The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 137 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and ecological momentary intervention (EMI) are alternative approaches to retrospective self-reports and face-to-face treatments, and they make it possible to repeatedly assess patients in naturalistic settings and extend psychological support into real life. The increase in smartphone applications and the availability of low-cost wearable biosensors have further improved the potential of EMA and EMI, which, however, have not yet been applied in clinical practice. Here, we conducted a systematic review, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to explore the state of the art of technology-based EMA and EMI for major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 33 articles were included (EMA = 26; EMI = 7). First, we provide a detailed analysis of the included studies from technical (sampling methods, duration, prompts), clinical (fields of application, adherence rates, dropouts, intervention effectiveness), and technological (adopted devices) perspectives. Then, we identify the advantages of using information and communications technologies (ICTs) to extend the potential of these approaches to the understanding, assessment, and intervention in depression. Furthermore, we point out the relevant issues that still need to be addressed within this field, and we discuss how EMA and EMI could benefit from the use of sensors and biosensors, along with recent advances in machine learning for affective modelling.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review maps technology-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and ecological momentary intervention (EMI) for major depressive disorder (MDD), covering technical, clinical, and technological dimensions. It finds growing feasibility and preliminary efficacy, but limited clinical implementation, compliance challenges, and few EMI trials.
Key findings
- The review included 33 articles (EMA = 26; EMI = 7) per the abstract, though the Results section reports 32 EMA studies and 8 EMI studies.
- EMA compliance was generally encouraging: 16 studies reported >85% compliance, 5 reported 70–84%, and 4 reported 65%.
- Four EMIs were identified: Psymate, Mobylize, Help4Mood, and Medlink. Psymate was tested in 102 depressed patients in a three-arm RCT; Mobylize in 7 MDD patients; Help4Mood in 28 depressed patients randomized to Help4Mood or TAU; Medlink in 8 MDD patients.
- Psymate reduced depressive symptoms in the experimental group with maintenance at follow-up; Mobylize reduced depressive and anxiety symptoms but had low mood-prediction accuracy; Help4Mood showed reduced symptoms in both groups but greater clinical improvement in TAU; Medlink showed 84% medication adherence and significant depressive symptom decrease over 4 weeks.
Methods
- Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed and Web of Science in March 2019 with a broad EMA/EMI/mHealth/depression string.
- Search produced 4,993 articles; after duplicate removal and title/abstract screening, 401 were retrieved, 40 papers selected, and 33 articles included.
- Inclusion required adults with primary current or past MDD using DSM/ICD criteria and hand-held technology-based EMA or EMI; paper-and-pencil diaries were excluded. EMA studies had no risk-of-bias assessment; EMI studies used the Downs and Black quality index.
Limitations
- The paper states that EMA/EMI are time-consuming, may be perceived as invasive, require repeated assessments over weeks, raise privacy concerns, and reduce experimental control because data are collected in naturalistic settings.
- The paper states there are no standard validated EMA item sets, compliance and dropout remain problematic, few EMIs exist, only two were tested in RCTs, and more high-quality trials are needed.
- Evident from the text: the abstract and Results report inconsistent included-study counts (33 vs. 32 EMA/8 EMI), and the search was limited to English-language publications in two databases as of March 2019.
