The DOI matches its Crossref record; 232 of the 232 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 246 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions†
Open accessAbstract
The survey focuses on recent aspects of photochemical reactions to cellular DNA that are implicated through the predominant formation of mostly bipyrimidine photoproducts in deleterious effects of human exposure to sunlight. Recent developments in analytical methods have allowed accurate and quantitative measurements of the main DNA photoproducts in cells and human skin. Highly mutagenic CC and CT bipyrimidine photoproducts, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6‐4PPs) are generated in low yields with respect to TT and TC photoproducts. Another striking finding deals with the formation of Dewar valence isomers, the third class of bipyrimidine photoproducts that is accounted for by UVA‐mediated isomerization of initially UVB generated 6‐4PPs. Cyclobutadithymine (T<>T) has been unambiguously shown to be involved in the genotoxicity of UVA radiation. Thus, T<>T is formed in UVA‐irradiated cellular DNA according to a direct excitation mechanism with a higher efficiency than oxidatively generated DNA damage that arises mostly through the Type II photosensitization mechanism. C<>C and C<>T are repaired at rates intermediate between those of T<>T and 6‐4TT. Evidence has been also provided for the occurrence of photosensitized reactions mediated by exogenous agents that act either in an independent way or through photodynamic effects.
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“It is now well documented that DNA is the main critical cellular macromolecule for determining the carcinogenic effects of solar radiation (7)(8)(9).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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“Overall cumulated dose is a good predictor of induction of squamous cell carcinoma and lip cancers (1).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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In the paper
“In contrast, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma incidence appears to be mostly related to intermittent exposure to solar light during childhood and adolescence (1), although the situation for melanoma appears to be more complex (2).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Occupational and recreational exposure of humans to UVB and UVA radiations present in sunlight represents a major environmental risk factor for the development of skin cancers.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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“Another early relevant finding dealt with the isolation of a second thymine dimeric photoproduct in UVC-irradiated thymidylyl-(3¢-5¢)-thymidine (TpT) (25) that has been identified as a pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproduct (6-4PP) (26,27).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“with the observation of UVB-induced C fi T transition and CC fi TT mutations at bipyrimidine sites in p53 genes of skin tumors (8,15).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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“T< >T has been shown later to be the predominant DNA photoproduct induced in cellular DNA upon UVB and solar irradiation (22).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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- Not checked yetcites [22] source
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In the paper
“DNA damage induced by UVB radiation is dominated by bipyrimidine photoproducts (22).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVB-induced CPDs and 6-4PPs
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- Not checked yetcites [22] source
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“The formation of oxidation products, more specifically 8-oxodGuo, is also induced in cellular DNA upon exposure to UVB radiation however in a low yield that is 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of either CPDs or 6-4PPs (32).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVB-induced CPDs and 6-4PPs
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- Not checked yetcites [32] source
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In the paper
“The formation of these photoproducts results from the presence of a pyrimidone moiety in 6-4PPs that may absorb photons with a maximal efficiency around 320 nm.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Main properties of the photoproducts.
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In the paper
“Nanoparticles (ca 100 nm or smaller) of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), a white pigment, are widely used for various industrial purposes, including the design of sun blockers and other cosmetic products (187,188).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [187] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Titanium Dioxide section says TiO2 nanoparticles are used in cosmetic sunscreens and calls that use one of the most widely used early nanotechnology applications. It does not establish widespread use in other cosmetic products; its reference to TiO2 as a white pigment in cosmetics concerns the larger, micronized form, not nanoparticles. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked yetcites [188] source
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In the paper
“Other earlier striking findings concerning UVAinduced DNA photoproducts dealt with the identification of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) (29,30) and oxidatively generated damage (30)(31)(32), including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2¢deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) (31) in cellular DNA.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Another indirect evidence for the implication of photoinduced damage to DNA in carcinogenicity is provided by the high incidence of skin tumors in most of the complementation groups A-G of xeroderma pigmentosum patients (17,18) who suffer from deficiencies in nucleotide excision repair (19).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Other photoproducts such as cytosine hydrates (41,42) or adenine-containing dimers (43,44) have been isolated in model systems but their yields are 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of bipyrimidine photoproducts in double-stranded (ds) DNA.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVB-induced CPDs and 6-4PPs
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In the paper
“The half reaction time is in the range of a few hours for isolated photoproducts and slightly less in ds DNA.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Main properties of the photoproducts.
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In the paper
“This reaction in DNA is mediated via singlet excited state as shown by the complete absence of formation of 6-4PPs upon photosensitized triplet state energy transfer.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVB-induced CPDs and 6-4PPs
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In the paper
“and by the fact that 6-4PPs, although highly mutagenic, are efficiently removed by repair systems.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVB-induced CPDs and 6-4PPs
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In the paper
“Surprisingly, it was also reported that the 6-4TT lacking the internal phosphodiester bond is not able to undergo photorearrangement into the related Dewar valence isomer upon white light irradiation, suggesting that the DNA backbone could favor the photoisomerization of 6-4PPs.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Main properties of the photoproducts.
