Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerantgenetically modified maize

In the paper

“Marked and severe nephropathies were also generally 1.3 to 2.3 times greater.”

In the paper

“Ferulic acid was decreased in both GM maize and GM maize + R diets by 16% to 30% in comparison to the control diet (889 ± 107, 735 ± 89, respectively, vs. control 1,057 ± 127 mg/kg)”

In the paper

“For example, there was no difference in total isoflavones.”

In the paper

“In the R alone treatment groups, similar trends were observed, with a partial resumption of nucleolar activity at the highest dose.”

In the paper

“In addition, by the end of the experiment, Gamma GT hepatic activity was increased, particularly in the GMO + R groups (up to 5.4 times higher), this probably being reflective of liver dysfunction.”

In the paper

“In treated males, liver congestions and necrosis were 2.5 to 5.5 times higher.”

• Also stated in: § Anatomopathological observations and liver parameters · plain

  “Liver abnormalities such as hepatic congestions and macroscopic and microscopic necrotic foci were 2.5 to 5.5 times more frequent in all treatments than in control groups, where only two rats out of ten were affected with one abnormality each.”

• Also stated in: § Anatomopathological observations and liver parameters · plain

  “For instance, there were 5 abnormalities in total in the GMO 11% group (2.5 times higher than controls) and 11 in the GMO 22% group (5.5 times greater).”

In the paper

“This difference was also evident in three male groups fed with GM maize.”

In the paper

“the pituitary was the second most disabled organ”

In the paper

“The most affected organs in males were the liver, hepatodigestive tract, and kidneys (Table 2; Figure 1A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I).”

In the paper

“Degenerating kidneys with turgid inflammatory areas demonstrated the increased incidence of marked and severe chronic progressive nephropathies, which were up to two fold higher in the 33% GM maize or lowest dose R treatment groups (Table 2; Figure 1, first line).”

In the paper

“the sex hormonal balance was modified by consumption of GM maize and Roundup treatments.”

• Also stated in: § Biochemical analyses of blood and urine samples · plain

  “Profiles evidence kidney ion leakages and sex hormonal imbalance versus controls.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, cytochrome P450 activity generally increased in the presence of R (either in drinking water or in the GM maize-containing diet) according to the dose and up to 5.7 times greater at the highest dose.”

In the paper

“caffeic acid in the same groups by 21% to 53% (17.5 ± 2.1, 10.3 ± 1.3 vs. control 22.1 ± 2.6 mg/kg).”

In the paper

“Furthermore, in females (Table 3), the androgen/estrogen balance in serum was modified by GM maize and R treatments (at least 95% confidence level, Figure 3).”

In the paper

“For male animals at the highest R treatment dose, levels of estrogens were more than doubled.”

In the paper

“These were found to be in 95% of cases non-regressive tumors (Figure 5D,E,F,G,H,I,J) and were not infectious nodules.”

In the paper

“and were not infectious nodules”

In the paper

“Surprisingly, there was also a clear trend in increased tumor incidence, especially mammary tumors in female animals, in a number of the treatment groups.”

In the paper

“In addition, one metastatic ovarian cystadenocarcinoma and two skin tumors were identified.”

In the paper

“Creatinine and creatinine clearance decreased in urine for all treatment groups in comparison to female controls (Table 3).”

In the paper

“Thus, in treated females, kidney failures appeared at the biochemical level (82% of the total disrupted parameters).”

In the paper

“It is noteworthy that the first two male rats that died in both GM maize-treated groups had to be euthanized due to Wilms' kidney tumors that had grown by this time to over 25% of body weight.”

In the paper

“The second most affected organ in females was the pituitary gland, in general around two times more than in controls for most treatments (Table 2; Figure 1J,K,L,M).”

In the paper

“Using a non-parametric multiple comparison analysis, mammary tumor incidence was significantly increased at the lowest dose of R compared to controls (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn's test).”

In the paper

“Our data show that the signs of liver and kidney toxicity seen at 90 days from the consumption of NK603 GM maize [3,7] do indeed escalate into severe disease over an extended period.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source
• Not checked yetcites [7] Spiroux de Vendômois J, Roullier F, Cellier D, Seralini GE: A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. Int J Biol Sci 2009, 5: 706–726. 10.7150/ijbs.5.706 source

In the paper

“However, the rate of mortality was not proportional to the treatment dose, reaching a threshold at the lowest (11%) or intermediate (22%) amounts of GM maize in the equilibrated diet, with or without the R application on the crop.”

