Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Oxytocin increases trust in humans

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Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2012

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Insights into autism spectrum disorder genomic architecture and biology from 71 risk loci

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“Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions

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Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans

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Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11.23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism

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Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans

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Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders

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Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits

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Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism

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The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype

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Abnormal dendritic spines in fragile X knockout mice: Maturation and pruning deficits

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Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat [published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1992 Oct;12(10):following table of contents]

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Pten Regulates Neuronal Arborization and Social Interaction in Mice

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Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders.

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Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.

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Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods

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Increased dendritic spine densities on cortical projection neurons in autism spectrum disorders

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Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males?

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Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children

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Rare de novo and transmitted copy-number variation in autistic spectrum disorders

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Brain growth across the life span in autism: Age-specific changes in anatomical pathology

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Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism

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Rare de novo variants associated with autism implicate a large functional network of genes involved in formation and function of synapses

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Genetics of autism spectrum disorders

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Autistic-like social behaviour in Shank2-mutant mice improved by restoring NMDA receptor function

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A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions

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Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority

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How Different Are Girls and Boys Above and Below the Diagnostic Threshold for Autism Spectrum Disorders?

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A Higher Mutational Burden in Females Supports a “Female Protective Model” in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness

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The art of camouflage: Gender differences in the social behaviors of girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder

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Gender and Age Differences in the Core Triad of Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior

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Microglia Are Essential to Masculinization of Brain and Behavior

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Microglial Activation in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Immune mediators in the brain and peripheral tissues in autism spectrum disorder

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Transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity-dependent genes in autism

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Elevated fetal steroidogenic activity in autism

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Regional Gray Matter Growth, Sexual Dimorphism, and Cerebral Asymmetry in the Neonatal Brain

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Autism as a disorder of neural information processing: Directions for research and targets for therapy

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Sex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: Implications for autism spectrum disorders?

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Oxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity

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Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder based on DSM-5 Criteria: Evidence from Clinician and Teacher Reporting

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Behavioral and Cognitive Characteristics of Females and Males With Autism in the Simons Simplex Collection

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Oxytocin and autistic disorder: alterations in peptide forms

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An investigation of the ‘female camouflage effect’ in autism using a computerized ADOS-2 and a test of sex/gender differences

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Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor signaling and trafficking: potential role in female vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology

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Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders among children

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Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity

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Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions

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ASD in Females: Are We Overstating the Gender Difference in Diagnosis?

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Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Examination of Developmental Functioning, Autistic Symptoms, and Coexisting Behavior Problems in Toddlers

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Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA , whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain

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Sex differences in immune responses: Hormonal effects, antagonistic selection, and evolutionary consequences

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Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio

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Autism Symptoms and Internalizing Psychopathology in Girls and Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders

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SHANK1 Deletions in Males with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders

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Gender Differences in the Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents

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The effects of a course of intranasal oxytocin on social behaviors in youth diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial

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Biological sex affects the neurobiology of autism

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Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity

Hanamsagar, R., Alter, M. D., Block, C. L., Sullivan, H. K., Bolton, J. L., & Bilbo, S. D. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23277 · Cited by 297

Gene expression in human brain implicates sexually dimorphic pathways in autism spectrum disorders

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Imprinting, the X-chromosome, and the male brain: explaining sex differences in the liability to autism

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Autism-like Deficits in Shank3-Deficient Mice Are Rescued by Targeting Actin Regulators

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Elevated rates of testosterone-related disorders in women with autism spectrum conditions

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Oxytocin enhances the experience of attachment security

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Post-learning intranasal oxytocin modulates human memory for facial identity

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Cortisol circadian rhythms and response to stress in children with autism

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The experiences and needs of female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder

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Oxytocin and vasopressin neural networks: Implications for social behavioral diversity and translational neuroscience

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Being a Girl in a Boys’ World: Investigating the Experiences of Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorders During Adolescence

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Sex Hormones in Autism: Androgens and Estrogens Differentially and Reciprocally Regulate RORA, a Novel Candidate Gene for Autism