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In the paper
“In contrast, CT and CC sites are much less susceptible to UVB-mediated reactions that lead mostly to the formation of CPDs.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
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In the paper
“The yield of bipyrimidine photoproducts is much lower in skin than in cells, although the distribution of photoproducts is similar (61).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
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In the paper
“In contrast, the frequency of 6-4PPs decreases and DEWs can be detected in significant amounts while they are not present when cells are only exposed to UVB (Fig. 2).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
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In the paper
“The TC sequences also show fair reactivity with both T< >C and 6-4TC being produced in similar yields.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
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In the paper
“Sequencing techniques showed that methylated CpG sites were more prone to photoproduct formation (72) and were mutational hotspots, likely as the result of deamination (73).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72]
- Not checked yetcites [73] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Evidence has also been provided for the enhanced efficiency of photoreactions in telomeres (70) with the possible formation of interstrand lesions in the quadruplex region (71).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Distribution of photoproducts in DNA.
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In the paper
“The latter intermediate quantitatively rearranges within ds DNA into 8-hydroxyperoxyguanine (39,99) that is further reduced into 8-oxoGua (Fig. 5), the exclusive 1 O 2 oxidation product (39,100,101).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > The diversity of DNA photo-oxidation mechanisms
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In the paper
“However, it is now established that 1 O 2 has no ability to cleave the DNA backbone and that earlier observations concerning formation of DNA nicks would be explained by the occurrence of secondary oxidation of 8-oxoGua that is about 100-fold more reactive than guanine toward 1 O 2 .”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > The diversity of DNA photo-oxidation mechanisms
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In the paper
“It may be added, although being a much lower process than in the UVC and UVB ranges, that absorption of UVA photons by DNA is a well-documented fact (94) that was recently shown to be driven by the stacking of bases in the double helix (95,96).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-induced CPDs
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boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, neither UVB nor UVA photons provide enough energy to directly enable one-electron oxidation of DNA bases, although the double-stranded structure lowers the ionization potentials of the nucleobases.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-INDUCED OXIDATION REACTIONS (ENDOGENOUS PHOTOSENSITIZERS)
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In the paper
“The singlet excited states arising from initial UVA photon absorption that are characterized by a marked charge transfer state appear to be quite different from those induced by UVB irradiation (95).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-induced CPDs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While bipyrimidine photoproducts are produced by direct excitation of the DNA bases, the formation of oxidatively generated lesions including 8-oxoGua obeys indirect photosensitized mechanisms (Fig. 4).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-INDUCED OXIDATION REACTIONS (ENDOGENOUS PHOTOSENSITIZERS)
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In the paper
“The unique target among DNA components is guanine that is converted into a 4,8-endoperoxide through 1 O 2mediated-Diels Alder [4+2] photocycloaddition reaction.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > The diversity of DNA photo-oxidation mechanisms
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In the paper
“A second possible DNA photosensitization pathway involves one-electron oxidation by excited chromophores, also known as the Type I photosensitization mechanism.The efficiency of this reaction is driven by the oxidation potential of the photosensitizers that preferentially act on guanine.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > The diversity of DNA photo-oxidation mechanisms
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In the paper
“In the case of UVA, • OH results from the fate of far less reactive O 2”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Hydroxyl radical-mediated DNA damage.
