Prevalence and impacts of genetically engineered feedstuffs on livestock populations1

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

United States animal agriculture produces over 9 billion food-producing animals annually.

“United States animal agriculture produces over 9 billion foodproducing animals annually”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An estimated 24 consecutive generations of broilers would have been consuming GE feed during the time period 2000 to 2011.

“An estimated 24 consecutive generations of broilers would have been consuming GE feed during the time period 2000 to 2011.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In a typical U.S. broiler operation, chickens are fed for 42–49 d on diets composed of approximately 35% soybean meal and 65% corn grain.

May combine two claims.

There was no indication of worsening animal health after the introduction of GE feed, and productivity improvements continued in the same direction and at similar rates as those observed before the introduction of GE crop varieties in 1996.

“There was no indication of worsening animal health after the introduction of GE feed, and productivity improvements continued in the same direction and at similar rates as those that were observed before the introduction of GE crop varieties in 1996.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All animals arriving at USDA-inspected slaughter facilities undergo both antemortem and postmortem inspections to identify abnormalities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carcasses are condemned postmortem if there are visible lesions or tumors present on organs and carcasses.

May combine two claims.

Broiler mortality was essentially unchanged throughout the years presented and was also at its lowest in 2011.

“Moreover, mortality was essentially unchanged throughout the years presented and was also at its lowest in 2011.”

May combine two claims.

The EU imports 65% of its protein-rich feedstuffs, for which there are no alternative sources grown in the EU.

“The EU imports 65% of its protein-rich feedstuffs, for which there are no alternative sources grown in the EU (Popp et al., 2013), and is the largest importer of soybean meal and the second largest importer of soybeans after China (Fig. 4 and 5).”

• cites Popp et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Poultry are the single largest domestic user of soybean meal, consuming about half of all meal, followed by swine.

“Poultry continue to be the single largest domestic user of soybean meal, consuming about half of all meal, followed by swine.”

May combine two claims.

Cattle fed or finished in feedyards made up the majority (82%) of the cattle at harvest but represented a minority (12%) of the cattle condemned.

“Cattle fed or finished in feedyards, typically for 120 d before slaughter on high concentrate diets containing corn and soy as major ingredients, made up the majority (82%) of the cattle at harvest but represented a minority (12%) of the cattle condemned.”

• cites White and Moore, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All animals arriving at USDA-inspected slaughter facilities undergo both antemortem and postmortem inspections to identify abnormalities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carcasses are condemned postmortem if there are visible lesions or tumors present on organs and carcasses.

May combine two claims.

The rate of broiler carcass condemnation decreased significantly over time and was at its lowest in 2011.

“The rate of broiler carcass condemnation decreased significantly over time and was at its lowest in 2011.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All animals arriving at USDA-inspected slaughter facilities undergo both antemortem and postmortem inspections to identify abnormalities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carcasses are condemned postmortem if there are visible lesions or tumors present on organs and carcasses.

May combine two claims.

The EU is the largest importer of soybean meal and the second largest importer of soybeans after China.

“The EU imports 65% of its protein-rich feedstuffs, for which there are no alternative sources grown in the EU (Popp et al., 2013), and is the largest importer of soybean meal and the second largest importer of soybeans after China (Fig. 4 and 5).”

• cites Fig. 4 and 5Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Approximately 85% of soybean and 57% of corn grain production are used in global livestock diets annually.

“It is estimated that approximately 85% of soybean and 57% of corn grain production (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014b) are used in global livestock diets annually.”

• cites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Condemnation rates for non-fed cattle, particularly cows, were higher than for fed cattle, but the rate in 2007 (2.49%) was similar to that reported in cattle in 1994 (2.6%) before the introduction of GE crops.

“Condemnation rates for non-fed cattle, particularly cows, were higher than for fed cattle, but the rate in 2007 (2.49%), the last year for which data are available, was similar to that reported in cattle in 1994 (2.6%; Boleman et al., 1998), before the introduction of GE crops.”

• cites Boleman et al., 1998 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All animals arriving at USDA-inspected slaughter facilities undergo both antemortem and postmortem inspections to identify abnormalities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carcasses are condemned postmortem if there are visible lesions or tumors present on organs and carcasses.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

United States agriculture feeds billions of food-producing animals each year, with annual broiler numbers alone exceeding the current size of the global human population.

“United States agriculture feeds billions of food-producing animals each year, with annual broiler numbers alone exceeding the current size of the global human population (Table 2).”

May combine two claims.

About 70% of soybean meal consumed in the EU is imported and 80% of this meal is produced from GE soybeans.

“About 70% of soybean meal consumed in the EU is imported and 80% of this meal is produced from GE soybeans.”

May combine two claims.

The available health parameters-somatic cell count in dairy, postmortem condemnation rates in cattle, and postmortem condemnation rates and mortality in poultry-all decreased (improved) over time.

“The available health parameters, somatic cell count (an indicator of mastitis and inflammation in the udder) in the dairy data set (Fig. 1), postmortem condemnation rates in cattle (Fig. 1), and postmortem condemnation rates and mortality in the poultry industry (Fig. 2) all decreased (i.e., improved) over time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All animals arriving at USDA-inspected slaughter facilities undergo both antemortem and postmortem inspections to identify abnormalities.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Carcasses are condemned postmortem if there are visible lesions or tumors present on organs and carcasses.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the 2011 to 2012 marketing year, domestic animal agriculture used 27.6 million t of U.S. soybean meal.

