The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome
Open accessAbstract
Objectives Habitual diet plays a major role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota, and also determines the repertoire of microbial metabolites that can influence the host. The typical Western diet corresponds to that of an omnivore; however, the Mediterranean diet (MD), common in the Western Mediterranean culture, is to date a nutritionally recommended dietary pattern that includes high-level consumption of cereals, fruit, vegetables and legumes. To investigate the potential benefits of the MD in this cross-sectional survey, we assessed the gut microbiota and metabolome in a cohort of Italian individuals in relation to their habitual diets. Design and results We retrieved daily dietary information and assessed gut microbiota and metabolome in 153 individuals habitually following omnivore, vegetarian or vegan diets. The majority of vegan and vegetarian subjects and 30% of omnivore subjects had a high adherence to the MD. We were able to stratify individuals according to both diet type and adherence to the MD on the basis of their dietary patterns and associated microbiota. We detected significant associations between consumption of vegetable-based diets and increased levels of faecal short-chain fatty acids, Prevotella and some fibre-degrading Firmicutes, whose role in human gut warrants further research. Conversely, we detected higher urinary trimethylamine oxide levels in individuals with lower adherence to the MD. Conclusions High-level consumption of plant foodstuffs consistent with an MD is associated with beneficial microbiome-related metabolomic profiles in subjects ostensibly consuming a Western diet. Trial registration number This study was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT02118857.
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Claims the paper makes
62 Own result · 31 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Negligible differences were recently found between the gut microbiota of a small-size cohort of omnivore and vegan individuals in the USA.7”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut source
The Results section describes the differences in gut microbiota between vegans and omnivores in the Northeastern USA as “quite modest.” Another Results section gives the small sample size: 16 omnivores and 15 vegans. The paper does report a statistically significant difference in one composition analysis, so “negligible” should not be read as no difference at all. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“and accordingly, genes related to succinate production pathway were enriched in subjects receiving an animal-based diet.15”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [15] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The gene-expression passage (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) reports increased expression of genes for vitamin biosynthesis, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, and β-lactamases on the animal-based diet, but does not identify a succinate-production pathway. Searches for “succinate production pathway” and “succinic acid” found no passage reporting enrichment of genes in that pathway. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Urinary TMAO levels were significantly lower in vegetarian and vegan ( p<0.0001) compared with O subjects (see online supplementary figure S6A).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Correlations between diet, microbiota and metabolome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the HFD index 34 values correlated with the adherence to the MD (Spearman's r=0.61, p<0.00001)”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The associations between Lachnospira and esters of butanoic and acetic acids were significant ( p<0.05).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Correlations between diet, microbiota and metabolome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We detected significant associations between consumption of vegetable-based diets and increased levels of faecal short-chain fatty acids, Prevotella and some fibredegrading Firmicutes, whose role in human gut warrants further research.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the contrary, L-Ruminococcus (Ruminococcus genus assigned to Lachnospiraceae family) was positively associated to omnivore diets (see online supplementary table S2).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, CIA (figure 2) based on PCA of microbiota composition and diet information revealed a significant relationship between genus-level microbiota composition and habitual diet (RV coefficient=0.18;Monte Carlo p=0.003) involving a significant subset of the microbiota.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Separation by habitual diet and microbiota concords with diet type and MD adherence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although the level of diversity of the subjects based on the structure of their microbiota was clearly not comparable with their strong differences in habitual diet (figure 1), it was noteworthy that their stratification in gradients was consistent when both diet and microbiota were considered (figure 2).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Separation by habitual diet and microbiota concords with diet type and MD adherence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, Prevotella was the only Bacteroidetes having positive correlations with SCFA ( p<0.05).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Correlations between diet, microbiota and metabolome
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Wu et al 7 recently reported negligible differences in the faecal microbiota composition and plasma SCFA profiles in 15 vegan and 16 omnivore subjects, and found no evidence for dietdriven separations in either measure.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Human subjects) confirm 15 vegans and 16 omnivores. The Results (Only slight differences between the gut microbiota of omnivores and vegans) describe modest microbiota differences, but report a statistically significant difference in unweighted analysis. The SCFA Results concern faecal, not plasma, levels; the plasma-metabolome Results instead report substantial diet-associated differences. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first component of the CIA (horizontal) accounted for 50.7% of the variance, and the second component (vertical) accounted for another 11.7%.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Separation by habitual diet and microbiota concords with diet type and MD adherence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small cluster of genera was associated with the vegetablebased diet, with the strongest correlations found for Roseburia, Lachnospira and Prevotella, the last two also displaying a significant negative association with the omnivore diet ( p<0.01, see online supplementary table S2).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and were significantly higher in vegetarian and vegan subjects, as well as in subjects with medium and high adherence to the MD ( p<0.0001) (see online supplementary figure S1).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pie charts of family level microbiota composition showed an increase in Prevotellaceae abundance with plant-based diets, although not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons (see online supplementary figure S3A).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Separation by habitual diet and microbiota concords with diet type and MD adherence