In the paper

“Furthermore, similar negative health effects were observed in all treatment groups (NK603 GM maize with or without R application and R alone).”

In the paper

“All females except one (with metastatic ovarian carcinoma) presented in addition mammary hypertrophies and in some cases hyperplasia with atypia (Table 2).”

In the paper

“What is also evident from our data is that ill effects were not proportional to the dose of either the NK603 GM maize ± R or R alone.”

In the paper

“In females, induced euthanasia due to suffering and deaths corresponded mostly to the development of large mammary tumors.”

In the paper

“For all R treatment groups, 70% to 80% of animals presented 1.4 to 2.4 times more abnormalities in this organ than controls.”

In the paper

“The large palpable tumors in males (in kidney and mostly skin) were by the end of the experimental period on average twice as frequent as in controls, in which only one skin fibroma appeared during the 23rd month.”

In the paper

“This was approximately a year before the first control animal died.”

In the paper

“This was observed independently of the cancer grade but according to impact on morbidity.”

In the paper

“The first large detectable tumors occurred at 4 and 7 months into the study in males and females, respectively, further underlining the inadequacy of the standard 90-day feeding trials for evaluating GM crop and food toxicity [1].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Seralini G-E, Mesnage R, Clair E, Gress S, de Vendomois J, Cellier D: Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possibleimprovements. Environ Sci Eur 2011, 23: 10. 10.1186/2190-4715-23-10 source

In the paper

“The same trend was observed in the groups receiving R in their drinking water (Figure 4, R treatment panels).”

In the paper

“In conclusion, the consumption of NK603 GM maize with or without R application or R alone gave similar pathologies in male and female rats fed over a 2-year period.”

In the paper

“Sex steroid levels were also modified in treated rats in our study.”

In the paper

“However, our analysis did reveal that the levels of caffeic and ferulic acids in the GM diet, which are also secondary metabolites of the plant shikimate pathway, but not always measured in regulatory tests, were significantly reduced.”

In the paper

“All feed formulations consisted of balanced diets, chemically measured as substantially equivalent except for the transgene, with no contaminating pesticides over standard limits.”

In the paper

“We observed a strikingly marked induction of mammary tumors in groups administered R alone, even at the very lowest dose (50 ng/L G equivalent dilution in adjuvants).”

In the paper

“Taken together, the significant biochemical disturbances and physiological failures documented in this work reveal the pathological effects of these GMO and R treatments in both sexes, with different amplitudes.”

In the paper

“All feed formulations consisted of balanced diets, chemically measured as substantially equivalent except for the transgene, with no contaminating pesticides over standard limits.”

In the paper

“A limited compositional analysis showed that these biochemical pathways were not disturbed in the GM maize used in our study.”

In the paper

“All feed formulations consisted of balanced diets, chemically measured as substantially equivalent except for the transgene, with no contaminating pesticides over standard limits.”

In the paper

“Interestingly and perhaps surprisingly, in the groups of animals fed with the NK603 GM maize without R application, similar effects with respect to enhanced tumor incidence and mortality rates were observed.”

In the paper

“For instance, comparing the 11% GMO-treated female group to the controls, the assumption that the tumors are equally distributed is rejected with a level of significance of 0.54% with the Westlake exceedance test [67].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Deheuvels P: On testing stochastic dominance by exceedance, precedence and otherdistribution-free tests, with applications. Chapter 10 in Statistical Models and Methods for Reliability and SurvivalAnalysis John Wiley & Sons 2013.

In the paper

“implying a reduced level of mRNA and rRNA transcription.”

In the paper

“Adjuvants are found in groundwater [24].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [24] Krogh KA, Vejrup KV, Mogensen BB, Halling-Sørensen B: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to determine alcohol ethoxylatesand alkylamine ethoxylates in soil interstitial water, ground water and surfacewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2002, 957: 45–57. 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00077-8 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, this toxic effect was reproduced by the application of R herbicide directly to hepatocytes in culture [15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Malatesta M, Perdoni F, Santin G, Battistelli S, Muller S, Biggiogera M: Hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells as a model for investigating the effects oflow concentrations of herbicide on cell structure and function. Toxicol In Vitro 2008, 22: 1853–1860. 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.09.006 source

In the paper

“The half-life of POEA (21 to 42 days) is even longer than for G (7 to 14 days) in aquatic environments [25].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [25] Giesy J, Dobson S, Solomon K: Ecotoxicological risk assessment for Roundup® herbicide. In In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Edited by: Ware G. Springer, New York; 2000:35–120. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology source

