Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Disturbance to human microbiota may underlie several pathologies. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how lifestyle affects the dynamics of human-associated microbial communities. RESULTS: Here, we link over 10,000 longitudinal measurements of human wellness and action to the daily gut and salivary microbiota dynamics of two individuals over the course of one year. These time series show overall microbial communities to be stable for months. However, rare events in each subjects’ life rapidly and broadly impacted microbiota dynamics. Travel from the developed to the developing world in one subject led to a nearly two-fold increase in the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio, which reversed upon return. Enteric infection in the other subject resulted in the permanent decline of most gut bacterial taxa, which were replaced by genetically similar species. Still, even during periods of overall community stability, the dynamics of select microbial taxa could be associated with specific host behaviors. Most prominently, changes in host fiber intake positively correlated with next-day abundance changes among 15% of gut microbiota members. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that although human-associated microbial communities are generally stable, they can be quickly and profoundly altered by common human actions and experiences.
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Short-term, dramatic dietary interventions have demonstrated the ability to alter microbiota diversity quickly in humans.
“Short-term, dramatic dietary interventions have demonstrated the ability to alter microbiota diversity quickly in humans [5].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Mouse models have indicated that manipulation of macronutrient intake can consistently shift the composition of the gut microbiota within the span of a day.
“Likewise, mouse models have indicated that manipulation of macronutrient intake can consistently shift the composition of the gut microbiota within the span of a day [5,6,18,19].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
One longitudinal study involving daily gut microbiota investigations of two individuals over the course of a year found that changes in fibre intake are positively correlated with a change in abundance of 15% of the microbial community the following day.
“One longitudinal study involving daily gut microbiota investigations of two individuals over the course of a year found that changes in fibre intake are positively correlated with a change in abundance of 15% of the microbial community the following day [5].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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The Microbiome and Human Biology
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Microbial nutrient niches in the gut
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BackgroundDo Vertebrate Gut Metagenomes Confer Rapid Ecological Adaptation?
Alberdi, A., Aizpurua, O., Bohmann, K., Mendoza, M. L. Z., & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2016.06.008 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Network analysis methods for studying microbial communities: A mini review
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“…microbiome studies including local similarity analysis (LSA) [78], Time-decay analysis [79], Augmented Dickey Fuller test [80], Cross correlation [80], Time-varying network inference [81], Hurst exponent [82], Bistability analysis [83], as well as Extended LSA (eLSA) [84], which offers support…”
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“…of a natural microbial community is sampling a time-series with appropriate intervals and length, and using techniques such as Local Similarity Analysis (Ruan et al., 2006; Steele et al., 2011) or auto-and cross-correlation (Fuhrman et al., 2006; Gilbert et al., 2012; David et al., 2014).”
MethodWhy does the microbiome affect behaviour?
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Understanding the impact of antibiotic perturbation on the human microbiome
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“The overall diversity and community architecture of healthy adult microbiomes do not change dramatically in the absence of significant perturbation [26, 40, 41].”
BackgroundSewage Reflects the Microbiomes of Human Populations
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“Lifestyle differences can reproducibly alter the human gut microbiome (27), and microbial community composition is a known indicator of obesity (28–30), with up to 90% predictive accuracy for individuals (31).”
BackgroundRole of dietary fiber in the recovery of the human gut microbiome and its metabolome
Tanes, C., Bittinger, K. L., Gao, Y., Friedman, E. S., Nessel, L. A., Paladhi, U. R., Chau, L., Panfen, E., Fischbach, M. A., Braun, J. G., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.012 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“Dietary fiber from fruits and vegetables has large effects on the structure and function of the murine microbiota, with some effects being reproducible in humans (David et al., 2014; Kovatcheva-Datchary et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBalance Trees Reveal Microbial Niche Differentiation
Morton, J. T., Sanders, J., Quinn, R. A., McDonald, D., Gonzalez, A., Vázquez-Baeza, Y., Navas-Molina, J. A., Song, S. J., Metcalf, J. L., Hyde, E. R., et al. (2017) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00162-16 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“This suggests that there is substantial functional redundancy across OTUs, which has been observed previously in time series studies in the context of infection (27); in other words, in these microbial communities, many players might be sporadically distributed across similar niches.”
Mobile genes in the human microbiome are structured from global to individual scales
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“If this is true, then diet and drugs could modify the functions of the microbiome, even if the long-term species composition is stable 29,30 .”
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“levels in the GI tract (30), there was no evidence that that was the situation for any fungi”
BackgroundMicrobiota succession throughout life from the cradle to the grave
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“Even highly abundant organisms vary widely in relative abundance from day to day in samples from the mouth (14, 94).”