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A larger cluster correlated positively with the nutrients of animal origin and negatively with the vegetable-based diet patterns (figure 3).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a very clear relationship between faecal SCFA profile and nutrient intake, with the latter variable also splitting into two distinct groups (figure 4A).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Correlations between diet, microbiota and metabolome
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lachnospira and Prevotella were significantly linked to highest and medium quartiles of HFD values, respectively, and they were both associated to plant-based diets.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three major clusters of genera and three clusters of nutritional information were detected.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of vegan and vegetarian subjects and 30% of omnivore subjects had a high adherence to the MD.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Only 11% of the subjects (14 omnivores and 3 vegetarians) had low adherence to the MD, while 88% of the vegans, 65% of the vegetarians and also 30% of the omnivores showed high MD adherence rates.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Remarkably, this latter category included about one-third of the omnivores.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Abstract
plainn = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of the adherence level to the MD 33 divided the subjects in three groups with low, medium and high adherence to MD (figure 1B).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plotting the correlation between genera and dietary information, an influence of the diet on the structure of the microbiota could be detected, although not strong in terms of absolute values (figure 3).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first group included foods and nutrients typical of the omnivore diets while the third group included those mainly associated with vegetarian or vegan diets.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Microbial genera linked to specific intake of nutrients and dietary patterns
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The microbiota alpha diversity values were not significantly different between subjects of the three diet types or between subjects showing different levels of adherence to the MD (data not shown).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Separation by habitual diet and microbiota concords with diet type and MD adherence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, subjects with high compliance to MD showed enrichment in the same pathways, as well as those for pentose and glucuronate interconversions (ko00040), and propanoate (ko00640) and butanoate metabolism (ko00650) ( p<0.05).”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Diet-driven differences in predicted metagenomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, although we noted that the overall structure of the microbiota was similar in subjects across the different diet types, gradients were detected with subjects stratifying on the basis of diet and microbiota.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelationaln = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost 90% of the subjects recruited in this study showed at least medium adherence while 60% showed high-level adherence to the MD.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In spite of such variability, significant differences were found between diet groups”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on greater intake levels of fibre through fruit and vegetables, vegan and vegetarian diets were associated with higher production levels of SCFA, whereas the animal-based diet supported much lower levels.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher adherence levels to the MD were found here than in a larger Italian cohort study 33 and also in the multicentre prospective cohort study on the dietary habits of 10 European countries.46”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, we recorded higher median intake of fibre and starch in both omnivore and vegan subjects compared with the US cohort.7”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Wu, 2016, Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production, Gut source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With a larger cohort of 153 individuals that also included vegetarians, and with a remarkable adherence to the MD, we were able to detect significant associations between intake of fibre and vegetable foods and faecal SCFA concentrations.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelationaln = 153- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, several studies have shown an association between consumption of fibre, fruit and vegetables and increased microbial richness, at either taxonomic or gene level.[12][13][14]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Nature source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, a few self-reported vegetarians had a non-significantly higher abundance of Prevotella compared with Bacteroides.11”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Wu, 2011, Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes, Science source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Habitual diet plays a major role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota, and also determines the repertoire of microbial metabolites that can influence the host.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · boosted
“The role of diet in shaping the gut microbiota is widely recognised, and several recent reviews provide a comprehensive treatment of the subject.[1][2][3][4][5][6]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Jeffery, 2013, Diet-microbiota interactions and their implications for healthy living, Nutrients source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · boosted