“In the 2011 to 2012 marketing year, domestic animal agriculture used 27.6 million t of U.S. soybean meal.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Asia, consumption of meat and dairy products has been increasing annually by approximately 3 and 5%, respectively.

“In Asia alone, consumption of meat and dairy products has been increasing annually by approximately 3 and 5%, respectively (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012).”

• cites Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In 2011, the United States had 1.26 million ha of certified organic cropland and 0.93 million ha of certified organic pasture and range.

“In 2011, the United States had 1.26 million ha of certified organic cropland and 0.93 million ha of certified organic pasture and range (USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012).”

• cites USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

This translates into roughly 0.8 and 0.5% of total U.S. cropland and pasture/rangeland, respectively.

“This translates into roughly 0.8 and 0.5% of total U.S. cropland and pasture/rangeland, respectively (Fig. 7).”

• cites Fig. 7Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The amount of organic farmland increased well over 1,000% in these countries between 2002 and 2006, while organic farmland in Europe and North America showed slower (27-80%) expansion rates.

“The amount of organic farmland increased well over 1,000% in these countries between 2002 and 2006, while organic farmland in Europe and North America showed slower (27-80%) expansion rates (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

• cites Grow and Greene, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2009, Canada was the main market for U.S. organic exports, while countries in Latin America, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, along with China and other countries in Asia are major sources of organic imports.

“In 2009, Canada was the main market for U.S. organic exports, while countries in Latin America, including Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, along with China and other countries in Asia are major sources of organic imports (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

• cites Grow and Greene, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three of the top 5 corn exporting countries-the United States, Brazil, and Argentina-currently grow GE corn.

“Three of the top 5 corn exporting countries-the United States, Brazil, and Argentina-currently grow GE corn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During 2011, approximately 254,700 dairy cows (2.78% of the total U.S. dairy herd) on 1,848 dairy operations were certified organic.

“During 2011, approximately 254,700 dairy cows (2.78% of the total U.S. dairy herd; Table 2) on 1,848 dairy operations were certified organic.”

• cites Table 2Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

China has a zero-tolerance policy for unapproved events.

“China has a zero-tolerance policy for unapproved events.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The countries with the fastest growth in organic production are those that produce organic products for export including China, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, and Ukraine.

“The countries with the fastest growth in organic production are those that produce organic products for export including China, Bolivia, Chile, Uruguay, and Ukraine.”

• cites Grow and Greene, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2013, the United States imported over $100 million of organic soybeans primarily from China and India.

“In 2013, the United States imported over $100 million of organic soybeans primarily from China and India (Fig.  8; Global Agricultural Trade System online [GATS] organic products www.fas.usda. gov/commodities/organic-products).”

• cites Fig. 8; Global Agricultural Trade System online [GATS] organic products www.fas.usda. gov/commodities/organic-productsNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The main driver for non-GE feed is the poultry sector (17%) followed by the cattle (9%) and pig sectors (2%).

“The main driver for non-GE feed is the poultry sector (17%) followed by the cattle (9%) and pig sectors (2%; European Feed Manufacturers' Federation, 2013).”

• cites European Feed Manufacturers' Federation, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proportion of organic imports used for livestock feed versus human food purposes is unavailable as import product codes do not distinguish between these uses.

“The proportion of organic imports used for livestock feed versus human food purposes is unavailable as import product codes do not distinguish between these uses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2007, USDA-accredited groups certified 27,000 producers and handlers worldwide to the U.S. organic standard, with approximately 16,000 in the United States and 11,000 in over 100 foreign countries.

“In 2007, USDA-accredited groups certified 27,000 producers and handlers worldwide to the U.S. organic standard, with approximately 16,000 in the United States and 11,000 in over 100 foreign countries (Grow and Greene, 2009).”

• cites Grow and Greene, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the top 5 corn importing countries-Japan, Mexico, the EU, South Korea, and Egypt-only 5 countries within the EU (Spain, Portugal, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Slovakia) grew a small amount (148,013 ha) of BtMON810 corn.

“Of the top 5 corn importing countries-Japan, Mexico, the EU, South Korea, and Egypt-only 5 countries within the EU (Spain, Portugal, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Slovakia) grew a small amount (148,013 ha) of BtMON810 corn (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014a).”

• cites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2014aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Corn is the second largest category of GE products imported into the EU after soy.

“Corn is the second largest category of GE products imported into the EU after soy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Consumers wishing to purchase products from animals fed non-GE diets in the United States currently have that choice available through certified NOP products, the FSIS-approved Non-GMO Project verified label claim for meat and liquid eggs, and other non-GMO certification programs.

“Consumers wishing to purchase products from animals fed non-GE diets in the United States currently have that choice available through certified NOP prod -ucts, the FSIS-approved Non-GMO Project verified label claim for meat and liquid eggs, and other non-genetically modified organism certification programs.”

May combine two claims.

In 2007, asynchronous approval of a GE corn variety approved for cultivation in Argentina but unapproved for food and feed use in the EU concentrated demand on corn grown in Brazil, which increased prices an estimated €50/million t for compound feed producers in the EU.

