The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 6 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform
Open accessAbstract
Significance: The inherent inaccessibility of sweat in sedentary individuals in large volume (≥10 µL) for on-demand and in situ analysis has limited our ability to capitalize on this noninvasive and rich source of information. Through devising an electrochemically enhanced, programmable, and miniaturized iontophoresis interface, integrated in a wearable sensing platform, we demonstrated a method for periodic sweat extraction and in situ analysis. The system can be programmed to induce sweat with various secretion profiles, which in combination with the in situ analysis capability allow us to gain real-time insight into the sweat-secretion and gland physiology. To demonstrate the clinical value of our platform, human subject studies were performed in the context of the cystic fibrosis diagnosis and preliminary investigation of the blood/sweat glucose correlation.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper presents a fully integrated wearable platform that uses an electrochemically enhanced iontophoresis interface to extract sweat on demand and analyze Na⁺, Cl⁻, and glucose in situ. It demonstrates elevated sweat electrolytes in cystic fibrosis patients and a preliminary blood/sweat glucose correlation after oral glucose intake.
Key findings
- In on-body testing, average sweat sodium and chloride levels at 25 min were 26.7 and 21.2 mM for six healthy subjects versus 82.3 and 95.7 mM for three CF patients, respectively; CF patients also showed lower sweat sodium than chloride, opposite to healthy subjects.
- For glucose, seven healthy subjects before and after 30 g oral glucose showed similar sweat and blood glucose patterns, with increases in both sweat and blood in six out of seven fasting subjects.
- The iontophoresis platform achieved sweat secretion rates above 100 nL/min/cm²; 10% acetylcholine produced a high short-lived rate of 354 nL/min/cm², while 10% methacholine gave rapid onset and sustained high secretion and was used for subsequent on-body experiments.
- Sensor characterizations showed near-Nernstian Na⁺ and Cl⁻ sensitivities of 63.2 and 55.1 mV per decade, a glucose sensitivity of 2.1 nA/μM, and biosensor sensitivity variations of <5% over 2 wk.
Methods
- The wearable system used a flexible PET electrode array with iontophoresis and sensing electrodes, agonist-loaded hydrogels, and a flexible printed circuit board built around an ATmega328P microcontroller with Bluetooth, programmable current delivery, and signal-conditioning circuits.
- Human subject studies included six healthy volunteers and three CF patients for sweat electrolyte testing, and seven healthy subjects for fasting and post-30 g oral glucose trials; on-body work was IRB-approved at UC Berkeley and Stanford.
- Sensor performance was characterized in 10–160 mM NaCl and 0–100 μM glucose solutions, and sweat-rate profiles were characterized using three cholinergic agonist hydrogels at two concentrations with a commercial Q-sweat sensor.
Limitations
- The paper states that the glucose work is preliminary, that the metabolic correlation between sweat and blood glucose has not been well studied, and that future work should integrate temperature, pH, and sweat-rate sensors to calibrate or normalize glucose measurements.
- The paper also states that future efforts should include a wider panel of biomarkers and peripheral electrochemical/physical sensors for large-scale clinical and physiological investigations.
- Evident from the text: the human studies are small (six healthy/three CF; seven glucose subjects), and no formal statistical comparisons or full correlation analyses are reported.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Own result · 11 No basis given · 10 Own interpretation · 6 Not checked yet · 6 Own method
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This interface can be programmed to induce sweat periodically with various secretion profiles.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient sweat for robust sensing without electrode corrosion and burning or discomfort in subjects.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we devised an electrochemically enhanced iontophoresis interface which can extract sufficient sweat volume for robust analysis without causing discomfort in patients.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient sweat for robust sensing without electrode corrosion and burning or discomfort in subjects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With our platform, we detected the elevated sweat electrolyte content of cystic fibrosis patients compared with that of healthy control subjects.”