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Claims the paper makes
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the selected studies administered daily self-reports either through a personal digital assistant (PDA) or a smartphone.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“Similarly, when applying individual correction for lifestyle factors, the association of depression to cortisol and the ratio of α-amylase over cortisol was no longer significant, suggesting that generalization from groups does not always reflect the single individual.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“One study explored the impact of cortisol on affect, showing a bidirectional association between PA and NA and daily cortisol levels [45].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Booij, S.H., Bos, E.H., de Jonge, P., and Oldehinkel, A.J. (2016). The temporal dynamics of cortisol and affective states in depressed and non-depressed individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding our selected studies, none of them adopted event-based sampling.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“Not only were cortisol levels after awakening different in depressed and healthy participants, but the impact of psychosocial variables on cortisol secretion was also dissimilar.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some studies collected self-reports for a brief time period (less than 3 days); this choice was especially observed in the field of cortisol and sleep pattern research.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The duration of the data collection showed great variability.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“The same high variability was observed in the number of prompts, which varied from 1 to 20 prompts per day.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“Nevertheless, high variability was observed among participants regarding the timing, direction, and sign of this association.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only three studies adopted different technological solutions that allowed them to collect both self-reports and data gathered from sensors and biosensors.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 70
- Probably not a substantial claim. 45
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patient dropout was related to diagnosis change, subjective burden, technical problems, incomplete data, retrospective completion of the electronic diary, missed prompts, worsening of symptoms, or non-attendance at follow-up sessions.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the studies collected data using randomized or semi-randomized schemas, whereas nine studies prompted participants to note information at fixed time points during the day.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Through the daily administration of morning self-reports about sleep patterns, O’Leary et al. found that depression was associated with lower perceived sleep quality, which in turn affected negative emotional reactivity to both neutral and unpleasant events during the day [47].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Small, 2017, Sleep quality in healthy and mood-disordered persons predicts daily life emotional reactivity, Cogn. Emot. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the results, a reduction in depressive symptoms was already observable one day after beginning the treatment, and symptoms on day 7 were predictive of treatment outcome.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the control group was more likely to exaggerate the retrieval of PA rather than NA, but this trend was not observed in depressed patients.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“A few studies did not report this information [35,40,41,42,51,57,60].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Ottaviani, C., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Cook, I., Abrams, M., and Shapiro, D. (2015). Cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic correlates of mind wandering and perseverative cognition in major depression. Front. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [40] Schaffer, A., Kreindler, D., Reis, C., and Levitt, A.J. (2013). Use of Mental Health Telemetry to Enhance Identification and Predictive Value of Early Changes During Augmentation Treatment of Major Depression. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Hung, 2016, Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment for Chinese patients with depression: An exploratory study in Taiwan, Asian J. Psychiatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Stetler, 2004, Uncoupling of social zeitgebers and diurnal cortisol secretion in clinical depression, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Putnam, K.M., and McSweeney, L.B. (2008). Depressive symptoms and baseline prefrontal EEG alpha activity: A study utilizing Ecological Momentary Assessment. Biol. Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Slofstra, 2018, Exploring the relation between visual mental imagery and affect in the daily life of previously depressed and never depressed individuals, Cogn. Emot. source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Fisher, A.J., Reeves, J.W., Lawyer, G., Medaglia, J.D., and Rubel, J.A. (2017). Exploring the idiographic dynamics of mood and anxiety via network analysis. J. Abnorm. Psychol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Booij et al. identified higher cortisol and α-amylase levels among depressed individuals [36].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Booij, S.H., Bos, E.H., Bouwmans, M.E.J., Van Faassen, M., Kema, I.P., Oldehinkel, A.J., and De Jonge, P. (2015). Cortisol and α-amylase secretion patterns between and within depressed and non-depressed individuals. PLoS ONE. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most of the studies, participants could complete self-reports for a fixed time period after the prompt, ranging from a few minutes to a maximum of one hour.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, Conrad and colleagues could not find cortisol differences between depressed and non-depressed participants.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen studies reported compliance rates higher than 85%, five studies showed rates between 84% and 70%, and four studies collected 65% of the total possible answers.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, NA was positively associated with cortisol 50% of the time, while the association between cortisol and PA was almost always negative.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To increase compliance, two studies also gave participants the possibility of postponing prompts.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 33 articles were included (EMA = 26; EMI = 7).”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > Abstract
