The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Borg's Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales
Abstract
Borg's Perceived Exertioin and Pain Scales Author: BORG, Gunnar, PhD (Stockholm Univ) Bibliographic Data: (ISBN: 0880116234, Human Kinetics Inc, 1998, $24.00), 104 pages, soft cover. Audience 1: Exercise Scientists Audience 2: Physiotherapists Other Info: The book contains black-and-white illustrations. DESCRIPTION: This is a new edition of a book on perceived exertion and pain scales written by the developer of the scales himself. It is a compilation of the development, proper use (including validity and reliability), and research using the Borg ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale and the Borg category-ratio (CR10) scale. PURPOSE: The purpose is to present two scales: the Borg RPE scale and the Borg CR10 scale. The emphasis is on viewing humans as a psychosomatic whole and using human perception as a diagnostic instrument. In view of the common use of these scales in clinical, research, and everyday settings, the objectives of the book are certainly worthwhile. With the use of numerous investigations, and the insight only the developer of the scales can give, the author more than meets his objectives. AUDIENCE: He has written a book that truly targets a large audience that includes: exercise scientists, physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, physical education teachers, exercise supervisors, and coaches and athletes. As the developer of the scales and the first author on more than 50 articles and chapters that pertain to the scales, Borg is the most credible author available to write this kind of book. FEATURES: This book is well presented with numerous helpful figures throughout. Two unique features add to its appeal. Gray boxes of text appear throughout the book that provide interesting stories and insights from the author. The perforated scales and instructions on thick paper located in the appendix are also useful. ASSESSMENT: This book is an essential resource for anyone who regularly uses the Borg RPE or the Borg CR10 scale. The explanations of the development and the appropriateness of use give better insight into why the scales are used and how they can be better used. SCORE: Weighted Numerical Score: 93 - **** Reviewed by: Edward M. Heath, PhD (University of Texas El Paso College of Nursing & Health Sciences)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review
Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0 · Cited by 924
Position statement on physical activity and exercise intensity terminology.
Norton, K., Norton, L., & Sadgrove, D. (2010) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.008 · Cited by 804
A comparison between three rating scales for perceived exertion and two different work tests
Borg, E., & Kaijser, L. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00448.x · Cited by 558
Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E. E., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9025-z · Cited by 429
Exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a biopsychosocial approach
Booth, J., Moseley, G. L., Schiltenwolf, M., Cashin, A., Davies, M., & Hübscher, M. (2017) · Musculoskeletal Care · doi:10.1002/msc.1191 · Cited by 381
Taylor, A. H., Ussher, M. H., & Faulkner, G. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01739.x · Cited by 324
Cheville, A. L., Kollasch, J., Vandenberg, J., Shen, T., Grothey, A., Gamble, G., & Basford, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.05.006 · Cited by 299
Thum, J. S., Parsons, G., Whittle, T., & Astorino, T. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166299 · Cited by 289
Gordon, L. A., Morrison, E. Y., McGrowder, D. A., Young, R., Fraser, Y. T. P., Zamora, E. M., Alexander-Lindo, R. L., & Irving, R. R. (2008) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-8-21 · Cited by 275
Dyspnea and pain share emotion-related brain network
von Leupoldt, A., Sommer, T., Kegat, S., Baumann, H. J., Klose, H., Dahme, B., & Büchel, C. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.015 · Cited by 257
Ekkekakis, P., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2002) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(01)00028-0 · Cited by 242
McNeely, M. L., Parliament, M. B., Seikaly, H., Jha, N., Magee, D. J., Haykowsky, M. J., & Courneya, K. S. (2008) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.23536 · Cited by 229
