Psychosocial Care for People With Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association

In the paper

“In one study of individuals with type 1 diabetes, sexual dysfunction was reported in as many as 50% of male patients (107).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [107] Hatzimouratidis, 2014, How to treat erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: from pathophysiology to treatment, Curr Diab Rep source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of prospective and observational studies in PWD showed a 73% increased risk of all types of dementia, a 56% increased risk of Alzheimer dementia, and a 127% increased risk of vascular dementia compared with individuals without diabetes (115).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Gudala, 2013, Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, J Diabetes Investig source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of prospective and observational studies in PWD showed a 73% increased risk of all types of dementia, a 56% increased risk of Alzheimer dementia, and a 127% increased risk of vascular dementia compared with individuals without diabetes (115).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Gudala, 2013, Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, J Diabetes Investig source

In the paper

“A meta-analysis of prospective and observational studies in PWD showed a 73% increased risk of all types of dementia, a 56% increased risk of Alzheimer dementia, and a 127% increased risk of vascular dementia compared with individuals without diabetes (115).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [115] Gudala, 2013, Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies, J Diabetes Investig source

In the paper

“Care models that take into account cultural influences, as well as personal, family, and community resources, and tailor care to the core values and lifestyle of the individual are more likely to be successful (2).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Kahn, 2009, Improving diabetes care: the model for health care reform, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Therefore, it is not appropriate to automatically attribute suboptimal A1C and adverse events such as hypoglycemia (17) solely to self-management behaviors without their direct assessment.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Lopez, 2014, Impact of hypoglycemia on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their quality of life, work productivity, and medication adherence, Patient Prefer Adherence source

In the paper

“Multiple factors other than patient behavior affect diabetes treatment outcomes, including adequacy of medical management, duration of diabetes, weight gain, and other health-related (e.g., comorbid illness and concomitant medication) and social-structural factors (e.g., poverty, access to care, health insurance coverage) (13–16).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Grant, 2005, Quality of diabetes care in U.S. academic medical centers: low rates of medical regimen change, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [14] UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group, 1998, Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33), Lancet source
• Not checked yetcites [15] Vigersky, 2011, An overview of management issues in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Diabetes Sci Technol source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Wallace, 2000, Poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude, QJM source

In the paper

“with prospective monitoring for 6 months (a period of increased risk) (5).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] Young-Hyman, 2012 source

In the paper

“Patient perceptions about their own ability, or self-efficacy, to self-manage diabetes are one important psychosocial factor related to improved diabetes self-management and treatment outcomes in diabetes (22–26) and should be a target of ongoing assessment and treatment planning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Sarkar, 2006, Is self-efficacy associated with diabetes self-management across race/ethnicity and health literacy?, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [23] King, 2010, Self-efficacy, problem solving, and social-environmental support are associated with diabetes self-management behaviors, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [24] Nouwen, 2009, Comparison of the role of self-efficacy and illness representations in relation to dietary self-care and diabetes distress in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, Psychol Health source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Beckerle, 2013, Association of self-efficacy and self-care with glycemic control in diabetes, Diabetes Spectr source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Iannotti, 2006, Self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and diabetes self-management in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, J Dev Behav Pediatr source

In the paper

“Incorporation of a physical activity regimen into routine self-management has also been shown to improve the health and mental well-being of PWD (58,59).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [58] Piette, 2011, A randomized trial of telephonic counseling plus walking for depressed diabetes patients, Med Care source
• Not checked yetcites [59] Umpierre, 2011, Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA source

In the paper

“Occurrence of severe hypoglycemia has been shown to be associated with PTSD and PTSD-like and panic disorder symptoms (74,75).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Egede, 2012, Serious psychological distress and diabetes: a review of the literature, Curr Psychiatry Rep source
• Not checked yetcites [75] Trief, 2006, Post-traumatic stress disorder and diabetes: co-morbidity and outcomes in a male veterans sample, J Behav Med source

In the paper

“Regardless of diabetes type, women have significantly higher rates of depression than men (56).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] Clouse, 2003, Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes, Psychosom Med source

In the paper

“Suboptimal self-management may be due to functional limitations (e.g., blindness, problems with dexterity, low health literacy and numeracy), lack of appropriate diabetes education, forgetting and disruption in routines,”

• Also stated in: § PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IMPACTING DIABETES SELF-MANAGEMENT · plain

  “or psychosocial barriers, such as inadequate family and/or social support, misinformation or inaccurate beliefs about illness and treatment, emotional distress/depressive symptoms, or deficits in problem-solving or coping skills (23,27–30).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [23] King, 2010, Self-efficacy, problem solving, and social-environmental support are associated with diabetes self-management behaviors, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Gonzalez, 2008, Depression and diabetes treatment nonadherence: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Gherman, 2011, How are adherent people more likely to think? A meta-analysis of health beliefs and diabetes self-care, Diabetes Educ source
• Not checked yetcites [29] Duangdao, 2008, Coping with diabetes in adulthood: a meta-analysis, J Behav Med source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Nam, 2011, Barriers to diabetes management: patient and provider factors, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source