BackgroundEnvironmental remodeling of human gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome in livestock farms
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“Lifestyle was also found to be the driver of variability in other studies (David et al. 2014).”
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“Yet, each person still maintained a personalized microbiome [140].”
BackgroundStability of the human faecal microbiome in a cohort of adult men
Mehta, R. S., Abu-Ali, G. S., Drew, D. A., Lloyd-Price, J., Subramanian, A., Lochhead, P., Joshi, A. D., Ivey, K. L., Khalili, H., Brown, G. T., et al. (2018) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-017-0096-0 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The association of diet, gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: what we eat may imply what we get
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“More than that, several studies have revealed that the human gut microbiome is relatively stable in adults over time except in the case of special events such as diet intervention, infectious diarrhea or international immigration (David et al., 2014a; Faith et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUniversality of human microbial dynamics
Bashan, A., Gibson, T. E., Friedman, J., Carey, V. J., Weiss, S. T., Hohmann, E. L., & Liu, Y.-Y. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18301 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“11 .”
ConStrains identifies microbial strains in metagenomic datasets
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“29.”
Interplay between diet, gut microbiota, epigenetic events, and colorectal cancer
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“R806, targeting the V4 region, was highly recommended by several human microbiome studies [20,28,36,37] and a well-established”
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“Recent evidence suggests that when an individual changes their city of residence for more than a month (Boston, USA to Bangkok, Thailand), it can have a significant impact on the structure and composition of their saliva and stool microbiota [10].”
BackgroundTransmission of human-associated microbiota along family and social networks
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“Certain factors impart transient changes in the community, while others, for instance, antibiotic usage, leave behind a more persistent signature [67, 68].”
BackgroundSteadyCom: Predicting microbial abundances while ensuring community stability
Chan, S. H. J., Simons, M., & Maranas, C. D. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005539 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience
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Transmission of the gut microbiota: spreading of health
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“However, lifestyle modifications, dietary changes and supplements rapidly and broadly impact microbiota dynamics, which might occur on a day-to-day timescale (68).”
BackgroundFungal-Bacterial Interactions in Health and Disease
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The gut microbiota and gastrointestinal surgery
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Probabilistic Invasion Underlies Natural Gut Microbiome Stability
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The Microbiome in Populations with a Low and High Prevalence of Caries
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“The oral microbiota is stable and in harmony with the host, unless disturbed by medication, disease, low pH (Marsh 2003), or significant changes in diet (David et al. 2014).”
BackgroundVandeputte, D., Commer, L. D., Tito, R. Y., Kathagen, G., Sabino, J., Vermeire, S., Faust, K., & Raes, J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27098-7 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Virome Diversity Correlates with Intestinal Microbiome Diversity in Adult Monozygotic Twins
Moreno-Gallego, J. L., Chou, S., Rienzi, S. C. D., Goodrich, J. K., Spector, T. D., Bell, J. T., Youngblut, N. D., Hewson, I., Reyes, A., & Ley, R. E. (2019) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.019 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“It is well established that diet is a strong driver of daily microbiome fluctuation (Claesson et al., 2012; David et al., 2014; De Filippo et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2011), so the effect of diet on the virome is likely mediated by the microbiome.”
BackgroundHost Gut Motility Promotes Competitive Exclusion within a Model Intestinal Microbiota
Wiles, T. J., Jemielita, M., Baker, R. P., Schlomann, B. H., Logan, S. L., Ganz, J., Melançon, E., Eisen, J. S., Guillemin, K. J., & Parthasarathy, R. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002517 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“It is interesting to note that recent metagenomic analyses of human intestinal microbiota have uncovered signatures of sudden shifts in species composition, the origins of which remain unknown [15,46], perhaps indicating stochastic dynamics are widespread in natural intestinal systems.”
BackgroundSalmonella versus the Microbiome
Rogers, A. W. L., Tsolis, R. M., & Bäumler, A. J. (2020) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00027-19 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“Disruption of the microbiota with antibiotics can clear a niche (54) and pro-”
BackgroundMeasuring the biodiversity of microbial communities by flow cytometry
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“…between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem function (Konopka, Lindemann & Fredrickson 2015), to monitor community stability (Prest et al. 2013; David et al. 2014) or to identify early warning signals that indicate critical ecosystem transitions (e.g. eutrophication) (Wang et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMicrobiomes of Site-Specific Dental Plaques from Children with Different Caries Status
Richards, V. P., Alvarez, A. J., Luce, A. R., Bedenbaugh, M., Mitchell, M. L., Burne, R. A., & Nascimento, M. M. (2017) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00106-17 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that microbiomes of different parts of the human body can remain stable for months and even years (25, 26), but they can also be highly variable over short periods of time (27, 28).”