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In the paper
“Interestingly, it was shown that UVA leads to the release of iron from ferritin, therefore potentiating emergence of Fenton reactions (107).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > •)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [107] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The second most frequent UVA-induced DNA oxidatively generated lesions are strand breaks that are formed in an approximately three-time lower yield than oxidized purines.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-mediated oxidatively generated DNA damage in cells
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In the paper
“Subsequently, O 2 •) can be converted by spontaneous or more likely by superoxide dismutase-driven dismutation into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).The latter species is the direct precursor of • OH upon reaction with reduced transition metal ions such as Fe 2+ or Cu + in a chemical process known as the Fenton reaction.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > •)
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In the paper
“Upon loss of an electron, guanine is converted into a radical cation (Gua •+ ) that may undergo hydration with subsequent conversion to reducing the 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydroguanyl radical.The latter transient radical is subsequently converted to 8-oxoGua and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua) by competitive one-electron oxidation and one-electron reduction, respectively.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > The diversity of DNA photo-oxidation mechanisms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As already mentioned, DNA only absorbs slightly in the lower part of the UVA range of solar radiation up to 340 nm, leading mostly to the formation of cis-syn T<>T through delocalization of excited state transients on several nucleobases (95,96).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > SENSITIZED REACTIONS TO UVA RADIATION BY EXOGENOUS COMPOUNDS
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In the paper
“Therefore, an increase in laser pulse intensity is accompanied with a decrease in the quantum yield of CPDs and 6-4PPs.In contrast, the level of 8-oxoGua, the main DNA oxidation product, and of other oxidized bases including 8-oxoAde, ThyGl, 5-HmUra and 5-FoUra increases (128).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > IONIZATION OF NUCLEOBASES BY HIGH-INTENSITY UVC LASER PULSES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Exposure of cells to low linear energy transfer ionizing radiation like X-or c-rays that act mostly through the production of • OH gives rise to strand breaks and oxidized bases in a 1.3:1 ratio while the formation yields of purine and pyrimidine oxidation products are similar.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > UVA-mediated oxidatively generated DNA damage in cells
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In the paper
“Furocoumarins including bifunctional 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) are still used in the so-called ''psoralen plus UVA (PUVA)'' therapy of rather frequent hyperproliferative skin diseases, including psoriasis and vitiligo (153-155).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Photocyloaddition reactions of psoralen derivatives
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Major mechanistic insights into the mechanisms of [2+2] photocycloaddition of furocoumarin derivatives to the 5,6-double bond of thymidine, the major target of these oxygen-independent photoreactions, have been gained from extensive model studies (35,(161)(162)(163).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Photocyloaddition reactions of psoralen derivatives
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other applications of psoralen derivatives deal with the photopheresis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (156-158) and the photoinactivation of pathogens in plasma and platelet components (159,160).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Photocyloaddition reactions of psoralen derivatives
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The repair rate of ICLs that is rather slow, requiring at least 24 h to be completed, was found to decrease with an increase in the concentration of 8-MOP (164).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Photocyloaddition reactions of psoralen derivatives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The fast disappearance in the postincubation repair period of the two diastereomers with a half-life of about 90 min would suggest implication of the base excision repair pathway for their enzymatic removal.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Photocyloaddition reactions of psoralen derivatives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among fluoroquinolones (for recent reviews, see Lhiaubet ), lomefloxacin and, to a lesser extent, enoxacin act as predominant Type I photosensitizers whereas ofloxacin and norfloxacin react with DNA mainly through 1 O 2 oxidation (93).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It was subsequently confirmed that ofloxacin oxidized predominantly DNA mostly through the Type II mechanism (177) as also shown for norfloxacin (178).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“UVA-excited TiO 2 has been shown to generate 1 O 2 (189), O 2) and also highly reactive • OH either through reduction of surface hydroxyl group by valence bond holes (190) or by Fenton type reactions (191).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“• OH has been also proposed to explain the increased level of oxidatively generated damage to DNA measured as Fpgsensitive sites in the DNA of UVA-irradiated goldfish skin GFSk-S1 cells pretreated with TiO 2 nanoparticles (202).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [202] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thiopurines including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6thioguanine (6-TG) are widely used in cancer therapy, for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and as immunosuppressants (204,205).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204]
- Not checked yetcites [205] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin that is mostly localized in the nuclei of human leukemia HL-60 cells as inferred from confocal fluorescence microscopy is able to UVA sensitize the formation of 8-oxoGua through predominant Type II photosensitization mechanisms (186).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, protoporphyrin IX derived from 5-aminolevulinic acid and whose preferential localization was observed in the cytoplasm was found to generate only small amounts of 8-oxoGua upon UVA illumination (186).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Photoexcited TiO 2 exhibits strong bactericidal activity (191)(192)(193)(194) and genotoxicity (195)(196)(197)(198) on various cells as mostly the result of oxidative stress.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidation reactions mediated by photosensitizers
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is explained by the metabolization and incorporation of thiopurines into DNA as 6-thio-2¢-deoxyguanosine, an efficient endogenous Type I and Type II photosensitizer absorbing in the UVA range with a maximum at 342 nm (209).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [209] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some of the proposed structures of DPCs formed between oligonucleotides and short peptides involve covalent binding of highly reactive 6-TG with cysteine residues through the generation of a disulfide (214).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Free peptide amino groups were also suggested to participate in the 6-TG-mediated formation of DPCs.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“4-Thiothymine (S4Thy), a thymine analog absorbing in the UVA range with a maximum centered around 340 nm is able to efficiently incorporate into the DNA of dividing cells (225,226).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the DPCs that were generated in cellular DNA were resistant to reduction treatment in contrast to those formed in model studies (214), ruling out the possible structures that were discussed above.”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to water that was found initially to efficiently react with Gua •+ (218), several amino acids bearing a nucleophilic group, including lysine, arginine and serine were shown to covalent bind to the C8 of guanine (111,216).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This was found to lead to the generation of ROS upon UVA irradiation with subsequent formation of DNA oxidation products that is accompanied by a loss of mitochondrial function (224).”
