, X., Wang, L., Fan, Y., & Yin, L. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202303316 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A Current Development of Energy Harvesting Systems for Energy-Independent Bioimplantable Biosensors.
Choi, H., Biswas, S., Lang, P., Bae, J., & Kim, H. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202403899 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Yuhong, Z., Liu, X., Ma, J., Wang, Z., Jiang, H., Sun, C., Jeong, D., Guan, H., & Chu, B. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c12460 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Translation of a photovoltaic retinal prosthesis
Ghezzi, D. (2020) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-020-0520-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationSchaffrath, K., Lohmann, T., Seifert, J., Ingensiep, C., Raffelberg, P., Waschkowski, F., Viga, R., Kokozinski, R., Mokwa, W., Johnen, S., et al. (2021) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-021-00938-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fabrication of Subretinal 3D Microelectrodes with Hexagonal Arrangement
Seo, H. W., Kim, N., & Kim, S. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11050467 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Questions about the role of P3HT nanoparticles in retinal stimulation
Palanker, D., Głowacki, E. D., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-021-01044-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors affecting two-point discrimination in argus II patients
Yücel, E. I., Sadeghi, R., Kartha, A., Montezuma, S. R., Dagnelie, G., Rokem, A., Boynton, G. M., Fine, I., & Beyeler, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.901337 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Srivastava, S. B., Melikov, R., Yıldız, E., Han, M., Şahin, A., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2020) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.396068 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Artificial Visual Information Produced by Retinal Prostheses
Kim, S., Roh, H., & Im, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.911754 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A chronic photocapacitor implant for noninvasive neurostimulation with deep red lightPreprint
Ejneby, M. S., Jakešová, M., Ferrero, J. J., Migliaccio, L., Zhao, Z., Magnus Berggren, A., Khodagholy, D., Đerek, V., Gelinas, J. N., & Głowacki, E. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.01.182113 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sherwood, C. P., Crovador, R., Posar, J. A., Brichta, N. M., Simunovic, M. P., Louie, F., Dastoor, P. C., Brichta, A. M., Cairney, J. M., Holmes, N. P., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials Interfaces · doi:10.1002/admi.202202229 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Borda, E., Gaillet, V., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Zollinger, E. G., Moreira, R. C., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6d7e · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThorn, J. T., Chenais, N. A. L., Hinrichs, S., Chatelain, M., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac5a5c · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationSemantic translation of face image with limited pixels for simulated prosthetic vision
Xia, X., He, X., Lu, F., Pan, X., Li, N., Zhang, J., Pang, X., Yu, F., & Ding, N. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.07.094 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cetkovic, A., Bellapianta, A., Irimia‐Vladu, M., Hofinger, J., Yumusak, C., Corna, A., Scharber, M. C., Zeck, G. M., Sariçiftçi, N. S., Bolz, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158666 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Moorthy, V. M., Sugantharathnam, M., Rathnasami, J. D., & Pattan, S. (2019) · Micro & Nano Letters · doi:10.1049/mnl.2019.0030 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perovskite‐Based Optoelectronic Biointerfaces for Non‐Bias‐Assisted Photostimulation of Cells
Aria, M. M., Srivastava, S. B., Şekerdağ, E., Dikbas, U. M., Sadeghi, S., Pering, S. R., Cameron, P. J., Özdemir, Y., Kavaklı, İ. H., & Nizamoğlu, S. (2019) · Advanced Materials Interfaces · doi:10.1002/admi.201900758 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
High-Capacity, Fast-Response, and Photocapacitor-Based Terpolymer Phosphor Composite
Mokni, M., Pedroli, F., D’Ambrogio, G., Le, M., Cottinet, P., & Capsal, J. (2020) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym12020349 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gaillet, V., Borda, E., Zollinger, E. G., & Ghezzi, D. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf523 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCoupling of photovoltaics with neurostimulation electrodes—optical to electrolytic transduction
Jakešová, M., Kunovský, O., Gablech, I., Khodagholy, D., Gelinas, J. N., & Głowacki, E. D. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad593d · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ultrathin rubbery bio-optoelectronic stimulators for untethered cardiac stimulation
Rao, Z., Ershad, F., Guan, Y., Mesquita, F., da Costa, E. C., Morales‐Garza, M. A., Moctezuma-Ramirez, A., Kan, B., Lu, Y., Patel, S. B., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq5061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kang, J. H., Jang, Y. J., Kim, T., Lee, B. C., Lee, S. H., & Im, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3048973 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The role of the visual field size in artificial vision
Ghezzi, D. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acc7cd · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Ferlauto, L., Airaghi Leccardi, M. J. I., Chenais, N. A. L., Gilliéron, S. C. A., Vagni, P., Bevilacqua, M., Wolfensberger, T. J., Sivula, K., & Ghezzi, D.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules-Gonin (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Ghezzi, Diego
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2018-03-08
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 992-992
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5843635
- OpenAlex
- W2791025612
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 8.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Velux Stiftung
- European Commission (701632)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- Fondation Pierre Mercier
- Fondation Pierre Mercier pour la Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- epiretinal prosthesis, blindness, accelerated aging, visual field restoration, visual acuity
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Prosthesis Design, Retina, Visual Acuity, Prosthesis Implantation, Visual Prosthesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