In the paper

“A detailed analysis of the data in the subchronic toxicity studies [2–5] has revealed statistically significant alterations in kidney and liver function that may constitute signs of the early onset of chronic toxicity.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Domingo JL, Gine Bordonaba J: A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants. Environ Int 2011, 37: 734–742. 10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003 source
• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Hammond B, Lemen J, Dudek R, Ward D, Jiang C, Nemeth M, Burns J: Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from cornrootworm-protected corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2006, 44: 147–160. 10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.008 source
• Not checked yetcites [5] Hammond BG, Dudek R, Lemen JK, Nemeth MA: Results of a 90-day safety assurance study with rats fed grain from cornborer-protected corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2006, 44: 1092–1099. 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.003 source

In the paper

“Thus, in the study of health effects, exposure to the diluted whole formulation may be more representative of environmental pollution than exposure to G alone.”

In the paper

“In this regard, it is noteworthy that the far greater toxicity of full agricultural formulations compared to declared supposed active principles alone has recently been demonstrated also for six other major pesticides tested in vitro [22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux De Vendômois J, Séralini GE: Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared activeprinciples. Biomed Res Int 2014, Vol 2014: Article ID 179691. 10.1155/2014/179691 source

In the paper

“As in the case of rates of mortality (Figure 6), this suggests that a threshold in effect was reached at the lower doses.”

In the paper

“This included the lowest dose of R administered (0.1 ppb, 50 ng/L G equivalent) of R formulation administered, which is well below permitted MRLs in both the USA (0.7 mg/L) [33] and European Union (100 ng/L) [34].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] EPA: Basic information about glyphosate in drinking water. 2014, (lastaccess March)., [ http://www.waterepagov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/glyphosatecfm ] EPA: Basic information about glyphosate in drinking water. 2014, (lastaccess March).
• Not checked yetcites [34] COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended forhuman consumption Off J Eur Commun L 1998, 330(32):51298.

In the paper

“After several months of consumption of an R-tolerant soy, the liver and pancreas of mice were affected, as highlighted by disturbances in sub-nuclear structure [12–14].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Biggiogera M, Quaglino D: A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects onliver ageing. Histochem Cell Biol 2008, 130: 967–977. 10.1007/s00418-008-0476-x source
• Not checked yetcites [13] Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Gavaudan S, Rocchi MB, Serafini S, Tiberi C, Gazzanelli G: Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocytenuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Cell Struct Funct 2002, 27: 173–180. 10.1247/csf.27.173 source
• Not checked yetcites [14] Malatesta M, Caporaloni C, Rossi L, Battistelli S, Rocchi MB, Tonucci F, Gazzanelli G: Ultrastructural analysis of pancreatic acinar cells from mice fed on geneticallymodified soybean. J Anat 2002, 201: 409–415. 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2002.00103.x source

In the paper

“Our findings show that the differences in multiple organ functional parameters seen from the consumption of NK603 GM maize for 90 days [3,7] escalated over 2 years into severe organ damage in all types of test diets.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source
• Not checked yetcites [7] Spiroux de Vendômois J, Roullier F, Cellier D, Seralini GE: A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. Int J Biol Sci 2009, 5: 706–726. 10.7150/ijbs.5.706 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, evaluation of long-term toxicity of herbicides is generally performed on mammalian physiology employing only their active principle, rather than the complete formulations as used in agriculture.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Williams GM, Kroes R, Munro IC: Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its activeingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000, 31: 117–165. 10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 source

In the paper

“Biochemical measurements of blood and urine were focused on samples taken at the 15th month time point, as this was the last sampling time when most animals were still alive (in treated groups 90% males, 94% females, and 100% controls).”

In the paper

“Our study is the first and to date the only attempt to follow up Monsanto's investigation and to determine whether the differences found in the NK603 GM maize-fed rats, especially with respect to liver and kidney function, were not biologically meaningful, as claimed, or whether they developed into serious diseases over an extended period of time.”

In the paper

“Adenomas, fibroadenomas, and carcinomas were deleterious to health due to their very large size (Figure 5A,B,C) rather than the grade of the tumor itself.”

In the paper

“It is important to note that G is only able to efficiently penetrate target plant organisms with the help of adjuvants present in the various commercially used R formulations [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Cox C: Herbicide factsheet - glyphosate. J Pesticide Reform 2004, 24: 10–15.