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In the paper
“Finally, interesting outcomes were also observed among remitted MDD patients [44]. Despite remission, patients showed reduced cortisol levels throughout the day and a different interaction between affect and cortisol, thus suggesting a reduction in the HPA axis’ responsiveness as a potential marker of recurrent depression.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Huffziger, 2013, Effects of mood and rumination on cortisol levels in daily life: An ambulatory assessment study in remitted depressed patients and healthy controls, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“According to their model, a worsening of depressive mood was associated with increased intermittency of locomotor activity.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both healthy and depressed participants showed higher levels of PA following physical activity, but no decrease in NA.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After eliminating duplicate papers, we made a first selection by reading titles and abstracts, and 401 articles were retrieved.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.1. Search Strategy
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, sleep quality affected daily mood, but not vice versa, because higher sleep quality was associated with increased PA and decreased NA the following day.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This search produced a total of 4993 articles.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.1. Search Strategy
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A bidirectional relationship between affect and fatigue, and melatonin was pointed out: Melatonin is associated with changes in affect and fatigue; however, affect and fatigue are also predictors of melatonin levels.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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In the paper
“Similarly, sleep duration was found to affect next-day physical activity, but again, no difference between depressed and non-depressed individuals was observed [38].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Bouwmans, M.E.J., Oude Oosterik, N.A.M., Bos, E.H., de Groot, I.W., Oldehinkel, A.J., and de Jonge, P. (2018). The Temporal Order of Changes in Physical Activity and Subjective Sleep in Depressed Versus Nondepressed Individuals: Findings From the MOOVD Study. Behav. Sleep Med. source
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We finally selected publications by applying the selection criteria described in the following paragraph, obtaining 40 papers.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.1. Search Strategy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Participants that did not show this association were likely to report higher rates of depression, worse sleep quality, and lower energy expenditure.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants reported encouraging scores for ease of use (mean = 5.7 ± 1.1) and learnability (mean = 6.1 ± 1.5), but low scores for perceived usefulness (mean = 4.6 ± 1.0) and satisfaction (mean = 4.8 ± 0.8)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients reported sometimes being bored by excessively long sessions. They would have appreciated receiving more psychoeducational material and a more tailored experience”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants would have appreciated receiving more specific and practical advice related to the EMA-based feedback (3.2 ± 2.0)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the feedback was highly appreciated (usefulness of feedback = 6.2 ± 0.7) and considered valuable (feedback to improve daily skills = 5.4 ± 1.1)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“encouraging ratings were observed for the weekly psychoeducation lessons (liking = 6.0 ± 1.1; ease of use = 6.6 ± 0.5; learnability = 6.6 ± 0.5; and usefulness = 5.8 ± 1.7), which were also reported to be the most interesting and useful parts of the application”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“satisfaction with the application was rated as 5.71 on a scale from 1 to 7”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of daily prompts and the time needed to complete assessments was not stressful (number of beeps per day = 3.1 ± 1.6; time to answer = 2.5 ± 1.5).”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also reported compliance and dropout rates, which showed encouraging results, with most of the studies reporting more than 70% adherence.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants involved in the Help4Mood study were quite satisfied with the application. Most of them would use it in everyday life and suggest it to other patients.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants found that Psymate was very simple to use and provided clear instructions (verbal instructions = 6.6 ± 0.7; written instructions = 6.5 ± 1.0; Psymate answers = 2.6 ± 1.5)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, no standard and validated sets of items have been developed for EMA protocols, raising the problem of context validity.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea of a virtual agent to guide participants in completing the assessments was appreciated; however, some participants perceived the agent as too cold, repetitive, and not sufficiently realistic.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“feedback interviews showed neutral comments regarding daily self-reports, that were perceived as not very useful; contrasting opinions were collected regarding feedback graphs”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current literature, only four ecological interventions have been developed, and only two of them were tested in a randomized-controlled trial (RCT).”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review showed promising results in terms of patient satisfaction and clinical efficacy, further supporting the need for more efforts in this direction.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we were able to identify three EMI features that were highly appreciated: The possibility of receiving visual feedback about daily assessments and, therefore, self-monitoring of daily patterns; the availability of psychoeducational material on depression and its mechanisms; and the opportunity to have continuous or periodic communication with a trained clinician.