Cronin, O., Barton, W., Skuse, P., Penney, N. C., Garcia-Perez, I., Murphy, E. F., Woods, T., Nugent, H., Fanning, A., Melgar, S., et al. (2018) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00044-18 · Cited by 232
Effect of inspiratory muscle work on peripheral fatigue of locomotor muscles in healthy humans
Romer, L. M., Lovering, A. T., Haverkamp, H. C., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (2006) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.099697 · Cited by 225
Chen, H.-M., Tsai, C.-M., Wu, Y.-C., Lin, K.-C., & Lin, C.-C. (2015) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.612 · Cited by 224
Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype
Campbell, J. P., Riddell, N. E., Burns, V. E., Turner, M., van Zanten, J. J. C. S. V., Drayson, M. T., & Bosch, J. A. (2009) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.011 · Cited by 220
Kimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Bartels, M. N., Armstrong, H. F., Ballon, J. S., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ayanruoh, L., Lister, A., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv022 · Cited by 207
Affect, Exercise, and Physical Activity among Healthy Adolescents
Schneider, M., Dunn, A., & Cooper, D. (2009) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.31.6.706 · Cited by 199
Serra‐Rexach, J. A., Bustamante‐Ara, N., Hierro Villarán, M., González Gil, P., Sanz Ibáñez, M. J., Blanco Sanz, N., Ortega Santamaría, V., Gutiérrez Sanz, N., Marín Prada, A. B., Gallardo, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03356.x · Cited by 192
Midlife cardiovascular fitness and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study in women
Hörder, H., Johansson, L., Guo, X., Grimby, G., Kern, S., Östling, S., & Skoog, I. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000005290 · Cited by 188
Zwierska, I., Walker, R. D., Choksy, S. A., Male, J. S., Pockley, A. G., & Saxton, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2005.08.021 · Cited by 186
Rosenbaum, S., Sherrington, C., & Tiedemann, A. (2015) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12371 · Cited by 182
Ruiz, J. R., Perales, M., Pelaez, M., Lopez, C., Lucia, A., & Barakat, R. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.020 · Cited by 181
Validity and reliability of ventilatory and blood lactate thresholds in well-trained cyclists
Pallarés, J. G., Morán-Navarro, R., Ortega, J. F., Fernández-Elías, V. E., & Mora-Rodriguez, R. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163389 · Cited by 180
Visual color perception in green exercise: positive effects on mood and perceived exertion
Akers, A., Barton, J., Cossey, R., Gainsford, P., Griffin, M., & Micklewright, D. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es301685g · Cited by 161
Graff, R. M., Kunz, H. E., Agha, N. H., Baker, F. L., Laughlin, M., Bigley, A. B., Markofski, M. M., LaVoy, E. C., Katsanis, E., Bond, R. A., et al. (2018) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.017 · Cited by 145
Rating of perceived effort: methodological concerns and future directions
Halperin, I., & Emanuel, A. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01229-z · Cited by 149
Taylor, J. L., Holland, D. J., Keating, S. E., Leveritt, M. D., Gomersall, S. R., Rowlands, A. V., Bailey, T. G., & Coombes, J. S. (2020) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3511 · Cited by 148
Decker, E. S., & Ekkekakis, P. (2017) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.005 · Cited by 139
Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis
Le Mansec, Y., Pageaux, B., Nordez, A., Dorel, S., & Jubeau, M. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1418647 · Cited by 133
Thinking and Action: A Cognitive Perspective on Self-Regulation during Endurance Performance
Brick, N. E., MacIntyre, T. E., & Campbell, M. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00159 · Cited by 131
Alderman, B. L., Olson, R. L., Brush, C. J., & Shors, T. J. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2015.225 · Cited by 125
Lind, E., Ekkekakis, P., & Vazou, S. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308088517 · Cited by 117
Exercise training reverses endothelial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Pugh, C. J. A., Sprung, V. S., Kemp, G. J., Richardson, P., Shojaee-Moradie, F., Umpleby, A. M., Green, D. J., Cable, N. T., Jones, H., & Cuthbertson, D. J. (2014) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00306.2014 · Cited by 116