In the paper

“Early signs of toxicity at month 3 in kidney and liver were also observed for 19 edible GM crops containing pesticide residues [1].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Seralini G-E, Mesnage R, Clair E, Gress S, de Vendomois J, Cellier D: Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possibleimprovements. Environ Sci Eur 2011, 23: 10. 10.1186/2190-4715-23-10 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, liver enzymes have been clearly demonstrated as sex-specific in their expression patterns, including in a 90-day rat feeding trial of NK603 GM maize [7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Spiroux de Vendômois J, Roullier F, Cellier D, Seralini GE: A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. Int J Biol Sci 2009, 5: 706–726. 10.7150/ijbs.5.706 source

In the paper

“It is known that only elderly male rats are sensitive to chronic progressive nephropathies [37].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Hard GC, Khan KN: A contemporary overview of chronic progressive nephropathy in the laboratory rat,and its significance for human risk assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2004, 32: 171–180. 10.1080/01926230490422574 source

In the paper

“It is thus possible that NK603 GM maize consumption, with its reduced levels of these compounds, may have provoked the early aging of the kidney physiology, similarly to R exposure causing oxidative stress [41].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] El-Shenawy NS: Oxidative stress responses of rats exposed to Roundup and its active ingredientglyphosate. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2009, 28: 379–385. 10.1016/j.etap.2009.06.001 source

In the paper

“further underlining the inadequacy of the standard 90-day feeding trials for evaluating GM crop and food toxicity [1]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Seralini G-E, Mesnage R, Clair E, Gress S, de Vendomois J, Cellier D: Genetically modified crops safety assessments: present limits and possibleimprovements. Environ Sci Eur 2011, 23: 10. 10.1186/2190-4715-23-10 source

In the paper

“It is also important to note that our study is the first to conduct blood, urine, and organ analyses from animals treated with the complete agricultural formulation of R and not just G alone, as measured by the manufacturer [35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] German Federal Agency CPFS: Monograph on glyphosate by the German federalagency for consumer protection and food safety. Annex B-5: Toxicol Metabol 1998. German Federal Agency CPFS: Monograph on glyphosate by the German federalagency for consumer protection and food safety.Annex B-5: Toxicol Metabol 1998.

In the paper

“The previous toxicity study with NK603 maize employed only this GM crop that had been sprayed with R during cultivation [3].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source

In the paper

“Estrogen can induce expression of genes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase via the MAP kinase-NF-kB signaling pathway, thus providing an antioxidant effect [43].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Vina J, Borras C, Gambini J, Sastre J, Pallardo FV: Why females live longer than males? Importance of the upregulation oflongevity-associated genes by oestrogenic compounds. FEBS Lett 2005, 579: 2541–2545. 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.090 source

In the paper

“However, in a long-term study, evidence of early liver aging was observed in female mice fed with R-tolerant GM soy [12].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, Baldelli B, Battistelli S, Biggiogera M, Quaglino D: A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects onliver ageing. Histochem Cell Biol 2008, 130: 967–977. 10.1007/s00418-008-0476-x source

In the paper

“As already stated, our study was not designed as a carcinogenicity study that would have required according to OECD the use of 50 rats per sex per group.”

In the paper

“Similar degrees of pathological symptoms occurred from the lowest to the highest doses, suggesting a threshold effect [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee DH, Shioda T, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT, Myers JP: Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonicdose responses. Endocr Rev 2012, 33: 378–455. 10.1210/er.2011-1050 source

In the paper

“The results of the study presented here clearly indicate that lower levels of complete agricultural G herbicide formulations, at concentrations well below officially set safety limits, can induce severe hormone-dependent mammary, hepatic, and kidney disturbances.”

In the paper

“This is despite the fact that the variety of GM maize used in this study was judged by industry and regulators as being substantially equivalent to the corresponding non-GM closest isogenic line [3,30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Opinion of the scientific panel on genetically modified organisms on a requestfrom the commission related to the safety of foods and food ingredients derivedfrom herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize NK603 for which a request forplacing on the market was submitted under Article 4 of the Novel Food Regulation(EC) No 258/97 by Monsanto (QUESTION NO EFSA-Q-2003–002) EFSA J 2003, 9: 1–14.

In the paper

“In addition, estrogenic isoflavones and their glycosides are also products of this pathway [68].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] Duke SO, Rimando AM, Pace PF, Reddy KN, Smeda RJ: Isoflavone, glyphosate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid levels in seeds ofglyphosate-treated, glyphosate-resistant soybean. J Agric Food Chem 2003, 51: 340–344. 10.1021/jf025908i source

In the paper

“These hormone-dependent phenomena are confirmed by enhanced pituitary dysfunction in treated females.”