§ Photoinduced Damage to Cellular DNA: Direct and Photosensitized Reactions † > Oxidatively generated and complex DNA lesions induced by UVA activation of thiopurines
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [224] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Mechanisms of DNA photoproduct formation derived from model studies apply to cellular DNA.
“Major mechanistic insights into the mechanisms of [2+2] photocycloaddition of furocoumarin derivatives to the 5,6-double bond of thymidine, the major target of these oxygen-independent photoreactions, have been gained from extensive model studies (35,(161)(162)(163).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“6-4PPs are formed by one covalent bond between the 5'-end C6 and the 3'-end C4 carbon atoms of adjacent pyrimidines via charge-transfer states, and oxetane and azetidine rearrangements (unstable intermediates) occur when the 3'-end is T or C, respectively [31,32].”
From Sunlight damage to cellular DNA: focus on oxidatively generated lesions (2017) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“solar UV is a potent environmental human carcinogen (10–12).”
From Hypochlorous Acid: From Innate Immune Factor and Environmental Toxicant to Chemopreventive Agent Targeting Solar UV-Induced Skin Cancer (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Citations
Cites
Steenken, S., & Jovanovic, S. V. (1997) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja962255b · Cited by 1,450
Photochemotherapy of Psoriasis with Oral Methoxsalen and Longwave Ultraviolet Light
Parrish, J. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Tanenbaum, L., & Pathak, M. A. (1974) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197412052912301 · Cited by 1,376
Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation‐Induced DNA Damage and Repair
Rastogi, R. P., Richa, Kumar, A., Tyagi, M. B., & Sinha, R. P. (2010) · Journal of Nucleic Acids · doi:10.4061/2010/592980 · Cited by 1,329
Definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation
Foote, C. S. (1991) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb02071.x · Cited by 1,248
Gurr, J.-R., Wang, A. S. S., Chen, C.-H., & Jan, K.-Y. (2005) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007 · Cited by 1,022
Pogozelski, W. K., & Tullius, T. D. (1998) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr960437i · Cited by 1,018
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THYMINE DIMERS FROM DNA: AN ERROR-CORRECTING MECHANISM
Setlow, R. B., & Carrier, W. L. (1964) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.51.2.226 · Cited by 984
Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation on DNA and its components
Ravanat, J.-L., Douki, T., & Cadet, J. (2001) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00206-8 · Cited by 980
Self-citationUltraviolet radiation-mediated damage to cellular DNA
Cadet, J., Sage, E., & Douki, T. (2005) · Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.09.012 · Cited by 932
Self-citationA review of human carcinogens--part D: radiation
El Ghissassi, F., Baan, R., Straif, K., Grosse, Y., Secretan, B., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Guha, N., Freeman, C., Galichet, L., et al. (2009) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70213-x · Cited by 900
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cadet J., 1990, Bioorganic Photochemistry: Photochemistry and the Nucleic Acids, 1
- Kochevar I. E., Bioorganic Photochemistry: Photochemistry and the Nucleic Acids, 273
- 10.1021/ja954340 · DOI · Paper page
- Brankmann M., 1989, UVA‐induced 8‐MOP binding to cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 3, 59
Cited by
Sorted by citations
DNA Base Damage by Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidizing Agents, and UV Radiation
Cadet, J., & Wagner, J. R. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012559 · Cited by 903
Self-citationFormation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development
Cadet, J., & Douki, T. (2018) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/c7pp00395a · Cited by 435
Self-citationSunlight damage to cellular DNA: focus on oxidatively generated lesions
Schuch, A. P., Moreno, N. C., Schuch, N. J., Menck, C. F. M., & Garcia, C. C. M. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.029 · Cited by 436
Oxidatively Generated Damage to Cellular DNA by UVB and UVA Radiation ,
Cadet, J., Douki, T., & Ravanat, J. (2015) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12368 · Cited by 355
Self-citationEarly Events of DNA Photodamage
Schreier, W. J., Gilch, P., & Zinth, W. (2015) · Annual Review of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121821 · Cited by 221
Metadata
- Authors
- Cadet, J., Mouret, S., Ravanat, J., & Douki, T.
- Affiliations
- Université Joseph Fourier (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Cadet, Jean
- Douki, Thierry
- Venue
- Photochemistry and Photobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-08-30
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1048-1065
- ISSN
- 0031-8655 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-1097
- OpenAlex
- W2090287369
- Semantic Scholar
- 85d02c35f95a00966e70c7fb04d83874dd606a9e
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Photochemistry and Photobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Keywords
- photoinduced DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, UVA, UV-B radiation, photodynamic effect, DNA repair, photodamaged skin, mutagenicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Cricetinae, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Pyrimidine Dimers, Skin, Sunlight, Ultraviolet Rays, Keratinocytes, CHO Cells, Photosensitizing Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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