Cormie, P., Newton, R. U., Taaffe, D. R., Spry, N., Joseph, D., Akhlil Hamid, M., & Galvão, D. A. (2013) · Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases · doi:10.1038/pcan.2012.52 · Cited by 110
Thompson, K. G., Turner, L., Prichard, J., Dodd, F., Kennedy, D. O., Haskell, C., Blackwell, J. R., & Jones, A. M. (2014) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2013.12.015 · Cited by 109
Tao, D., Gao, Y., Cole, A., Baker, J. S., Gu, Y., Supriya, R., Tong, T. K., Hu, Q., & Awan-Scully, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.925958 · Cited by 108
An interoceptive illusion of effort induced by false heart-rate feedback
Iodice, P., Porciello, G., Bufalari, I., Barca, L., & Pezzulo, G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1821032116 · Cited by 100
Callaghan, P., Khalil, E., Morres, I., & Carter, T. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-465 · Cited by 105
Effect of Physical Activity versus Health Education on Physical Function, Grip Strength and Mobility
Santanasto, A. J., Glynn, N. W., Lovato, L. C., Blair, S. N., Fielding, R. A., Gill, T. M., Guralnik, J. M., Hsu, F., King, A. C., Strotmeyer, E. S., et al. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.14804 · Cited by 103
MacLaughlin, H. L., Cook, S. A., Kariyawasam, D., Roseke, M., van Niekerk, M., & Macdougall, I. C. (2010) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.09.011 · Cited by 102
Practical Approaches to Prescribing Physical Activity and Monitoring Exercise Intensity
Reed, J. L., & Pipe, A. L. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.12.024 · Cited by 100
Huang, T.-T., Liu, C.-B., Tsai, Y.-H., Chin, Y.-F., & Wong, C.-H. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.013 · Cited by 96
Carter, T., Guo, B., Turner, D., Morres, I., Khalil, E., Brighton, E., Armstrong, M., & Callaghan, P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0638-z · Cited by 93
Shah, T., Verdile, G., Sohrabi, H., Campbell, A., Putland, E., Cheetham, C., Dhaliwal, S., Weinborn, M., Maruff, P., Darby, D., et al. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.122 · Cited by 94
Batterham, A. M., Bonner, S., Wright, J., Howell, S. J., Hugill, K., & Danjoux, G. (2014) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aeu051 · Cited by 92
Ackermann, B. J., Kenny, D. T., O'Brien, I., & Driscoll, T. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00973 · Cited by 90
Chen, H.-M., Tsai, C.-M., Wu, Y.-C., Lin, K.-C., & Lin, C.-C. (2016) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.356 · Cited by 89
Krustrup, P., Ermidis, G., & Mohr, M. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0087-6 · Cited by 74
The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners
Balshaw, T. G., Bampouras, T. M., Barry, T. J., & Sparks, S. A. (2013) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-012-1372-1 · Cited by 71
Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Razazian, N., Motl, R. W., Farnia, V., Alikhani, M., Pühse, U., Gerber, M., & Brand, S. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.101380 · Cited by 65
Eriksen, L., Grønbæk, M., Helge, J. W., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12608 · Cited by 66
Espeland, M. A., Rejeski, W. J., West, D. S., Bray, G. A., Clark, J. M., Peters, A. L., Chen, H., Johnson, K. C., Horton, E. S., Hazuda, H. P., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12271 · Cited by 66
Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Jackson, A. P., King, J. A., & Nimmo, M. A. (2015) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12364 · Cited by 63
Cowie, A., Thow, M. K., Granat, M. H., & Mitchell, S. L. (2011) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/1741826710389389 · Cited by 59
de Groot, M., Shubrook, J. H., Hornsby, W. G., Pillay, Y., Mather, K. J., Fitzpatrick, K., Yang, Z., & Saha, C. (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-2400 · Cited by 56
Venhorst, A., Micklewright, D., & Noakes, T. D. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0986-1 · Cited by 54
Hartman, M. E., Ekkekakis, P., Dicks, N. D., & Pettitt, R. W. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.186585 · Cited by 51
West, C. R., Campbell, I. G., Goosey-Tolfrey, V. L., Mason, B. S., & Romer, L. M. (2014) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.06.001 · Cited by 50
Exercise for adolescents with depression: valued aspects and perceived change
Carter, T., Morres, I., Repper, J., & Callaghan, P. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12261 · Cited by 47
Lee, J. E., Watson, D., & Frey‐Law, L. A. (2013) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00249.x · Cited by 45
