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Transcriptional Profiling of the Human Monocyte-to-Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization: New Molecules and Patterns of Gene Expression

Martinez, Fernando O, Gordon, Siamon, Locati, Massimo, Mantovani, Alberto·2006·The Journal of Immunology
DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7303
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Abstract

Comprehensive analysis of the gene expression profiles associated with human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization toward M1 or M2 phenotypes led to the following main results: 1) M-CSF-driven monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is associated with activation of cell cycle genes, substantiating the underestimated proliferation potential of monocytes. 2) M-CSF leads to expression of a substantial part of the M2 transcriptome, suggesting that under homeostatic conditions a default shift toward M2 occurs. 3) Modulation of genes involved in metabolic activities is a prominent feature of macrophage differentiation and polarization. 4) Lipid metabolism is a main category of modulated transcripts, with expected up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase 2 in M1 cells and unexpected cyclo-oxygenase 1 up-regulation in M2 cells. 5) Each step is characterized by a different repertoire of G protein-coupled receptors, with five nucleotide receptors as novel M2-associated genes. 6) The chemokinome of polarized macrophages is profoundly diverse and new differentially expressed chemokines are reported. Thus, transcriptome profiling reveals novel molecules and signatures associated with human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarized activation which may represent candidate targets in pathophysiology.

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Metadata

Authors
Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S., Locati, M., & Mantovani, A.
Affiliations
  • Istituto Clinico Humanitas , Rozzano ,
  • Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford ,
Venue
The Journal of Immunology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2006-11
Volume
177
Issue
10
Pages
7303-7311
ISSN
  • 0022-1767
  • 1550-6606
DOI
10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7303
Cited by
2,125
References
8
Language
en
Licence
academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)

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