“Similarly, in 2007 there was a problem with asynchronous approval of a GE corn variety approved for cultivation in Argentina but unapproved for food and feed use in the EU. This concentrated demand on corn grown in Brazil, which in -creased prices an estimated €50/million t for compound feed producers in the EU (Popp et al., 2013).”

• cites Popp et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Farm animal feed in the EU-27 is composed of 50% roughages and 10% grains produced on farm, 10% purchased feed materials, and 30% industrial compound feed.

“Farm animal feed in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU-27) is composed of 50% roughages and 10% grains produced on farm, 10% purchased feed materials, and 30% industrial compound feed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

China only accepts GE-positive cargo if the shipment is marked accordingly and contains only those GE events that are approved for import in China as well as cultivation in the country of origin.

“China only accepts GE-positive cargo if the shipment is marked accordingly and contains only those GE events that are approved for import in China as well as cultivation in the country of origin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2013, 4 major United Kingdom food supermarket groups-Tesco, Cooperative, Marks and Spencer, and Sainsbury's-ceased requiring that poultry and egg suppliers use only non-GE feed.

“In 2013, 4 major United Kingdom food supermarket groups-Tesco, Cooperative, Marks and Spencer, and Sainsbury's-ceased requiring that poultry and egg suppliers use only non-GE feed (Popp et al., 2013).”

• cites Popp et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In March 2013, Whole Foods Market set a deadline that by 2018, animal products sold in its U.S. and Canadian stores must be labeled to indicate whether or not they came from animals that had consumed GE feed.

“For example, in March 2013, the retail chain Whole Foods Market set a deadline that by 2018, animal products sold in its U.S. and Canadian stores must be labeled to indicate whether or not they came from animals that had consumed GE feed (Whole Foods Market, 2013).”

• cites Whole Foods Market, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Since trade disruptions began, a total of 3.3 million t of U.S. corn have been subject to rejection and diverted shipments (1.4 million t) or canceled or deferred sales.

“Since these trade disruptions began, a total of 3.3 million t of U.S. corn have been subject to re-”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Organically raised livestock accounted for $1.31 billion in sales in 2011.

“Organically raised livestock accounted for $1.31 billion in sales in 2011, the last year with a complete set of data on production and sales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Of the top 5 soybean meal exporting countries in 2013-Argentina, Brazil, the United States, India, and Paraguay-only India does not allow the cultivation of GE soybeans.

“Of the top 5 soybean meal exporting countries in 2013-Argentina, Brazil, the United States, India, and Paraguay-only India does not allow the cultivation of GE soybeans.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The remaining 2 top 5 corn exporting countries-Ukraine and India-do not have officially registered and approved GE corn varieties.

“The remaining 2 countries-Ukraine and India-do not have officially registered and approved GE corn varieties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2007, approximately half of the accredited foreign organic farmers and handlers certified to NOP standards were in Canada, Italy, Turkey, China, and Mexico.

“In 2007, approximately half of the accredited foreign organic farmers and handlers certified to NOP standards were in Canada, Italy, Turkey, China, and Mexico.”

• cites Grow and Greene, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Annual EU imports of corn products include US$1.8 billion of corn, $151 million of corn seed for planting, and $87 million of dried distillers grains.

“Annual EU imports of corn products include US$1.8 billion of corn, $151 million of corn seed for planting, and $87 million of dried distillers grains (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013a).”

• cites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the EU, less than 15% of the animal feed market is identity-preserved certified non-GE, although there are great variations between countries.

“It has been estimated that in the EU, less than 15% of the animal feed market is identity-preserved certified non-GE, although there are great variations between countries.”

May combine two claims.

The estimated size of the export market requiring certified non-GE corn is 7.3 million t or 7%.

“The estimated size of the export market requiring certified non-GE corn is 7.3 million t or 7% (Table 6).”

• cites Table 6Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

EU corn production is sufficient to meet most of its own corn consumption, with imports accounting for only 10% of total supply.

“Unlike soybean, EU corn production is sufficient to meet most of its own corn consumption, with imports accounting for only 10% of total supply.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Up to $2.9 billion in economic losses were sustained by the U.S. corn, distillers' grains, and soy sectors in the aftermath of the zero-tolerance enforcement policy on U.S. export shipments to China.

“It has been estimated that up to $2.9 billion in economic losses were sustained by the U.S. corn, distillers' grains, and soy sectors in the aftermath of the ze -ro-tolerance enforcement policy on U.S. export shipments to China (National Grain and Feed Association, 2014).”

• cites National Grain and Feed Association, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Ukraine does not export or import GE products as none are officially registered and approved for commercial use or sale in the country.

“Ukraine does not export or import GE products as none are officially registered and approved for commer -cial use or sale in the country.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Approximately 11.6% (100 million t) of global corn production was internationally traded in 2013.

“Approximately 11.6% (100 million t) of global corn production was internationally traded in 2013.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Less than 2% of U.S. dairy production is currently organic.

“Organic milk led livestock commodities, accounting for $765 million, or 58%, of organic animal product sales; however, less than 2% of U.S. dairy production is currently organic (Hafla et al., 2013).”