Smith, A. E., Eston, R., Tempest, G. D., Norton, B., & Parfitt, G. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3167-z · Cited by 41
Simonsson, E., Levik Sandström, S., Hedlund, M., Holmberg, H., Johansson, B., Lindelöf, N., Boraxbekk, C.-J., & Rosendahl, E. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glad070 · Cited by 35
Evaluation of exercise on individuals with dementia and their carers: a randomised controlled trial
Cerga-Pashoja, A., Lowery, D., Bhattacharya, R., Griffin, M., Iliffe, S., Lee, J., Leonard, C., Ricketts, S., Strother, L., Waters, F., et al. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-53 · Cited by 31
Brush, C. J., Foti, D., Bocchine, A. J., Muniz, K. M., Gooden, M. J., Spaeth, A. M., Miller, M. W., & Alderman, B. L. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100339 · Cited by 29
Meyer, J. D., Hayney, M. S., Coe, C. L., Ninos, C. L., & Barrett, B. P. (2019) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2018-0214 · Cited by 29
Crowder, T. A., Beekley, M. D., Sturdivant, R. X., Johnson, C. A., & Lumpkin, A. (2007) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed.172.6.596 · Cited by 29
Effect of brief mindfulness induction on university athletes’ sleep quality following night training
Li, C., Kee, Y. H., & Lam, L. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00508 · Cited by 28
Mortimer, H., Dallaway, N., & Ring, C. (2024) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102720 · Cited by 28
Pugh, J. K., Faulkner, S. H., Turner, M. C., & Nimmo, M. A. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3721-y · Cited by 27
Brown, B. M., Rainey‐Smith, S. R., Castalanelli, N., Gordon, N., Markovic, S., Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Laws, S. M., Doecke, J., Shen, K., et al. (2017) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2017.09.003 · Cited by 26
“The target exercise intensity for the MI and HI conditions are set using the 6 to 20 Borg Scale of perceived exertion (6 5 no exertion and 20 5 maximal exertion; [17]).”
MethodBannell, D. J., France-Ratcliffe, M., Buckley, B. J. R., Crozier, A., Davies, A. P., Hesketh, K. L., Jones, H., Cocks, M., Sprung, V. S., & on behalf of the MOTIVATE Team (2023) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/20552076231183552 · Cited by 25
Coquart, J. B. J., Lemaire, C., Dubart, A., Douillard, C., Luttenbacher, D., Wibaux, F., & Garcin, M. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00863.x · Cited by 23
Gomes, E. C., Allgrove, J. E., Florida‐James, G., & Stone, V. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01366.x · Cited by 21
Cochrane-Snyman, K. C., Housh, T. J., Smith, C. M., Hill, E. C., Jenkins, N. D. M., Schmidt, R. J., & Johnson, G. O. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3394-y · Cited by 20
Olafsdottir, S. A., Jonsdottir, H., Bjartmarz, I., Magnusson, C., Caltenco, H., Kytö, M., Maye, L., McGookin, D., Arnadottir, S. A., Hjaltadottir, I., et al. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05432-x · Cited by 20
Cardiorespiratory response to physical exercise and psychological variables in panic disorder
Caldirola, D., Namia, C., Micieli, W., Carminati, C., Bellodi, L., & Perna, G. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000400013 · Cited by 14
Graham-Paulson, T., Perret, C., & Goosey-Tolfrey, V. (2018) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0089 · Cited by 12
Guimarães, R. D. S., de Morais Junior, A. C., Schincaglia, R. M., Saunders, B., Pimentel, G. D., & Mota, J. F. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0031 · Cited by 11
Suwabe, K., Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Reagh, Z. M., Roberts, J. M., Matsushita, A., Saotome, K., Ochi, G., Fukuie, T., Suzuki, K., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1818247115 · Cited by 7
Jaén-Carrillo, D., Roche-Seruendo, L. E., Cartón-Llorente, A., & García-Pinillos, F. (2022) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1177/17543371211015764 · Cited by 6
Metz, L., Isacco, L., Miguet, M., Genin, P., Thivel, D., & Duclos, M. (2021) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125211007345 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Heath, E. M.
- Venue
- Medicine& Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1461
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4240288471
- Cited by
- 3,037
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 18.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