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“compliance rates were sometimes not encouraging, and a major challenge is to encourage regular use of these technologies throughout the entire treatment process [79]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Saranummi, 2013, Moving the science of behavioral change into the 21st century: Part 2, IEEE Pulse source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the EMAs were based only on self-reports, whereas more attempts to integrate this information with data gathered from sensors and biosensors were observed for EMIs”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to statistics, 70% of people suffering from mental disorders do not receive adequate psychological treatment or reach complete clinical remission [20].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction > 1.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Henderson, 2013, Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs, Am. J. Public Health source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Likewise, self-reports are affected by recall bias. In other words, depressed patients have been found to alter the content of past experiences when asked to retrieve them retrospectively [8,9], judging symptoms as more severe [10] or increasing the elaboration of negative information [11].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Ben-Zeev, D., Young, M.A., and Madsen, J.W. (2009). Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls. Cogn. Emot. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Chamberlain, 2006, The neuropsychology of mood disorders, Curr. Psychiatry Rep. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] 1995, Self-rating procedures in the evaluation of antidepressants: Review of the literature and results of our studies, Psychopathology source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Gotlib, 2010, Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions, Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differently, risk of bias of EMI studies was assessed by two independent reviewers (D.C and J.F.-Á.).”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.3. Quality Assessment and Data Abstraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although two reviews focused on EMAs for mood disorders [15,16], most of the included studies were based on paper-and-pencil daily diaries, and the target population included adults and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD).”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction > 1.3. Objectives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Hogenelst, 2012, Mood disorders in everyday life: A systematic review of experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment studies, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Trull, 2009, Ecological momentary assessment of mood disorders and mood dysregulation, Psychol. Assess. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were independently selected by three different authors (D.C., M.S., and J.F.-Á.), who first analysed titles and abstracts and subsequently selected the full papers that met the inclusion criteria, resolving disagreements through consensus.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.3. Quality Assessment and Data Abstraction
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, mobile technologies allow the shortcomings of traditional diaries to be overcome by eliminating the need for manual data entry and by increasing control on backfilling, thus obtaining more accurate data.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“higher rumination after a stressful event predicted greater NA and more maladaptive behaviours”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Ruscio, 2015, Rumination Predicts Heightened Responding to Stressful Life Events in Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder, J. Abnorm. Psychol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No risk of bias assessment was therefore performed.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.3. Quality Assessment and Data Abstraction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Confirming the hypothesis that mind wandering is not a maladaptive behaviour per se”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Ottaviani, C., Shahabi, L., Tarvainen, M., Cook, I., Abrams, M., and Shapiro, D. (2015). Cognitive, behavioral, and autonomic correlates of mind wandering and perseverative cognition in major depression. Front. Neurosci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“an increased alpha signal in the right prefrontal cortex was positively correlated with higher self-esteem ratings”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Putnam, K.M., and McSweeney, L.B. (2008). Depressive symptoms and baseline prefrontal EEG alpha activity: A study utilizing Ecological Momentary Assessment. Biol. Psychol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria [27] were followed.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses: The Prisma Statement, PLoS Med. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As both randomized and non-randomized controlled trials were included, quality assessment was assessed with the Downs and Black quality index [30].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 2. Methods > 2.3. Quality Assessment and Data Abstraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Downs, 1998, The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions, J. Epidemiol. Community Health source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“sadness was only a predictor of social rejection”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Hepp, J., Lane, S.P., Carpenter, R.W., Niedtfeld, I., Brown, W.C., and Trull, T.J. (2017). Interpersonal Problems and Negative Affect in Borderline Personality and Depressive Disorders in Daily Life. Clin. Psychol. Sci. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mobylize! was tested in a small pilot study with a sample of 7 MMD patients”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Burns, M.N., Begale, M., Duffecy, J., Gergle, D., Karr, C.J., Giangrande, E., and Mohr, D.C. (2011). Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression. J. Med. Internet Res., 13. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 7Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Participants in the pseudo-experimental condition reported decreased depressive symptoms in the first weeks of the treatment, but this gain was not maintained across the weeks.