• cites Hafla et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ukraine signed a 3-yr agreement with China in 2013 for the delivery of 4 to 5 million t of corn per year.

“Interestingly, Ukraine signed a 3-yr agreement with China in 2013 for the delivery of 4 to 5 million t of corn per year.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Private sources estimate approximately 60% of the Ukraine soybean crop and 30% of the corn crop consist of GE varieties.

“However, private sources estimate approximately 60% of the Ukraine soybean crop and 30% of the corn crop consist of GE varieties (USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013b).”

• cites USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, 2013bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The retail price for organic milk between 2004 and 2007 averaged 3 times the cost of conventional milk.

“The retail price for or -ganic milk between 2004 and 2007 averaged 3 times the cost of conventional milk (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012b), and in 2013, organic milk made up 4.38% of total U.S. fluid milk market sales.”

• cites USDA Economic Research Service, 2012bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

In 2011, sales of U.S. organic broilers and eggs totaled $115 million and $276 million, representing 0.5 and 3.7% of total sales, respectively.

“In 2011, sales of U.S. organic broilers and eggs totaled $115 million and $276 million, representing 0.5 and 3.7% of total sales, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several of these crops are far advanced in the regulatory pipeline.

“Several of these crops are far advanced in the regulatory pipeline (Table 8; Tillie et al., 2013)”

• cites Table 8; Tillie et al., 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2013, approximately 175.2 million ha of GE crops were cultivated worldwide by 18 million farmers.

“In 2013, approximately 175.2 million ha of GE crops were cultivated worldwide (James, 2013) by 18 million farmers.”

• cites James, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The price of natural/organic beef averaged $12.08/kg in the first quarter of 2011, which represented a premium of $3.75/kg.

“The price of natural/organic beef averaged $12.08/kg in the first quarter of 2011, which represent -ed a premium of $3.75/kg.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In China, 7.5 million farmers cultivating an average of approximately 0.5 ha collectively grew 4.2 million ha of Bt cotton, an adoption rate of 90%.

“In China, 7.5 million farmers cultivating an average of approximately 0.5 ha collectively grew 4.2 million ha of Bt cotton, an adoption rate of 90%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Organic beef cattle may be finished in feedlots for no more than 120 d and must have access to pasture during this time.

“Organic beef cattle may be finished in feedlots for no more than 120 d and must have access to pasture during this time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Natural, organic, and grass/forage-fed account for about 3% of the U.S. beef market.

“Natural, organic (grain-fed or otherwise), and grass/ forage-fed (including cattle finished on grasses/forages to a specific quality standard) account for about 3% of the U.S. beef market (Mathews and Johnson, 2013).”

• cites Mathews and Johnson, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Currently, 33 countries have regulatory systems that handle approval for the cultivation or importation of new GE crops.

“Currently, 33 countries have regulatory systems that handle approval for the cultivation or importation of new GE crops (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2014).”

• cites International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Silage is an accepted feed that can consist of relatively large portions of grain.

“However, silage is an accepted feed that can consist of relatively large portions of grain.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Under the AMS Process Verified Program grass-fed standard, grass or forage must be the exclusive feed source throughout the lifetime of the ruminant animal except for milk consumed before weaning.

“Under this verification standard, grass or forage must be the exclusive feed source throughout the lifetime of the ruminant animal except for milk consumed before weaning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The USDA NE3 Process Verified Program does not mandate or specify the use of non-GE feed.

“Likewise, the USDA NE3 Process Verified Program does not mandate or specify the use of non-GE feed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are numerous GE crops enhanced for animal nutrition in the research and development pipeline, with almost 100 events under research in many countries.

“There are numerous GE crops enhanced for animal nutrition in the research and development pipeline, with almost 100 events under research in many countries of the world (Tillie et al., 2013).”

• cites Tillie et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

By 2020, developing countries will consume 107 million t more meat and 177 million t more milk than the annual average of the years 1996 through 1998.

“By 2020, developing countries will consume 107 million t more meat and 177 million t more milk than the annual average of the years 1996 through 1998.”

• cites Delgado, 2003 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Protocols have been developed to address the safety testing of these crops.

“Protocols have been developed to address the safety testing of these crops (International Life Sciences Institute, 2007).”

• cites International Life Sciences Institute, 2007Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The largest volume of organic meat sales is for poultry.

“The largest volume of organic meat sales is for poultry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2011, 106,181 beef cows (0.34% of the total U.S. beef cows) and 113,114 unclassified cows and young stock were raised in certified organic production systems.

“In 2011, 106,181 beef cows (0.34% of the total U.S. beef cows; Table 2) and 113,114 unclassified cows and young stock were raised in certified organic production systems.”

• cites Table 2Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

GE crops have resulted in a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which in 2012 alone was equivalent to removing 11.88 million cars from the roads.

“As a result of fuel savings associated with making fewer spray runs, the adoption of production systems with reduced tillage, and additional soil carbon sequestration, GE crops have also resulted in a significant reduction in the release of greenhouse gas emissions, which, in 2012 alone, was equivalent to removing 11.88 million cars from the roads (Brookes and Barfoot, 2014b).”

• cites Brookes and Barfoot, 2014bNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over 90% (>16.5 million) of these farmers were small-scale, resource-poor farmers in developing countries.