In the paper

“An estrogen-modified feedback mechanism may act at this level [65,66].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Popovics P, Rekasi Z, Stewart AJ, Kovacs M: Regulation of pituitary inhibin/activin subunits and follistatin gene expressionby GnRH in female rats. J Endocrinol 2011, 210: 71–79. 10.1530/JOE-10-0485 source
• Not checked yetcites [66] Walf AA, Frye CA: Raloxifene and/or estradiol decrease anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior,whereas only estradiol increases carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis and uterineproliferation among ovariectomized rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010, 21: 231–240. 10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833a5cb0 source

In the paper

“The concentrations of the transgene were confirmed in the three doses of each diet by qPCR.”

In the paper

“These tumors are generally known to be mostly estrogen-dependent [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Harvell DM, Strecker TE, Tochacek M, Xie B, Pennington KL, McComb RD, Roy SK, Shull JD: Rat strain-specific actions of 17beta-estradiol in the mammary gland: correlationbetween estrogen-induced lobuloalveolar hyperplasia and susceptibility toestrogen-induced mammary cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97: 2779–2784. 10.1073/pnas.050569097 source

In the paper

“This implies that both the NK603 maize and R may cause hormonal disturbances in the same biochemical and physiological pathways.”

In the paper

“These appeared to be related to the various treatments when compared to the control groups.”

In the paper

“They also show that the conclusion of the Monsanto authors [3] that the initial indications of organ toxicity found in their 90-day experiment were not ‘biologically meaningful’ is not justifiable.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source

In the paper

“Moreover, these phenolic acids, and in particular ferulic acid, may modulate estrogen receptors or the estrogenic pathway in mammalian cells [71].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [71] Chang CJ, Chiu JH, Tseng LM, Chang CH, Chien TM, Wu CW, Lui WY: Modulation of HER2 expression by ferulic acid on human breast cancer MCF7cells. Eur J Clin Invest 2006, 36: 588–596. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01676.x source

In the paper

“The genetic nature, as well as the purity of the GM seeds and harvested material, was confirmed by qPCR analysis of DNA samples.”

In the paper

“The similar pathological profiles provoked by the GM maize + R diet may thus be explained at least in part by R residues present in this feed.”

In the paper

“Similarly, disruption of biosynthetic pathways that may result from overexpression of the EPSPS transgene in the GM NK603 maize can give rise to comparable pathologies that may be linked to abnormal or unbalanced phenolic acid metabolites or related compounds.”

In the paper

“The genetic nature, as well as the purity of the GM seeds and harvested material, was confirmed by qPCR analysis of DNA samples.”

In the paper

“A cause of the ill effects resulting from NK603 GM maize alone observed in this study could be the fact that it is engineered to overexpress a modified version of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS-CP4) [3], which confers R tolerance.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M: Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain fromglyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42: 1003–1014. 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.013 source

In the paper

“The modified EPSPS is not inhibited by G, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme in the crop.”

In the paper

“This may lower their protective effects against carcinogenesis and mammalian tumor formation [69,70].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [69] Kuenzig W, Chau J, Norkus E, Holowaschenko H, Newmark H, Mergens W, Conney AH: Caffeic and ferulic acid as blockers of nitrosamine formation. Carcinogenesis 1984, 5: 309–313. 10.1093/carcin/5.3.309 source
• Not checked yetcites [70] Baskaran N, Manoharan S, Balakrishnan S, Pugalendhi P: Chemopreventive potential of ferulic acid in7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis inSprague–Dawley rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010, 637: 22–29. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.054 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, R appears to be a sex endocrine disruptor in vivo in males [10].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Romano MA, Romano RM, Santos LD, Wisniewski P, Campos DA, de Souza PB, Viau P, Bernardi MM, Nunes MT, de Oliveira CA: Glyphosate impairs male offspring reproductive development by disruptinggonadotropin expression. Arch Toxicol 2012, 86: 663–673. 10.1007/s00204-011-0788-9 source

In the paper

“These two types of maize were grown under similar normal conditions, in the same location, spaced at sufficient distance to avoid cross-contamination.”

In the paper

“At this concentration in vitro, G alone is known to induce human breast cancer cell growth via estrogen receptors [64].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [64] Thongprakaisang S, Thiantanawat A, Rangkadilok N, Suriyo T, Satayavivad J: Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Food Chem Toxicol 2013, 59C: 129–136. 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.057 source