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, acetylcholine hydrogel presented a high sweat-rate response [354 nL/min/cm 2 for 10% (wt/vol) acetylcholine] with a short-lived effect.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By modulating the duration of the applied iontophoresis as well as the concentration of the agonist agent, we were able to tune the active sweat-secretion window from a few minutes (Fig. 3B, acetylcholine 1%, iontophoresis current: 1 mA for 10 s) to tens of minutes (Fig. 3C, acetylcholine 10%, iontophoresis current: 1 mA for 5 min).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through integration of sensing electrodes on the same substrate as that of the iontophoresis electrodes, the induced sweat can be analyzed on-site immediately.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fig. 5 illustrates that the sweat and blood glucose levels of seven healthy subjects before and after glucose intake (30 g oral glucose) follow a similar pattern.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates an associationn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both ion-selective sensors show a near-Nernstian behavior with sensitivities of 63.2 and 55.1 mV per decade of concentration for Na + and Cl -sensors, respectively.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This system implements a wirelessly programmable iontophoresis capability to induce sweat with different excretion rate profiles and at periodic time intervals.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three typical Cl -sensors show nearly identical absolute potentials in 10-80 mM NaCl solutions with a variation of <1% in sensitivity.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, we integrated this capability to demonstrate a fully integrated and autonomous platform that can stimulate sweat secretion and measure analytes of interest in the sweat collected (e.g., glucose, Na + , and Cl -) in situ and in real time (Fig. 1).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient sweat for robust sensing without electrode corrosion and burning or discomfort in subjects.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It can be clearly observed that both Na + and Cl -levels for the healthy subjects fall below 20 mM while the patient has higher sweat Na + and Cl -levels (>60 mM).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
boostedstates an associationn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The programmability of the current source circuit allows for inducing different iontophoresis current profiles, which in turn allows for sweat stimulation with controlled intensity and duration of sweat rate.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As displayed in Fig. 4C, the average sodium and chloride levels (based on the sensor readings at 25 min) for healthy subjects are 26.7 and 21.2 mM, respectively, while the average sodium and chloride levels (based on the sensor readings at 25 min) for CF patient subjects are 82.3 and 95.7 mM, respectively.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circuit delivers a current proportional to the output voltage of the microcontroller's DAC port, and this current is independent of load sizes ranging from 5 to 20 kΩ (the typical skin impedance in our context is ∼10 kΩ).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 3A, pilocarpine and methacholinebased hydrogels provide long duration of secretion beyond the 60-min characterization window, where about half of the secretion period was spent at about the peak rate.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This platform extracts sweat (at a high secretion rate) on demand or periodically and performs sweat analysis in situ.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mobile application has a user-friendly interface for programming the mode of operation as well as displaying and sharing the iontophoresis and sweat analysis data through email, short message service, and cloud servers (Fig. S4).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without causing skin damage or discomfort in the subjects.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, it can be used for a wide range of applications in personalized medicine such as in-home continuous patient monitoring in response to potentially novel CF modulating drugs and enabling further clinical investigations including diabetes and prediabetes monitoring in a practical and noninvasive modality.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Iontophoresis is currently a widely used method to stimulate local sweat secretion at a selected site (21).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our solution opens the possibility for a broad range of noninvasive diagnostic and general population health monitoring applications.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Sweat is inaccessible in sedentary individuals in large volume (at least 10 μL) for on-demand and in situ analysis, limiting broad population monitoring.
In the paper
“A sweat chloride level of ≥60 mM is indicative of a high likelihood of CF, whereas in subjects with sweat chloride <30 mM the disease is unlikely (21).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This integrated platform can be used both as a diagnostic and clinical investigation tool.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All subjects gave written, informed consent before participation in the study.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > The Setup of Wearable System for On-Body Testing.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The on-body evaluation of the wearable platform was performed in compliance with the protocols that were approved by the Institutional Review Board at University of California, Berkeley (2015-05-7578) and the Institutional Review Board at Stanford University (no.31310).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > The Setup of Wearable System for On-Body Testing.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is also known that the Cl --based sweat test and genetic analysis are not always sufficient for some CF patients with rare mutations whereas the ratio of the sweat sodium and chloride levels can aid the CF diagnosis (27).”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We recently demonstrated a fully integrated wearable sensing system for real-time monitoring of multiple analytes in human perspiration during physical exercise which allows accurate measurement of sweat analytes through signal processing and calibration (16).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The system can be programmed to induce sweat with various secretion profiles, which in combination with the in situ analysis capability allow us to gain real-time insight into the sweat-secretion and gland physiology.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This interface can be programmed to induce sweat with various secretion profiles for real-time analysis, a capability which can be exploited to advance our knowledge of the sweat gland physiology and the secretion process.”
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sweat induction circuit consists of a programmable current source for iontophoresis current delivery and a protection circuit that sets an upper limit on the iontophoresis current as a safety mechanism to avoid overheating and burning the skin.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, incorporation of simultaneous in situ analysis functionality inherently allowed for significant reduction of the sweat sample degradation, evaporation, or contamination.”
§ Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform > Significance
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Sweat is inaccessible in sedentary individuals in large volume (at least 10 μL) for on-demand and in situ analysis, limiting broad population monitoring.