In the paper

“Elevated depressive symptoms and depressive disorders affect one in four patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (47).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Anderson, 2001, The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“The constant behavioral demands (medication dosing, frequency, and titration; monitoring blood glucose, food intake and eating patterns, and physical activity) of diabetes self-management and the potential or actuality of disease progression are directly associated with reports of diabetes distress (39).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Fisher, 2012, When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful?, Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care

In the paper

“and in people with type 2 diabetes, bingeing (excessive food intake with an accompanying sense of loss of control) is most commonly reported.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Pinhas-Hamiel, 2013, Detecting intentional insulin omission for weight loss in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Int J Eat Disord source
• Not checked yetcites [81] Goebel-Fabbri, 2008, Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Making healthy food choices on a daily basis is among the most difficult aspects of diabetes self-care (36).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] American Diabetes Association, 2016, Foundations of Care and Comprehensive Medical Evaluation. Sec. 3. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2016, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Estimated prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and diagnosable eating disorders in PWD varies (51,76,77).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Young-Hyman, 2010, Disordered eating behavior in individuals with diabetes: importance of context, evaluation, and classification, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [76] Pinhas-Hamiel, 2015, Eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Challenges in diagnosis and treatment, World J Diabetes source
• Not checked yetcites [77] Papelbaum, 2005, Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Rev Bras Psiquiatr source

In the paper

“History of depression, current depression, and antidepressant medication use are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes, especially if the individual has other risk factors such as obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes (53–55).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [53] Lustman, 1988, Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study, Diabetes Care source
• Not checked yetcites [54] de Groot, Lifetime duration of depressive disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care
• Not checked yetcites [55] Rubin, 2008, Elevated depression symptoms, antidepressant medicine use, and risk of developing diabetes during the diabetes prevention program, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance associated with having diabetes that interferes with social, occupational, or other important areas of function may reflect body dysmorphic disorder (51).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Young-Hyman, 2010, Disordered eating behavior in individuals with diabetes: importance of context, evaluation, and classification, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and FoH (79).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [79] Martyn-Nemeth, 2014, Diabetes distress may adversely affect the eating styles of women with type 1 diabetes, Acta Diabetol source

In the paper

“PWD with diagnosable eating disorders have high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders (78).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Hudson, 2007, The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Biol Psychiatry source

In the paper

“If the PWD exhibits excessive diabetes self-management behaviors well beyond what is prescribed or needed to achieve glycemic targets, reports repetitive negative thoughts about inability to prevent poor health outcomes, and/or has related thoughts and behaviors that interfere with other functions of daily living, the PWD may be experiencing symptoms of OCD (68).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [68] American Psychiatric Association

In the paper

“For people with type 1 diabetes, insulin omission causing glycosuria in order to lose weight is the most commonly reported disordered eating behavior (80,81),”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Pinhas-Hamiel, 2013, Detecting intentional insulin omission for weight loss in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus, Int J Eat Disord source
• Not checked yetcites [81] Goebel-Fabbri, 2008, Insulin restriction and associated morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“PWD may question whether intimate partnering and biological parenthood are viable in the context of their health status (108).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [108] Sereika, 2016, Operationalizing and examining family planning vigilance in adult women with type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Compared with older adults without diabetes, those with the disease are at an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (114).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [114] Luchsinger, 2007, Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment, Arch Neurol source

In the paper

“Effectiveness of regimen and care provision will be enhanced by the inclusion of behavioral health services into the diabetes treatment team.”

In the paper

“Fear of complications is a major component of diabetes distress, and depression associated with complications increases mortality (123,124).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Winkley, 2012, Five-year follow-up of a cohort of people with their first diabetic foot ulcer: the persistent effect of depression on mortality, Diabetologia source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Palmer, 2013, Association between depression and death in people with CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, Am J Kidney Dis source

In the paper

“PWD are diagnosed earlier (e.g., type 2 diabetes in childhood) (90) and living longer (48).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [90] Dabelea, 2014, Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009, JAMA source

In the paper

“Bariatric surgery in and of itself does not alleviate psychiatric symptoms, but it may result in remission of food addiction among those who were extremely obese (133).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] Pepino, 2014, Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss causes remission of food addiction in extreme obesity, Obesity (Silver Spring) source

In the paper

“Partner roles may change if functional ability is impacted by poor health outcomes (109).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Beverly, 2008, Practice implications of what couples tell us about type 2 diabetes management, Diabetes Spectr source

In the paper

“Bariatric surgery in and of itself does not alleviate psychiatric symptoms, but it may result in remission of food addiction among those who were extremely obese (133).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [133] Pepino, 2014, Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss causes remission of food addiction in extreme obesity, Obesity (Silver Spring) source