“Over 90% (>16.5 million) were small-scale, resource-poor farmers in developing countries.”

May combine two claims.

In 2011, certified organic broilers totaled more than 28 million (0.33% of total U.S. broilers), layer hens totaled more than 6.6 million (1.97% of total U.S. layers), and turkeys totaled 504,000 (0.20% of total U.S. turkeys).

“In 2011, the number of certified organic broilers totaled more than 28 million (0.33% of the total U.S. broilers; Table 2), layer hens totaled more than 6.6 million (1.97% of the total U.S. layers), and turkeys totaled 504,000 (0.20% of the total U.S. turkeys).”

• cites Table 2Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The animal cannot be fed grain or any grain byproduct before marketing and must have continuous access to pasture during the growing season.

“The animal cannot be fed grain or any grain byproduct before marketing and must have continuous access to pasture during the growing season.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

India cultivated 11.0 million ha of Bt cotton with an adoption rate of 95%.

“India cultivated 11.0 million ha of Bt cotton with an adoption rate of 95%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2013, organic milk made up 4.38% of total U.S. fluid milk market sales.

“The retail price for or -ganic milk between 2004 and 2007 averaged 3 times the cost of conventional milk (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012b), and in 2013, organic milk made up 4.38% of total U.S. fluid milk market sales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The retail price for organic poultry and eggs between 2004 and 2006 was approximately twice that of conventional products.

“The retail price for organic poultry and eggs between 2004 and 2006 was approximately twice that of conventional products (USDA Economic Research Service, 2012a).”

• cites USDA Economic Research Service, 2012aNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Corn silage averages 10 to 20% grain and can consist of up to a third or more grain, blurring the distinction between grain fed and forage fed.

“For example, corn silage, which averages 10 to 20% grain and can consist of up to a third or more grain, blurs the distinction between grain fed and forage fed (Mathews and Johnson, 2013).”

• cites Mathews and Johnson, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Voluntary labeling programs and market premiums exist for products derived from animals that have not consumed GE feed.

“V oluntary labeling programs and market premiums exist for products derived from animals that have not consumed GE feed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Sampling, testing, and certification depend on statistical processes, and hence all are subject to some error, which increases at very low tolerances.

“Sampling, testing, and certification depend on statistical processes, however, and hence all are subject to some error, which increases at very low tolerances (Lamb and Booker, 2011).”

• cites Lamb and Booker, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Currently, the most accepted techniques for the detection of rDNA and protein products are PCR and ELISA, respectively.

“Currently, the most accepted techniques for the detection of rDNA and protein products are PCR and ELISA, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although efforts have been taken to harmonize analytical methodology for the detection of GE products at national, regional, and international levels, no international standards have yet been established.

“Although efforts have been taken to harmonize analytical methodology for the detection of GE products at national, regional, and international levels, no international standards have yet been established (Holst-Jensen et al., 2006).”

• cites Holst-Jensen et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Global trade of livestock feed is largely supplied by countries that have approved the cultivation of GE crops.

“Animal agriculture is currently highly dependent on GE feed sources, and global trade of livestock feed is largely supplied by countries that have approved the cultivation of GE crops.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Commercial livestock populations are the largest consumers of GE crops.

“Commercial livestock populations are the largest consumers of GE crops, and globally, billions of animals have been eating GE feed for almost 2 decades.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Various analytical methods have been developed and are routinely used for the monitoring of GE origin in raw materials and processed foods.

“Various analytical methods have been developed and are routinely used for the monitoring of GE origin in raw materials and processed foods and have been reviewed elsewhere (Alexander et al., 2007; Marmiroli et al., 2008).”

• cites Alexander et al., 2007; Marmiroli et al., 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is currently a pipeline of so-called 'second generation' GE crops with improved output traits for livestock production.

“There is currently a pipeline of so-called 'second generation' GE crops with improved output traits for livestock production.”

May combine two claims.

The cost of non-GE-fed animal products is higher than conventionally produced products due to both the higher cost of non-GE feed and the costs associated with certifying the absence of GE crops in the production process and product segregation.

“The cost of these products is higher than conventionally produced products due to both the higher cost of non-GE feed and the costs associated with certifying the absence of GE crops in the production process and product segregation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such products are available to interested consumers via voluntary process-based marketing programs.

“The market for animals that have not consumed GE feed is currently a niche market in the United States, although such products are available to interested consumers via voluntary processbased marketing programs.”

May combine two claims.

No significant differences in feed digestibility, performance, or health have been observed in livestock that consume GE feed.

“no significant differences in feed digestibility, performance, or health have been observed in livestock that consume GE feed (Flachowsky et al., 2012).”

• cites Flachowsky et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Food Safety Authority states that 90-day subchronic rodent testing is only warranted when driven by a specific hypothesis indicated by molecular, compositional, phenotypic, agronomic, or other analysis of the particular GE event.

“the European Food Safety Authority (2008; Parma, Italy) states that such testing is only warranted when driven by a specific hypothesis indicated by mo -lecular, compositional, phenotypic, agronomic, or other analysis (e.g., metabolic pathway considerations) of the particular GE event.”

• cites European Food Safety Authority, 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Results from comprehensive studies revealed the compositional and nutritional noninferiority of GE corn to its isogenic control and an absence of long-term adverse effects from GE corn consumption.