In the paper
“The MD is a pronounced, but not exclusively vegetarian-oriented dietary style, which has been demonstrated to be beneficial for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammatory diseases and cardiovascular diseases.[26][27][28][29][30]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Salas-Salvadó, 2011, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial, Diabetes Care source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vegetarian and vegan diets confer well-described health benefits. 23 24”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 23 24
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Conversely, residence in industrialised countries and consumption of Western diets, which are mainly omnivore-type diets, apparently lead to a composition of the microbiota that is more associated with different types of disease.3”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Albenberg, 2014, Diet and the intestinal microbiome: associations, functions, and implications for health and disease, Gastroenterol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, until recently, not many studies have broadly and systematically considered the association between habitual diet and gut microbiota. 2 7”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 2 7
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Some populations eat differently because they have different access to foods, and this can determine significant differences in the taxonomic composition of their gut microbiota, distinguishing agrarian and Western diets.[8][9][10]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] De Filippo, 2010, Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although there is a general agreement on the association of some enterogradients 18 with vegetable-rich (Prevotella) or protein/fat-rich diets (Bacteroides/Clostridia), 11 15 19-22”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > Significance of this study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 11 15 19-22
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Most of the studies and reviews of gut microbiota in relation to diet report an increased level of Prevotella in response to consumption of an agrarian diet or on fibre administration.2-4 8 10 11 64”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 2-4 8 10 11 64
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The remarkable adherence to the MD in the subjects studied here, together with the remarkable link we identified with HFD, make the cohort a good model for a population following a healthy Western diet.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consistently, Ruminococcus torques (Lachnospiraceae) was recently found at increased levels in mice consuming a high fat and sugar diet and with susceptibility to Crohn's disease.66”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Martinez-Medina, 2014, Western diet induces dysbiosis with increased E coli in CEABAC10 mice, alters host barrier function favouring AIEC colonisation, Gut source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“higher SCFA levels were found in native Africans on agrarian diet compared with African-Americans.22 54”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 22 54
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Decrease in Lachnospira abundance was recently highlighted in the gut microbiota of subjects with cholesterol gallstones 62 as well as in the rectal mucosa of patients with HIV, 63”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Wu, 2013, Gut microbiota dysbiosis and bacterial community assembly associated with cholesterol gallstones in large-scale study, BMC Genomics source
- Not checked yetcites [63] McHardy, 2013, HIV infection is associated with compositional and functional shifts in the rectal mucosal microbiota, Microbiome source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lachnospira is one of the core genera of the gut microbiota 4 and recognised as the only Firmicutes able to degrade pectins beyond Faecalibacterium and Eubacterium.56”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SCFA are produced by the intestinal microbiota during fermentation of undigested polysaccharides.48”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Tan, 2014, The role of short chain fatty acids in health and disease, Adv Immunol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Moreover, besides the diet, multiple factors can affect human metabolome, such as gender or age.[56][57][58]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56][57][58]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some of the Bacteroidetes, such as Alistipes, have been already reported as increasing as a function of elevated consumption of animal foods, 12 15”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 12 15
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Accordingly, a reduced excretion of faecal phenols was observed following a 3-week high-resistant starch diet, 59 while a significantly lower production of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate were found in vegetarians.60”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Birkett, 1996, Resistant starch lowers fecal concentrations of ammonia and phenols in humans, Eur J Clin Nutr
- Not checked yetcites [60] Patel, 2012, The production of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in vegetarians versus omnivores, Clin J Am Soc Nephrol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The protective role of acetate, propionate and butyrate against different types of disease is well documented.[49][50][51][52]”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49][50][51][52]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“TMAO is linked to risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disorders.67 68”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 67 68
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Healthy diets can, therefore, contribute to beneficially modulate host-microbe interactions and to establish effective pathways to prevent disease.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Eggs, beef, pork and fish are the major sources of carnitine and choline that are converted by the gut microbiota to trimethylamine, then oxidised in the liver and released into circulation as TMAO.69 70”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 69 70
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we provide here tangible evidence for the impact of a healthy diet and a Mediterranean dietary pattern on gut microbiota and on the beneficial regulation of microbial metabolism towards health maintenance in the host.”