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Lack of functional estrogen receptor β influences anxiety behavior and serotonin content in female mice

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Oxytocin treatment, circuitry and autism: a critical review of the literature placing oxytocin into the autism context

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Behavioral Effects of Progesterone Associated with Rapid Modulation of Oxytocin Receptors

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MECP2 disorders: from the clinic to mice and back

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Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences

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Estrogens Suppress a Behavioral Phenotype in Zebrafish Mutants of the Autism Risk Gene, CNTNAP2

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A Novel Mechanism of Dendritic Spine Plasticity Involving Estradiol Induction of Prostaglandin-E2

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Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms

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Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study

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Gene expression profiling differentiates autism case–controls and phenotypic variants of autism spectrum disorders: evidence for circadian rhythm dysfunction in severe autism

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Gene expression profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines from monozygotic twins discordant in severity of autism reveals differential regulation of neurologically relevant genes

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Estradiol Modulates Density of Putative Oxytocin Receptors’ in Discrete Rat Brain Regions

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Androgen actions on central serotonin neurotransmission: relevance for mood, mental state and memory.

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Gender ratio in a clinical population sample, age of diagnosis and duration of assessment in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder

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Sex differences in autism: a resting-state fMRI investigation of functional brain connectivity in males and females

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Grey matter abnormality in autism spectrum disorder: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis study

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Atypical Neural Activity in Males But Not Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., Hughes, M. E., Rossell, S. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2639-7 · Cited by 54

Increased female autosomal burden of rare copy number variants in human populations and in autism families

Desachy, G., Croen, L. A., Torres, A. R., Kharrazi, M., Delorenze, G. N., Windham, G. C., Yoshida, C. K., & Weiss, L. A. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.179 · Cited by 54

Early exposure to bisphenol A alters neuron and glia number in the rat prefrontal cortex of adult males, but not females

Sadowski, R. N., Wise, L. M., Park, P. Y., Schantz, S. L., & Juraska, J. M. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.038 · Cited by 54

Exploring sex differences in autistic traits: A factor analytic study of adults with autism

Grove, R., Hoekstra, R., Wierda, M., & Begeer, S. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316667283 · Cited by 54

NMDA receptor activation regulates sociability by its effect on mTOR signaling activity

Burket, J. A., Benson, A. D., Tang, A., & Deutsch, S. I. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.009 · Cited by 53

Investigating diagnostic bias in autism spectrum conditions: An item response theory analysis of sex bias in the AQ‐10

Murray, A. L., Allison, C. L., Smith, P. L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Booth, T., & Bonnie Auyeung, B. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1724 · Cited by 53

Elevated plasma levels of glutamate in children with autism spectrum disorders

Cai, J., Ding, L., Zhang, J., Xue, J., & Wang, L. (2016) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000532 · Cited by 52

Fetal androgen exposure and pragmatic language ability of girls in middle childhood: Implications for the extreme male-brain theory of autism

Whitehouse, A., Maybery, M. T., Hart, R. J., Mattes, E., Newnham, J. P., Sloboda, D. M., Stanley, F. J., & Hickey, M. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.007 · Cited by 50

Does Gender Moderate Core Deficits in ASD? An Investigation into Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Girls and Boys with ASD

Harrop, C., Gulsrud, A. C., & Kasari, C. L. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2511-9 · Cited by 49

Lack of evidence for increased genetic loading for autism among families of affected females: A replication from family history data in two large samples

Goin-Kochel, R. P., Abbacchi, A., Constantino, J. N., & Autism Genetic Resource Exchange Consortium (2007) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307076857 · Cited by 47

Y chromosome haplogroups in autistic subjects

Jamain, S., Quach, H., Quintana‐Murci, L., Betancur, C., Philippe, A., Gillberg, C., Sponheim, E., Skjeldal, O. H., Fellous, M., Leboyer, M., et al. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000968 · Cited by 46

Sex Differences in the Default Mode Network with Regard to Autism Spectrum Traits: A Resting State fMRI Study