“Results from these comprehensive studies revealed the compositional and nutritional noninferiority of GE corn to its isogenic control and an absence of long-term adverse effects from GE corn consumption.”

• cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steinke et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Walsh et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The poison alpha-solanine was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of potato through plant breeding, resulting in certain cultivars being withdrawn from the United States and Swedish markets.

“α-solanine, a glycoalkaloid, was unintentionally increased to unacceptable levels in certain varieties of potato through plant breeding resulting in certain cultivars being withdrawn from the U.S. and Swedish markets due to frequently exceeding the upper safe limit for total glycoalkaloid content (Petersson et al., 2013).”

• cites Petersson et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Many toxicologists concur that animal feeding trials of whole GE food have low power to detect adverse effects and contribute little to the safety assessment of whole foods.

“Many toxicologists concur that animal feeding trials of whole GE food have a low power to detect adverse effects and contribute little, if anything, to the safety assessment of whole foods (Kuiper et al., 2013).”

• cites Kuiper et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Antibodies specific to the GE corn protein Cry1Ab were not detected in the blood, indicating the absence of an allergic-type immune response to the protein.

“Antibodies specific to the GE corn protein (Cry1Ab) were not detected in the blood, indicating the absence of an allergic-type immune response to the protein.”

• cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steinke et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Walsh et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Neither the cry1Ab gene nor the Cry1Ab protein was found in the blood, organs, or products of animals fed GE corn.

“Neither the cry1Ab gene nor the Cry1Ab protein was found in the blood, organs, or products of animals fed GE corn”

• cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steinke et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Walsh et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Neither the intact recombinant DNA nor the intact recombinant protein migrated from the digestive system of the animal into other body tissues or edible animal products.

“indicating that neither the intact rDNA nor the intact recombinant protein migrated from the digestive system of the animal into other body tissues or edible animal products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The European Food Safety Authority clarified the difference between statistical significance and biological relevance.

“The European Food Safety Authority clarified the difference between statis -tical significance and biological relevance (European Food Safety Authority, 2011).”

• cites European Food Safety Authority, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

There were no adverse effects of feeding GE corn on small intestinal morphology or the gut microbiota.

“there were no adverse effects of feeding GE corn on small intestinal morphology or the gut microbiota.”

• cites Guertler et al., 2010, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Steinke et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Walsh et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The feed conversion ratio would be expected to worsen (increase) if the health of broilers was deteriorating following exposure to GE feed.

“but this ratio is something that would be expected to worsen (i.e., increase) if the health of these animals was deteriorating following exposure to GE feed.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: If animal feed derived from GE crops had deleterious effects on animals consuming GE feed, then animal performance and health attributes in these large commercial livestock populations would have been negatively impacted.

May combine two claims.

Studies have concluded that animals do not digest transgenic and native plant DNA differently and that rDNA from GE crops has not been detected in animal products.

“Studies have concluded that animals do not digest transgenic and native plant DNA differently and that rDNA from GE crops has not been detected in animal products (Einspanier, 2013).”

• cites Einspanier, 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Broilers are exposed to large amounts of corn and soybean meal during their 42- to 49-d lifespan and increase their body size 60-fold during this period, making them very sensitive to dietary perturbations.

“Although broilers are exposed to large amounts of corn and soybean meal during their 42- to 49-d lifespan, they increase their body size 60fold during this period, making them very sensitive to dietary perturbations (European Food Safety Authority, 2008; International Life Sciences Institute, 2003).”

• cites European Food Safety Authority, 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites International Life Sciences Institute, 2003Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In a typical U.S. broiler operation, chickens are fed for 42–49 d on diets composed of approximately 35% soybean meal and 65% corn grain.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adverse effects, including high rates of tumorogenesis, sterility, premature mortality, and histopathological abnormalities, have been reported in these studies.

“Adverse effects, including high rates of tumorogenesis, sterility, premature mortality, and histopathological abnormalities have been reported.”

May combine two claims.

Neither recombinant DNA nor protein has ever been found in milk, meat, or eggs from animals that have eaten GE feed, with the exception of a single study that reported fragments of transgenic DNA in both 'organic' and 'conventional' milk in Italy.

“however, neither recombinant DNA nor protein has ever been found in milk, meat, or eggs from animals that have eaten GE feed with the exception of a single study that reported the presence of fragments of transgenic DNA in both 'organic' and 'conventional' milk in Italy (Agodi et al., 2006).”

• cites Agodi et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Some of these reports were published and then retracted, and others were never subjected to peer review.

“Some of these reports were published and then retracted (Séralini et al., 2012), although recently and controversially republished without further peer review (Séralini et al., 2014), and others were never subjected to peer review (Ermakova, 2005; Velmirov et al., 2008).”

• cites Séralini et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Séralini et al., 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ermakova, 2005Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The DNA from GE crops is chemically equivalent to DNA from other sources and both are thoroughly broken down in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion.

“The DNA from GE crops is chemically equivalent to DNA from other sources and both are thoroughly broken down in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion (Beever and Kemp, 2000; Jonas et al., 2001; CAST, 2006).”

• cites Beever and Kemp, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jonas et al., 2001 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites CAST, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Increase in demand for animal products, especially meat, will drive demand for grain and protein feeds.