BackgroundTools for Analysis of the Microbiome
Galloway-Peña, J., & Hanson, B. (2020) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06091-y · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“One of the hallmarks of the human microbiome is its dynamic nature that can be transformed and altered over time [114, 115], but this may potentially be in direct contrast to the observation of a core microbiota that resists perturbation [116–118].”
ResultLinks between the microbiome and bone
Hernandez, C. J., Guss, J. D., Luna, M., & Goldring, S. R. (2016) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.2887 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Factors that have been shown to alter the steady state of the gut flora include aging,((16)) diet,((19)) environment,((21)) physiologic state, and chronic treatment with oral antibiotics.”
BackgroundThe subgingival periodontal microbiota of the aging mouth
Feres, M., Teles, F., Teles, R. P., Figueiredo, L. C., & Faveri, M. (2016) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12136 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“(18) is that the stability of the oral FERES et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHost genetic variation and its microbiome interactions within the Human Microbiome Project
Kolde, R., Franzosa, E. A., Rahnavard, G., Hall, A. B., Vlamakis, H., Stevens, C., Daly, M. J., Xavier, R. J., & Huttenhower, C. (2018) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-018-0515-8 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
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Dynamics of the normal gut microbiota: A longitudinal one-year population study in Sweden
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Modelling approaches for studying the microbiome
Kumar, M., Ji, B., Zengler, K., & Nielsen, J. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0491-9 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Patterns of Oral Microbiota Diversity in Adults and Children: A Crowdsourced Population Study
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Linking gut microbiota, metabolic syndrome and economic status based on a population-level analysis
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Gut Dysbiosis and Muscle Aging: Searching for Novel Targets against Sarcopenia
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“Even for short-term changes in consumption (4 days), animal-based and plant-based diets alter microbial community structure in a specific manner [72].”
BackgroundTemporal and technical variability of human gut metagenomes
Voigt, A. Y., Costea, P. I., Kultima, J. R., Li, S. S., Zeller, G., Sunagawa, S., & Bork, P. (2015) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0639-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“(weeks to one year; for example, [8,12,23,24]) and only rarely over long periods (5 and 12 years [9,11]).”
BackgroundTransient invaders can induce shifts between alternative stable states of microbial communities
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The oral microbiota – a mechanistic role for systemic diseases
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A psychology of the human brain-gut-microbiome axis
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“Case evidence has demonstrated profound changes in the microbiota following intercontinental travel, which are reversible upon return (David et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMicrobial Contribution to the Human Metabolome: Implications for Health and Disease
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Microbial communities as dynamical systems
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“In panel (c), the trajectory of the gut community of individual B is shown [5], with a Salmonella infection.”
BackgroundAlterations to the Gut Microbiome Impair Bone Strength and Tissue Material Properties
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“The gut microbiome is initially obtained at birth((11)) and subsequently shaped by factors such as environment((12)) and diet.((13,14)) Exposure to the gut microbiome is necessary for the proper education and development of the innate and adaptive immune systems.”
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Precision-guided antimicrobial peptide as a targeted modulator of human microbial ecology
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Mapping the ecological networks of microbial communities
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“First of all, it has been shown that the composition of the human gut microbiome remains stable for months and possibly even years until a major perturbation occurs through either antibiotic administration or drastic dietary changes 52 – 55 .”
The Gut Microbiome in Hypertension
Avery, E. G., Bartolomaeus, H., Maifeld, A., Markó, L., Wiig, H., Wilck, N., Rosshart, S. P., Forslund, S. K., & Müller, D. N. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318065 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
- Authors
- David, L. A., Materna, A. C., Friedman, J., Campos-Baptista, M. I., Blackburn, M. C., Perrotta, A., Erdman, S. E., & Alm, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Qiagen (Denmark) (DK)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Alm, Eric J
- Venue
- Genome biology
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- R89-R89
- ISSN
- 1465-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-760X
- PMC
- PMC4405912
- OpenAlex
- W2103088074
- Cited by
- 950
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 30.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2016-05-31)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genome biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0821391)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- human microbiota, gut microbiota, salivary microbiota, host lifestyle, microbiota dynamics, daily fluctuations, microbial community stability, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, gastrointestinal infections, dietary fiber intake, host behavior
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Bacterial Infections, Developing Countries, Feces, Humans, Life Style, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Phylogeny, Saliva, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Developed Countries, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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