In the paper

“In addition, those taking olanzapine require greater monitoring because of an increase in risk of type 2 diabetes associated with this medication (88).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [88] Koro, 2002, Assessment of independent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: population based nested case-control study, BMJ source

In the paper

“Studies of people with serious mental illness, particularly schizophrenia and other thought disorders, show significantly increased rates of type 2 diabetes (87).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Suvisaari, 2008, Type 2 diabetes among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in a general population survey, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci source

In the paper

“Wishing to “fit in” may contribute to youth hiding or minimizing diabetes care behaviors, thereby compromising management in the school setting (97).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Silverstein, 2005, Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“People presenting for bariatric surgery have increased rates of depression and other major psychiatric disorders compared with healthy people and are prone to clinically significant body image disorders, sexual dysfunction, and suicidal behavior (131).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [131] Kalarchian, 2007, Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates: relationship to obesity and functional health status, Am J Psychiatry source

In the paper

“Persistence of parental depression is associated with poorer child adjustment and diabetes management, especially in younger children (96).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Ducat, 2015, A review of the mental health issues of diabetes conference, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“PWD are diagnosed earlier (e.g., type 2 diabetes in childhood) (90) and living longer (48).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] McIntyre, 2005, Bipolar disorder and diabetes mellitus: epidemiology, etiology, and treatment implications, Ann Clin Psychiatry source

In the paper

“Less research is available regarding sexual health for males, particularly in youth; however, males with diabetes have a threefold increased risk of erectile dysfunction compared with men who do not have diabetes (106,107).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Maiorino, 2014, Diabetes and sexual dysfunction: current perspectives, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
• Not checked yetcites [107] Hatzimouratidis, 2014, How to treat erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: from pathophysiology to treatment, Curr Diab Rep source

In the paper

“Fear of complications is a major component of diabetes distress, and depression associated with complications increases mortality (123,124).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [123] Winkley, 2012, Five-year follow-up of a cohort of people with their first diabetic foot ulcer: the persistent effect of depression on mortality, Diabetologia source
• Not checked yetcites [124] Palmer, 2013, Association between depression and death in people with CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies, Am J Kidney Dis source

In the paper

“Care should be taken to respect a teen/young adult’s privacy, as lack of confidentiality is known to negatively affect adolescents’ health behavior, especially regarding what are considered taboo or risky behaviors (101).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Peters, 2011, Diabetes care for emerging adults: recommendations for transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care systems, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Other diagnostic categories of eating disorders have a very low prevalence in PWD (77).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [77] Papelbaum, 2005, Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Rev Bras Psiquiatr source

In the paper

“For people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, intentional omission is also frequently reported (82).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Weinger, 2010, Barriers to achieving glycemic targets: who omits insulin and why?, Diabetes Care source

In the paper

“Within the primary care setting, older adults with diabetes and comorbid depression are likely to benefit from a collaborative care intervention approach, which uses a nurse care manager supervised by a primary care physician and psychiatrist (58,112,113).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [58] Piette, 2011, A randomized trial of telephonic counseling plus walking for depressed diabetes patients, Med Care source
• Not checked yetcites [112] Unützer, 2002, Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA source
• Not checked yetcites [113] Katon, 2004, The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression, Arch Gen Psychiatry source

In the paper

“Parents of children with type 1 diabetes are prone to high rates of depression, especially around the time of diagnosis (95,45).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Streisand, 2008, Parental anxiety and depression associated with caring for a child newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes: opportunities for education and counseling, Patient Educ Couns source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Hessler, 2016, Understanding the areas and correlates of diabetes-related distress in parents of teens with type 1 diabetes, J Pediatr Psychol source

In the paper

“High-quality relationships with and diabetes management support from intimate partners improve diabetes-specific and general quality of life, self-management behaviors, and metabolic outcomes (7).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Trief, 2012, Lifespan development issues for adults

In the paper

“Disordered thinking and judgment can be expected to make it difficult to engage in behaviors that reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as restrained eating for weight management.”

In the paper

“Cognitive development and medical decision-making skills will impact a wide variety of risk-taking behaviors and acceptance of self-management behaviors into daily life (98,99).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [98] Kuther, 2003, Medical decision-making and minors: issues of consent and assent, Adolescence
• Not checked yetcites [99] Coleman, 2013, The legal authority of mature minors to consent to general medical treatment, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“Those in most need, the disadvantaged lower socioeconomic level families, have the poorest access to diabetes services (134).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [134] Hill, 2013, Understanding the social factors that contribute to diabetes: a means to informing health care and social policies for the chronically ill

In the paper

“The integration of screening into clinical settings, with appropriate referrals to qualified mental health professionals for reasons noted in Table 1, can improve outcomes.”