“Increase in demand for animal products, especially meat, will drive demand for grain and protein feeds (USDA Economic Research Service, 2008).”

• cites USDA Economic Research Service, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Despite a wealth of studies and literature to the contrary, these isolated and poorly designed studies have resulted in the promulgation of new regulations, including a mandatory 90-d rodent subchronic toxicity feeding study for all new GE approvals in the EU, and have generated a great deal of media attention.

“Despite a wealth of studies and literature to the contrary, these isolated and poorly designed studies have resulted in the promulgation of new regulations, including a mandatory 90-d rodent subchronic toxicity feeding study for all new GE approvals in the EU (Kuiper et al., 2013), and have generated a great deal of media attention (Arjó et al., 2013).”

• cites Kuiper et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Arjó et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

FAO predicts that by 2050 global grain trade will double to 600 million t.

“The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, Italy) predicts that by 2050 global grain trade will double to 600 million t (Bruinsma 2009).”

• cites Bruinsma 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

U.S. GE corn plantings caused a drastic decline in corn exports to the EU because of trade disruptions due to asynchronous approvals.

“The United States used to be a major supplier of corn to the EU in the 1990s but GE corn plantings in the United States caused a drastic decline in corn exports to the EU because of trade disruptions due to asynchronous approvals (i.e., cultivation approvals of specific GE varieties in the United States occurring before food and feed import approvals in the EU).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Given asynchronous regulatory approvals and shared harvesting machinery and storage facilities, trade disruption appears almost unavoidable if importing countries enforce a zero-tolerance policy for unapproved events that have been approved for cultivation in exporting countries.

“Given asynchronous regulatory approvals and the realities of agricultural production systems where harvesting machinery and storage facilities are shared among different production systems, trade disruption appears almost unavoidable if importing countries enforce a 'zerotolerance' policy for unapproved events that have been approved for cultivation in exporting countries.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Harvesting machinery and storage facilities are shared among different agricultural production systems.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As global production of GE feed crops continues to rise, the EU's stringent GE tolerance levels (0.9% GE material limit plus 0.05% measuring uncertainty tolerance) and zero tolerance for unapproved events are complicating the maintenance of non-GE supply chains.

“As the global production of GE feed crops continues to rise, the EU's stringent GE tolerance levels (0.9% GE material limit plus 0.05% measuring uncertainty tolerance) and zero tolerance for unapproved events are complicating the maintenance of non-GE supply chains (Popp et al., 2013).”

• cites Popp et al., 2013 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The availability and cost of certified organic feeds is a major challenge for U.S. organic livestock producers.

“The availability and cost of certified organic feeds is a major challenge for U.S. or -ganic livestock producers.”

May combine two claims.

Production costs for organic dairies are greater than for conventional dairies due to the increased cost of organic feed and the increased use of labor and capital, which is not scale neutral as total costs per unit of production drops sharply as herd size increases.

“Production costs for organic dairies are greater than for conventional dairies due to the increased cost of organic feed and the increased use of labor and capital, which is not scale neutral as the total costs per unit of production drops sharply as herd size increases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Voluntary process-based labels verify that GE crops were not used in the production process, rather than testing for the presence of GE content in the animal products themselves, as such products contain no detectable and quantifiable traces of GE materials.

“These voluntary process-based labels, in effect, verify that GE crops were not used in the production process, rather than testing for the presence of GE content in the animal products themselves as such products contain no detectable and quantifiable traces of GE materials.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Given high rates of GE adoption in major feed crops, U.S. producers wishing to purchase non-GE feed likely contract with growers or source identity-preserved (certified non-GE) or organic feed.

“Given the high rates of GE adoption in major feed crops, U.S. producers wishing to purchase non-GE feed for their livestock likely contract with growers or source identity-preserved (certified non-GE) or organic feed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Genetic engineering offers new possibilities for approaching both objectives, including improving the nutritional value of feed, lowering N and P pollution through altered crop composition, and reducing manure excretion through a higher NE value.

“Genetic engineering offers new possibilities for approaching both of these objectives, including improving the nutritional value of feed (e.g., AA content; Huang et al., 2006), lowering N and P pollution through altered crop composition (e.g., low phytate; Chen et al., 2008), and reducing manure excretion through a higher NE value (e.g., reduced lignin; Jung et al., 2012).”

• cites Huang et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Chen et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jung et al., 2012 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Given different regulatory approaches for compositionally equivalent crops, it is unclear how regulatory requirements may vary between countries in terms of the number and length of target animal feeding studies for these crops with altered output traits.

“However, given the different regulatory approaches that are in place for crops that are compositionally equivalent, it is unclear how regulatory requirements may vary between countries in terms of the number and length of target animal feeding studies for these crops with altered output traits.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Second generation crops modified for output traits will pose some regulatory and commercialization challenges.

“These so-called 'second generation' crops modified for output traits will pose some regulatory and com -mercialization challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Feedstuffs are a major contributor to life cycle assessments in the production of meat, milk, and eggs on a national and global scale.

“Feedstuffs are a major contributor to life cycle assessments in the production of meat, milk, and eggs on a national and global scale.”

May combine two claims.

