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Cited by 118Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsEmpathy and Medical EducationPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 211 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ways of Knowing Compassion: How Do We Come to Know, Understand, and Measure Compassion When We See It?

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Mascaro, Jennifer S., Florian, Marianne P., Ash, Marcia J., Palmer, Patricia K., Frazier, Tyralynn, Condon, Paul, Raison, Charles·2020·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241PMC PMC7561712
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Abstract

Over the last decade, empirical research on compassion has burgeoned in the biomedical, clinical, translational, and foundational sciences. Increasingly sophisticated understandings and measures of compassion continue to emerge from the abundance of multidisciplinary and cross-disciplinary studies. Naturally, the diversity of research methods and theoretical frameworks employed presents a significant challenge to consensus and synthesis of this knowledge. To bring the empirical findings of separate and sometimes siloed disciplines into conversation with one another requires an examination of their disparate assumptions about what compassion is and how it can be known. Here, we present an integrated theoretical review of methodologies used in the empirical study of compassion. Our goal is to highlight the distinguishing features of each of these ways of knowing compassion, as well as the strengths and limitations of applying them to specific research questions. We hope this will provide useful tools for selecting methods that are tailored to explicit objectives (methods matching), taking advantage of methodological complementarity across disciplines (methods mixing), and incorporating the empirical study of compassion into fields in which it may be missing.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241

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FIGURE 1 Mapping the ways of knowing compassion. This figure maps the major methodologies reviewed here into theoretical spaces. The shape of the methodology denotes frame of reference. Color represents the extent to which that method has ecological validity. Positioning on the x-axis corresponds to the extent to which a method measures internal versus external aspects of compassion. Positioning on the y-axis corresponds to whether the methodology is generally used to measure state or trait compassion or is used to measure both. Methods on the line between state and trait can be used to measure both, depending on the specifics of the methodology.
FIGURE 1 Mapping the ways of knowing compassion. This figure maps the major methodologies reviewed here into theoretical spaces. The shape of the methodology denotes frame of reference. Color represents the extent to which that method has ecological validity. Positioning on the x-axis corresponds to the extent to which a method measures internal versus external aspects of compassion. Positioning on the y-axis corresponds to whether the methodology is generally used to measure state or trait compassion or is used to measure both. Methods on the line between state and trait can be used to measure both, depending on the specifics of the methodology.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 16

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  13. Slingerland, Introduction: creating consilience: toward a new wave, Creating Consilience: Integrating the Sciences and the Humanities, 3
  14. Smith, 2016, Phenomenology, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016)
  15. Wilson, 1999, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
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Metadata

Authors
Mascaro, J. S., Florian, M. P., Ash, M. J., Palmer, P. K., Frazier, T., Condon, P., & Raison, C.
Affiliations
  • Emory University (US)
  • Southern Oregon University (US)
  • University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author
Mascaro, Jennifer S.
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2020-10-02
Volume
11
Pages
547241-547241
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.547241
PMC
PMC7561712
OpenAlex
W3090052176
Cited by
118
References
211
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 1
FWCI
1.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords
compassion, ways of knowing, theoretical framework, research methodology, methodological complementarity, interdisciplinary synthesis

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