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Kramer, 2014, A therapeutic application of the experience sampling method in the treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial, World Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Simons, C.J.P., Hartmann, J.A., Kramer, I., Menne-Lothmann, C., Höhn, P., van Bemmel, A.L., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., van Os, J., and Wichers, M. (2015). Effects of momentary self-monitoring on empowerment in a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression. Eur. Psychiatry. source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Hartmann, J.A., Wichers, M., Menne-Lothmann, C., Kramer, I., Viechtbauer, W., Peeters, F., Schruers, K.R.J., Van Bemmel, A.L., Myin-Germeys, I., and Delespaul, P. (2015). Experience sampling-based personalized feedback and Positive affect: A randomized controlled trial in depressed patients. PLoS ONE, 10. source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Snippe, 2016, Change in daily life behaviors and depression: Within-person and between-person associations, Health Psychol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“women and remitted patients evaluated daily events as more negative than men”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Husky, 2009, Past depression and gender interact to influence emotional reactivity to daily life stress, Cognit. Ther. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“depressed patients were found to be less emotionally influenced by events, and to perceive themselves as less emotionally reactive”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Kohling, 2015, Affective Instability and Reactivity in Depressed Patients With and Without Borderline Pathology, J. Personal. Disord.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms in the experimental group that was maintained in the follow-up assessment.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Kramer, 2014, A therapeutic application of the experience sampling method in the treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial, World Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Simons, C.J.P., Hartmann, J.A., Kramer, I., Menne-Lothmann, C., Höhn, P., van Bemmel, A.L., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., van Os, J., and Wichers, M. (2015). Effects of momentary self-monitoring on empowerment in a randomized controlled trial in patients with depression. Eur. Psychiatry. source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Hartmann, J.A., Wichers, M., Menne-Lothmann, C., Kramer, I., Viechtbauer, W., Peeters, F., Schruers, K.R.J., Van Bemmel, A.L., Myin-Germeys, I., and Delespaul, P. (2015). Experience sampling-based personalized feedback and Positive affect: A randomized controlled trial in depressed patients. PLoS ONE, 10. source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Snippe, 2016, Change in daily life behaviors and depression: Within-person and between-person associations, Health Psychol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“depressed patients showed a greater decrease in NA and increase in PA after a positive event”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Thompson, 2012, The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity, J. Abnorm. Psychol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“they showed worse mood and higher emotional reactivity in response to daily stressors”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.1. Ecological Momentary Assessment in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Husky, 2009, Past depression and gender interact to influence emotional reactivity to daily life stress, Cognit. Ther. Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Widdershoven and colleagues observed a significant improvement in negative emotions’ differentiation and a close-to-significance improvement in positive emotions’ differentiation after 6-weeks of self-monitoring, regardless of EMA-derived feedbacks”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Widdershoven, R.L.A., Wichers, M., Kuppens, P., Hartmann, J.A., Menne-Lothmann, C., Simons, C.J.P., and Bastiaansen, J.A. (2019). Effect of self-monitoring through experience sampling on emotion differentiation in depression. J. Affect. Disord. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the use of mobile devices reduces the effort required of users in completing daily assessments and prevents errors by researchers and clinicians due to manual data entry”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eleven out of 13 (84.6%) participants completed the protocol and were assessed for the follow-up. One participant withdrew due to worsening mood.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients reported taking 84% of their medication, which is significantly higher than medication adherence rates reported in the literature.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Mohr, 2015, MedLink: A Mobile Intervention to Address Failure Points in the Treatment of Depression in General Medicine, Int. Conf. Pervasive Comput. Technol. Healthc.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the continuous monitoring of patients’ symptoms would allow clinicians to monitor the efficacy of a treatment over time [76], predict short-term mood changes [77], detect symptoms’ worsening in an early stage [78], and create continuous communication between clinicians and patients”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Boswell, J.F., Kraus, D.R., Miller, S.D., and Lambert, M.J. (2015). Implementing routine outcome monitoring in clinical practice: Benefits, challenges, and solutions. Psychother. Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Mikus, 2018, Predicting short term mood developments among depressed patients using adherence and ecological momentary assessment data, Internet Interv. source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Nuij, C., van Ballegooijen, W., Ruwaard, J., de Beurs, D., Mokkenstorm, J., van Duijn, E., de Winter, R.F.P., O’Connor, R.C., Smit, J.H., and Riper, H. (2018). Smartphone-based safety planning and self-monitoring for suicidal patients: Rationale and study protocol of the CASPAR (Continuous Assessment for Suicide Prevention And Research) study. Internet Interv. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“smartphones offer the possibility of providing real-time EMA-derived feedback that can be an important therapeutic tool for patients’ self-monitoring, in addition to the possibility of sending real-time alerts to clinicians in case of need”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“smartphones have the potential of becoming global low-cost tools that can also be adopted in the clinical field”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Currently, 2.32 billion people in the world use smartphones, and it has been estimated that, by 2020, 70% of the world’s population will own one [71].