Reversion from GE to conventional crop varieties would require the adoption of altered agronomic practices to manage those crops and relinquishment of the documented environmental and economic benefits associated with the adoption of GE crops.

“Reversion from GE to conventional crop varieties would require the adoption of altered agronomic practices to manage those crops and relinquishment of the documented environmental and economic benefits as -sociated with the adoption of GE crops (Areal et al., 2013; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Green, 2012; NRC, 2010).”

• cites Areal et al., 2013; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Green, 2012; NRC, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This planting was greater than a 100-fold increase from the 1.7 million ha that were planted in 1996, making GE the fastest-adopted crop technology in recent history.

“This planting was greater than a 100-fold increase from the 1.7 million ha that were planted in 1996, making GE the fastest-adopted crop technology in recent history.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If benefits derived from growing these crops accrue to the livestock producer or feeder and not directly to the farmer growing the crop, there will need to be some form of supply chain segregation in place to ensure a price premium is obtained for the value-added output trait.

“Additionally, if the benefits derived from growing these crops accrue to the livestock producer or feeder and not directly to the farmer growing the crop, there will need to be some form of supply chain segregation in place to ensure a price premium is obtained for the value-added output trait.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

There are 2 ways in which plant breeding might increase the efficiency of livestock production: raising crop yield per hectare and improving the rate of conversion of vegetable calories into animal calories.

“There are 2 ways in which plant breeding might increase the efficiency of livestock production; the first is by raising the crop yield per hect -are (e.g., improved drought tolerance or N use efficiency) and the second is by improving the rate of conversion of vegetable calories into animal calories (e.g., altered output traits or crop composition).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Second generation crops will not, by definition, be substantially equivalent to isogenic non-GE varieties.

“The first is that they will not, by definition, be substantially equivalent to isogenic non-GE varieties.”

May combine two claims.

Farmers have planted these GE varieties to enable the adoption of improved agronomic practices (e.g., reduced insecticide applications) providing environmental, economic, and food security benefits in various countries.

“Farmers have planted these GE varieties to enable the adoption of improved agronomic practices (e.g., reduced insecticide applications) providing environmental, economic, and food security benefits in various countries (Ali and Abdulai, 2010; Burachik, 2010; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2010; Kathage and Qaim, 2012; Qaim and Kouser, 2013).”

• cites Ali and Abdulai, 2010; Burachik, 2010; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2010; Kathage and Qaim, 2012; Qaim and Kouser, 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Using pasture as a source of dairy forage is more common on organic dairies, which can help reduce feed costs per cow but also contributes to lower production per cow.

“Using pasture as a source of dairy forage is more common on organic dairies, which can help to reduce feed costs per cow but also contributes to lower production per cow.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The term 'natural' is not associated with an official production process standard so natural beef may come from animals that have consumed GE feed.

“The term 'natural' is not associated with an official production process standard so natural beef may come from animals that have consumed GE feed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The range of GE crop species being grown and traded is expanding.

“2) the expanding range of GE crop species being grown and traded;”

• cites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The pipeline of novel GE crop events, including second-generation crops modified for output traits, is expanding.

“These include 1) the expanding pipeline of novel GE crop events, including second generation crops modified for output traits;”

• cites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Asynchronous approvals have resulted in trade disruptions, especially when countries use a zero-tolerance policy for unapproved events, meaning that even minute traces of unapproved GE crops are illegal and must be withdrawn from the market.

“As discussed previously, this has resulted in trade disruptions, especially when countries use a 'zero-tolerance' policy for unapproved events, meaning that even minute traces of unapproved GE crops are illegal and must be withdrawn from the market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Recent developments may lead to a revaluation of the current rDNA process-based regulatory trigger for GE organisms to a more scientifically defensible product-based approach centered on the novelty and any unique risks associated with the phenotype of the product rather than the process used to accomplish the genetic modification.

“These developments may lead to a revaluation of the current rDNA process-based regulatory trigger for GE organisms to a more scientifically defensible product-based approach centered on the novelty and any unique risks associated with the phenotype of the product rather than the process used to accomplish the genetic modification (Bradford et al., 2005; McHughen, 2007).”

• cites Bradford et al., 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McHughen, 2007 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Countries with zero-tolerance policies will be perceived as risky export markets, and importers will pay higher prices and insurance premiums to offset risks taken by the supplier.

“Countries with zero-tolerance policies will be perceived as risky export markets, and importers will pay higher prices and insurance premiums to offset risks taken by the supplier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The approval of second-generation GE crops with improved output traits will further complicate the sourcing of non-GE feedstuffs.

“Their approval will further complicate the sourcing of non-GE feedstuffs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The emergence of precise gene-editing technologies will further complicate the regulatory situation for GE crops and animals.

“will further complicate this situation.”

• cites Kim and Kim, 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The global hectarage of GE crops and the number of countries that raise them are expanding.

“3) the expanding global hectarage of GE crops and the growing number of countries that raise them;”

• cites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Regulatory expertise in many countries is nascent and inexperienced, and these countries will be called on to manage a large number of regulatory submissions for new GE crops in the future.

“4) the nascent and inexperienced regulatory expertise in many countries that will be called on to manage a large number of regulatory submissions for new GE crops in the future.”

• cites Kalaitzandonakes et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.