“The inherent inaccessibility of sweat in sedentary individuals in large volume (≥10 μL) for on-demand and in situ analysis has limited our ability to capitalize on this noninvasive and rich source of information.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The conventional iontophoresis procedure involves separate stimulation, collection, and analysis steps, requiring extensive manual sample handling and failing to provide real-time insight into the secretion process.
“The conventional procedure involves stimulation, collection, and analysis all in separate steps, which not only requires extensive manual sample handling steps, but also fails to provide real-time insight into the secretion process.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The metabolic correlation between sweat glucose and blood glucose has not been well studied.
“Although there is literature reporting that sweat glucose level is related with blood glucose level (26), their metabolic correlation has not been well studied.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient sweat for robust sensing without electrode corrosion and burning or discomfort in subjects.
“The challenge remains in devising an iontophoresis interface that can extract sufficient amount of sweat for robust sensing, without electrode corrosion and burning/causing discomfort in subjects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Elevated sweat sodium and chloride ion content is a diagnostic marker for cystic fibrosis.
“To illustrate the value of our solution as a diagnostic tool, we used the platform to detect the elevated sweat sodium and chloride ions content in the CF patients.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Preliminary or small-scale correlation studies have shown promising applications for other analytes such as metabolites and certain neuroimmune biomarkers present in sweat (3, 27–29, 36), including a recent work that shows how exercise sweat glucose of three healthy subjects roughly tracks their blood glucose, making a preliminary case for semiquantitative glucose prediction (29).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sweat behaviors of only a few analytes, including ethanol and chloride, have been extensively investigated and related to blood concentrations or health status (6, 8, 27, 35).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“They are unable to draw low volumes of resting sweat rapidly into the device, limiting real-time assessment.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Sweat pH could potentially reflect acid–base disorders, chloride levels are relevant to testing for cystic fibrosis and potentially for hydration status and electrolyte stores, and levodopa testing through sweat could be used toward precision medicine for Parkinson’s patients14,27,28.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“All sensors show high sensitivity within the physiological range, with linear calibration curves shown in Supplementary Fig. 9 as well as reproducibility, stability, and bending tests shown in Supplementary Fig. 10 and Supplementary Fig. 1114,27,28.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This device was recently tested for cystic fibrosis diagnosis and preliminary investigation of the blood/sweat glucose correlation [161].”
From Wearables and the Medical Revolution (2018) · cites this paper as [161]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While understanding the composition of exercise sweat is important for athletic and physiology applications, chemically induced sweat is more useful for medical diagnostics in sedentary conditions (27).”
From Regional and correlative sweat analysis using high-throughput microfluidic sensing patches toward decoding sweat (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For this reason, most wearable sweat sensors have focused on exercise, thermal, or chemically stimulated sweat produced at rates of 10’s or 100’s of nL min−1 cm−2 or higher10–23.”
From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Sweat is considered an ideal biofluid for detecting biomolecules in wearable Point of Use devices because it is much easier to collect for testing than other biofluids, such as blood, which require invasive methods [128].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [128]
In the citing paper
“In such circumstances, iontophoresis, whereby sweat glands are stimulated through delivery of an agonist using a low electrical current, is an useful method to obtain sufficient sweat 60,61 .”
From A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“However, the duration of sweat generation was limited to 60 min, with varying rates over that time, which could hinder continuous monitoring applications.”
From Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring (2019) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“Various materials have been used as working electrodes, such as noble metal (Au and Ag) (20–22), metallic oxides (23, 24), graphene (25, 26), and carbon black (27).”
From Integrated textile sensor patch for real-time and multiplex sweat analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Emaminejad, S., Gao, W., Wu, E., Davies, Z. A., Yin Yin Nyein, H., Challa, S., Ryan, S. P., Fahad, H. M., Chen, K., Shahpar, Z., Talebi, S., Milla, C., Javey, A., & Davis, R. W.
- Affiliations
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Stanford University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-04-17
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 4625-4630
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5422810
- OpenAlex
- W2607347870
- Semantic Scholar
- 33ec820767aad6915dd5361387dc8f8191c9a9f2
- Cited by
- 839
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 106 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 30.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HG000205)
- National Science Foundation (NASCENT)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
- Keywords
- sweat analysis, iontophoresis, wearable biosensors, cystic fibrosis, blood glucose monitoring, sweat electrolytes, non-invasive diagnosis, continuous health monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Wearable Electronic Devices, Cystic Fibrosis, Glucose, Humans, Iontophoresis, Monitoring, Physiologic, Sweat
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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