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] (2015). Ericsson Consumer Lab Eurupe Ericsson Mobility Report Appendix. Ericsson Mobil. Rep., 1–8.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a previous study, we observed that compliance was higher in EMA administered through a smartphone and when patients were prompted less than 8 times a day [73].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Colombo, D., Cipresso, P., Fernández Alvarez, J., Garcia Palacios, A., Riva, G., and Botella, C. (2018). An Overview of Factors Associated with Adherence and Dropout to Ecological Momentary Assessments in Depression. Annu. Rev. CyberTherapy Telemed., in press.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as well as anxiety symptoms, measured with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Burns, M.N., Begale, M., Duffecy, J., Gergle, D., Karr, C.J., Giangrande, E., and Mohr, D.C. (2011). Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression. J. Med. Internet Res., 13. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“these dynamics greatly vary from person to person, reasons for which ideographic approaches may shed light upon the structure of individual symptom dynamics [60]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Fisher, A.J., Reeves, J.W., Lawyer, G., Medaglia, J.D., and Rubel, J.A. (2017). Exploring the idiographic dynamics of mood and anxiety via network analysis. J. Abnorm. Psychol. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No dropouts were reported.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“people with serious mental and physical illnesses own and regularly use smartphones [72]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Davis, 2013, Mobile technologies among people with serious mental illness: Opportunities for future services, Adm. Policy Ment. Health source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two participants used the application for one or two days, whereas three participants used it between 3 and 7 days. The remaining six participants used it more than 10 times, approximately twice a week.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the mean number of log-ins to the mobile application was 7.9 (approximately one per week)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 8Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven out of eight participants (87.5%) completed the intervention: The only dropout was caused by technical problems with the smartphone.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants entered the Medlink application approximately 17.4 times during the 4 weeks of data collection and answered 96% of the prompts”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the number of completed lessons on the website was 4.8 out of 9 (53.3%)”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 8Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean use was 134 min.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“27 of the 33 participants (81.9%) allocated to the experimental group completed the intervention, whereas 32 out of 36 participants (88.89%) allocated to the pseudo-experimental group completed it.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 36Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven out of nine users read the psychoeducation lessons from the first and second week, whereas only half of them read the third and fourth lessons.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants completed 39.7 out of 50 pre-assessments (79.4%) and 23.7 out of 30 (79%) post-assessment observations”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 3. Results > 3.2. Ecological Momentary Intervention in MDD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 33Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the scientific literature has mostly been based on studies conducted in laboratory settings, thus understudying the daily dynamics of psychopathology [70]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Nilsen, 2013, Moving behavioral theories into the 21st century: Technological advancements for improving quality of life, IEEE Pulse source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the intrinsic nature of the disease, depressed patients could be less likely to consistently complete daily assessments.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the hierarchical sensing model proposed by Mohr highlights the great revolution that new sensors and biosensors can bring to the field of mental health [85], making it possible to collect raw sensor data (i.e., the lower level of the hierarchy) that can be converted into “behavioural markers” through machine learning and data mining methods [18]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] Miettunen, 2019, Mobile Phone and Wearable Sensor-Based mHealth Approaches for Psychiatric Disorders and Symptoms: Systematic Review, JMIR Ment. Health source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Mohr, 2017, Personal Sensing: Understanding Mental Health Using Ubiquitous Sensors and Machine Learning, Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, people might not be willing to share personal information.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, in terms of more ecological validity, they may be advantageous for clinical purposes, but disadvantageous for research aims, because they imply less experimental control.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These could provide an EMA and/or EMI platform with additional markers that more closely correlate to a person’s affective state, and that can be used as input to the analysis performed [61].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Burns, M.N., Begale, M., Duffecy, J., Gergle, D., Karr, C.J., Giangrande, E., and Mohr, D.C. (2011). Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression. J. Med. Internet Res., 13. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, due to the implementation of novel statistical procedures, a balance between research necessities and clinical utility could be achieved [90].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Lin, X., Mermelstein, R.J., and Hedeker, D. (2018). A 3-level Bayesian mixed effects location scale model with an application to ecological momentary assessment data. Stat. Med. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent advances in sensor technologies have had an impact on applications for remote health [81], such as postoperative recovery [82], treatment for chronic patients [83], and monitoring of elderly individuals [84].