§ High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome > DISCUSSION
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the structure of the gut microbiota in individuals with defined dietary habits such as strict vegans or vegetarians compared with omnivores.
“little is known about the structure of the gut microbiota in individuals with defined dietary habits such as strict vegans or vegetarians compared with omnivores.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Urinary trimethylamine oxide is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
“a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, a poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with increased l-Ruminococcus and Streptococcus bacteria, and higher urinary TMAO concentration (96).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Likewise, an increased Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (41) and decreases in protective SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., F. prausnitzii) (89, 204) are often observed.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The positive impacts of a Mediterranean diet are mediated by its anti-inflammatory potential but is also associated with marked changes at the level of the gut microbiota, resulting in an increase in the abundance of Bacteroides and Clostridium phyla, and a reduction in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla (Marlow et al., 2013) and associated metabolome (De Filippis et al., 2016).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as De Filippis et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“For example, minimal differences have been shown between omnivores and vegetarians [35] although in some intervention studies, animal fat and protein predominant diets have been clearly associated with specific changes in gut microbial composition when compared to plant-based diets [67].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“Reduced urine TMAO levels were recently reported in an observational study among subjects following a Mediterranean diet in a post hoc cross-sectional analysis comparing omnivores vs. vegetarians or vegans 35 ; moreover, a trend towards reduced urinary TMAO levels was observed among subjects with increased reported compliance with the Mediterranean diet (based on the PREDIMED trial compliance tool”
From Impact of chronic dietary red meat, white meat, or non-meat protein on trimethylamine N-oxide metabolism and renal excretion in healthy men and women (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“In another study, a high adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit was associates with an enrichment of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and a rise in fecal short-chain fatty acid levels.”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
In the citing paper
“existing data indicate that the Mediterranean diet elicits favorable microbiota profiles and metabolite production, with microbial diversity paralleling levels of dietary adherence (71–73)”
From The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health (2018) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, adherence to a vegetarian or vegan diet compared with an omnivorous diet is reported to be associated with reduced plasma and urinary levels of TMAO.3,44”
In the citing paper
“The importance of our findings is underlined by the modifiable nature of TMAO, both with diet, and with potential therapeutics under development, offering new prospects for treatment strategies at both levels of primary and secondary prevention.”
In the citing paper
“whereas a Mediterranean diet, which is thought of as a healthy diet, shows significant increases in SCFAs [43].”
From Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: A role for gut peptides (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, adherence to a Mediterranean diet was linked to beneficial microbiota-related metabolomic profiles, such as increased levels of SCFAs and reductions in BCFAs, bile acids, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (38,40,41).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
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Metadata
- Authors
- De Filippis, F., Pellegrini, N., Vannini, L., Jeffery, I. B., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., Serrazanetti, D. I., Di Cagno, R., Ferrocino, I., Lazzi, C., Turroni, S., Cocolin, L., Brigidi, P., Neviani, E., Gobbetti, M., O'Toole, P. W., & Ercolini, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Parma (IT)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- University College Cork (IE)
- University of Turin (IT)
- University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Ercolini, Danilo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-09-28
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1812-1821
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- OpenAlex
- W2214388745
- Cited by
- 1,638
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 153 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 180 · 2022: 207 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 27.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (2010WZ2NJN, PRIN 2010-2011 “, 2010-2011, (PRIN 2010))
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- Mediterranean diet, dietary adherence, gut microbiota, metabolome, vegetarian diet, vegan diet, omnivorous diet, short-chain fatty acids, Prevotella, trimethylamine N-oxide, plant-based diet, Western diet, fecal metabolites, urinary metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dietary Fiber, Fatty Acids, Feces, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Methylamines, Patient Compliance, Statistics as Topic, Vegetables, Prevotella, Diet, Mediterranean, Gastrointestinal Tract, Healthy Volunteers
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