Jung, M., Mody, M., Saito, D. N., Tomoda, A., Okazawa, H., Wada, Y., & Kosaka, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143126 · Cited by 46

CRHR1 links peripuberty stress with deficits in social and stress-coping behaviors

Veenit, V., Riccio, O., & Sandi, C. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.015 · Cited by 45

Sex differences in frontal lobe connectivity in adults with autism spectrum conditions

Zeestraten, E., Gudbrandsen, M., Daly, E., de Schotten, M. T., Catani, M., Dell’Acqua, F., Lai, M.-C., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Lombardo, M. V., Chakrabarti, B., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.9 · Cited by 45

Dysregulated NMDA-Receptor Signaling Inhibits Long-Term Depression in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome

Toft, A. K. H., Lundbye, C. J., & Banke, T. G. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3038-15.2016 · Cited by 41

Digit ratio and autism spectrum disorders in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: a birth cohort study

Guyatt, A. L., Heron, J., Knight, B., Golding, J., & Rai, D. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007433 · Cited by 39

High (feminized) digit ratio (2D : 4D) in Danish men: a question of measurement method?

Voracek, M., & Dressler, S. G. (2006) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dei464 · Cited by 39

Possible sexually dimorphic role of miRNA and other sncRNA in ASD brain

Schumann, C. M., Sharp, F. R., Ander, B. P., & Stamova, B. S. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0117-0 · Cited by 39

Acute oxytocin improves memory and gaze following in male but not female nursery-reared infant macaques

Simpson, E. A., Paukner, A., Sclafani, V., Kaburu, S., Suomi, S. J., & Ferrari, P. F. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4480-x · Cited by 38

Diffusion tensor imaging reveals no white matter impairments among adults with autism spectrum disorder

Kirkovski, M., Enticott, P. G., Maller, J. J., Rossell, S. L., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.003 · Cited by 37

Positive and negative gaze perception in autism spectrum conditions

Ashwin, C., Ricciardelli, P., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2009) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910802337902 · Cited by 36

The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder

Bölte, S., Girdler, S., & Marschik, P. B. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2988-4 · Cited by 509

Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder: History, Theoretical Models, Empirical Findings, and Potential as an Endophenotype

Demetriou, E. A., DeMayo, M. M., & Guastella, A. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00753 · Cited by 274

Sex differences in neurodevelopmental disorders

May, T., Adesina, I., McGillivray, J., & Rinehart, N. J. (2019) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000714 · Cited by 235

Brain-based sex differences in autism spectrum disorder across the lifespan: A systematic review of structural MRI, fMRI, and DTI findings

Walsh, M. J. M., Wallace, G. L., Gallegos, S. M., & Braden, B. B. (2021) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102719 · Cited by 97

Sociability Deficits and Altered Amygdala Circuits in Mice Lacking Pcdh10, an Autism Associated Gene

Schoch, H., Kreibich, A. S., Ferri, S. L., White, R. S., Bohorquez, D., Banerjee, A., Port, R. G., Dow, H. C., Cordero, L., Pallathra, A. A., et al. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.008 · Cited by 92

De novo and inherited variants in ZNF292 underlie a neurodevelopmental disorder with features of autism spectrum disorder

Mirzaa, G., Chong, J. X., Piton, A., Popp, B., Foss, K., Guo, H., Harripaul, R., Xia, K., Scheck, J., Aldinger, K. A., et al. (2019) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41436-019-0693-9 · Cited by 49

Comorbid Rate of Other Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Total Population Sample of 5-Years-Old Children.

Terui, A. (2019) · INSAR 2019 Annual Meeting

Genetic and Neurodevelopmental Influences in Autistic Disorder

Nicolson, R., & Szatmári, P. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800804 · Cited by 61

Signaling pathways that are influenced by SHANK3 mutation and related treatment for autism

Han, Y. (2022) · International Conference on Biomedical and Intelligent Systems (IC-BIS) · doi:10.1117/12.2660544

Amino Acids, B Vitamins, and Choline May Independently and Collaboratively Influence the Incidence and Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Jennings, L., & Basiri, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142896 · Cited by 42