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Majumder, S., Mondal, T., and Deen, M. (2017). Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring. Sensors, 17. source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Aziz, O., Atallah, L., Lo, B., ElHelw, M., Wang, L., Yang, G.Z., and Darzi, A. (2007). A pervasive body sensor network for measuring postoperative recovery at home. Surg. Innov. source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Patel, 2012, A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation, J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smartphone sensors further increase the potentially collectable information, allowing the reconstruction of people’s habits, sleep patterns, or social life by using embedded sensors, such as accelerometers, calls, short message service (SMS), social network data, or geolocation.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These approaches are time-consuming and may be perceived as invasive by users.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and acoustic signals), and associated sensors do not interfere with users’ daily routines.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“physiological signals can be nowadays recorded unobtrusively by means of, for example, smartwatches and chest bands”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients are required to complete multiple assessments throughout a day, and protocols often last weeks.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They do not involve recording sensitive information (as opposed to, for example, cameras and acoustic signals), and associated sensors do not interfere with users’ daily routines.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Alternatively, predictive models that combine information from physiological and behavioural signals to estimate the patient’s future mood, stress level, and self-reported health (one or a few days in advance) can be automatically inferred [89].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Shen, 2015, Finding a Depression App: A Review and Content Analysis of the Depression App Marketplace, JMIR Mhealth Uhealth source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“several behavioural signals are readily collectable with the use of smartphone sensors, even though they may lack the required specificity for mood recognition and prediction, as found by the Mobylize! study [61]”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Burns, M.N., Begale, M., Duffecy, J., Gergle, D., Karr, C.J., Giangrande, E., and Mohr, D.C. (2011). Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression. J. Med. Internet Res., 13. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several opportunities can be found in the integration of EMA and EMI platforms with behavioural and physiological signal processing, further mediated by machine learning algorithms”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the relation between physiological signals and affective states is not trivial and mixed results are discussed in the literature [87].”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Choi, K.H., Kim, J., Kwon, O.S., Kim, M.J., Ryu, Y.H., and Park, J.E. (2017). Is heart rate variability (HRV) an adequate tool for evaluating human emotions? A focus on the use of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). Psychiatry Res. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Still, promising results have been already shown also regarding the application of EMA and EMI to anxiety disorders [93,94] and stress-related disorders [95,96], highlighting the potential of these tools to provide psychological support in daily life and to investigate symptom fluctuations across time.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Walz, 2014, Experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment for studying the daily lives of patients with anxiety disorders: A systematic review, J. Anxiety Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [94] Schueller, 2017, Ecological momentary interventions for depression and anxiety, Depress. Anxiety source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Yoshiuchi, 2008, Application of ecological momentary assessment in stress-related diseases, Biopsychosoc. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Gee, B.L., Griffiths, K.M., and Gulliver, A. (2016). Effectiveness of mobile technologies delivering Ecological Momentary Interventions for stress and anxiety: A systematic review. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Building on recent advances of machine learning, recent studies obtained promising results by means of model personalisation for stress recognition [88] and deep learning for mood prediction [89] using a combination of behavioural and physiological markers in non-clinical populations.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Kocielnik, R., Sidorova, N., Maggi, F.M., Ouwerkerk, M., and Westerink, J.H.D.M. (2013, January 20–22). Smart technologies for long-term stress monitoring at work. Proceedings of the CBMS 2013—26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, Porto, Portugal. source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Shen, 2015, Finding a Depression App: A Review and Content Analysis of the Depression App Marketplace, JMIR Mhealth Uhealth source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, there is evidence showing the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of these approaches, but much more research should be conducted before drawing definite conclusions.”
§ Current State and Future Directions of Technology-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment and Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review > 4. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Technology-based EMA and EMI have not yet been applied in clinical practice.
“The increase in smartphone applications and the availability of low-cost wearable biosensors have further improved the potential of EMA and EMI, which, however, have not yet been applied in clinical practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The findings from the included EMA and EMI studies are valid and comparable enough to support the review's conclusions about EMA and EMI for MDD.
“As pointed out in this review, the widespread adoption of EMA for the investigation of depression has led to novel insights into different aspects of the disease, including emotion reactivity, cortisol patterns, or daily rumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Electrodermal activity and heart rate variability are valid correlates of users' affective state.
“electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate variability (HRV) have been extensively investigated as correlates of users’ affective state, and they are considered non-invasive”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“EMA/EMI have shown good results in other psychological disorders, such as substance use disorders (e.g., smoking cessation), anxiety disorders (e.g., social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder), and major depressive disorders (LaFreniere and Newman, 2016; Colombo et al., 2019; Linardon et al., 2019; Miralles et al., 2020).”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Colombo et al., 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“These reviews indicate that EMA is an acceptable and feasible data collection method in psychiatric samples as well”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the adherence rates found in this study are even higher than in previous ones with a similar population, although these studies used different EMA methods (e.g., paper-and-pencil diaries, PDAs) [8,14,15].”
From Experienced burden of and adherence to smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment in persons with affective disorders (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
EMA study count changes
MajorThe abstract reports 26 EMA articles, but the results report 32 EMA studies after applying the inclusion criteria.
“A total of 33 articles were included (EMA = 26; EMI = 7).”
“After applying the inclusion criteria, 32 studies were retrieved that investigated and assessed MDD through a technology-based EMA.”
Medlink participant count changes
MinorThe efficacy study is described as involving eight MDD patients, but the compliance section counts nine users.
“Finally, a preliminary study tested the efficacy of Medlink with 8 MDD patients [65].”
“Seven out of nine users read the psychoeducation lessons from the first and second week, whereas only half of them read the third and fourth lessons.”
EMI study count changes
MinorThe abstract reports seven EMI articles, but the results report eight EMI studies.
“A total of 33 articles were included (EMA = 26; EMI = 7).”
“The selection process resulted in eight studies that administered an EMI to clinically depressed patients.”
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
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Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
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Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
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Ecological momentary assessment
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Validity and reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method
CSIKSZENTMIHALYI, M., & LARSON, R. (1987) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004 · Cited by 2,544
Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420
A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation
Patel, S., Park, H., Bonato, P., Chan, L., & Rodgers, M. (2012) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-9-21 · Cited by 2,396
Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x466063 · Cited by 1,438
Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring
Majumder, S., Mondal, T., & Deen, M. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17010130 · Cited by 1,375
Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393527 · Cited by 1,254
Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: A systematic review
Donker, T., Petrie, K., Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.-R., & Christensen, H. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2791 · Cited by 1,136 · cited 2×
“Recent studies have confirmed the feasibility of mobile health (mHealth) applications and patients’ interest in and adherence to these technologies, suggesting the great potential of this approach in the clinical field [23,26].”
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“[67] PsyMate MDD (n = 102): Experimental condition (n = 33), pseudo-experimental condition (n = 36), control condition (n = 33) Daily assessment of self-reports and weekly EMA-derived feedback through face-to-face sessions 3 days per week, for 6 weeks 10/day Semi-randomized No The use of EMA-derived feedback decreased…”
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“Still, promising results have been already shown also regarding the application of EMA and EMI to anxiety disorders [93,94] and stress-related disorders [95,96], highlighting the potential of these tools to provide psychological support in daily life and to investigate symptom fluctuations across time.”
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“The remaining five articles investigated the association of depressive symptoms with sleep/wake cycles [32,33,36] and physical activity [37,38] using actimetry sensors.”
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Maj, M., Stein, D. J., Parker, G., Zimmerman, M., Fava, G. A., De Hert, M., Demyttenaere, K., McIntyre, R. S., Widiger, T., & Wittchen, H. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20771 · Cited by 435
The prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders
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“Novel research methods, such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA), a tool that allows for real-time tracking of patterns of movement [254, 255] and selfreported subjective states, could be used to better understand the inter-relation among negative cognition, associated arousal, and avoidance; this tool is current…”
BackgroundEcological momentary interventions for mental health: A scoping review
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“In a systematic review of EMA use in major depression, Colombo et al. (2019) evaluated 33 studies that met their criteria for inclusion.”
BackgroundAffect Recall Bias: Being Resilient by Distorting Reality
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Colombo, D., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Patané, A., Semonella, M., Kwiatkowska, M., García-Palacios, A., Cipresso, P., Riva, G., & Botella, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli, 1, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QD, UK
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (IT)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Colombo, Desirée
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 465
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6518287
- OpenAlex
- W2905222826
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (722022)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- ecological momentary assessment, ecological momentary intervention, major depressive disorder, mobile application, wearable biosensors, information and communication technologies, machine learning, naturalistic assessment, medication adherence, digital mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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