Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives

In the paper

“The recent meta-analysis, Oliveira et al. (2017) found that aerobic stability was not affected by inoculation nor was there any effect by crop.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Silage Quality section reports that LAB inoculation did not affect aerobic stability (P = 0.27). Table 2 reports no significant effect of forage type on the inoculation-related difference in aerobic stability (P = 0.62). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“with only a trend for increased DMI and no effect on feed efficiency”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Performance of Dairy Cows section reports that LAB silage inoculation tended to increase dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.08) but did not affect feed efficiency (P = 0.18). The paper identifies the inoculants studied as homofermentative or facultative heterofermentative LAB. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Inoculation reduced the pH of silages in temperate and tropical grasses and in alfalfa and other legumes, but not in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Silage Quality results report reduced pH in temperate and tropical grasses and alfalfa, and no pH effect in corn and sorghum. But they also explicitly report reduced pH in sugarcane silage, contrary to that part of the claim. The broader discussion says sugarcane fermentation was not improved; that does not establish that its pH was unchanged. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Santos et al. (2013) observed that corn silage inoculated with 1 strain of Lb. plantarum originally isolated from sugarcane silage lacked Listeria spp., whereas the untreated control and corn silages inoculated with other Lb.plantarum strains had Listeria spp.present.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Maize Ensilage in Experimental Silos section reports Listeria spp. in control silage and silages inoculated with L. plantarum strains UFLA SLM41, SLM46, and SLM105. But the Discussion reports no Listeria in silages inoculated with two other L. plantarum strains, UFLA SLM08 and SLM45—not just one. The strain-selection section says the LAB strains originated from sugarcane silage. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Santos et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Milk production increases by inoculation were not affected by forage type, inoculant species, or level of milk production.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Performance of Dairy Cows section reports that LAB silage inoculation increased milk yield and that the response was independent of forage type, LAB species, and the control cows’ milk-yield level. Table 4 likewise reports no significant association of those factors with the milk-yield response. The finding is bounded by the forage types, LAB categories, and milk-yield groups examined in the meta-analysis. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“Animal trials have also revealed that these bacteria have not only enhanced silage fermentation but also have improved milk production, daily gain, or feed efficiency”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 2.2 reports animal trials in which LAB inoculants significantly improved liveweight gain, milk production, and feed efficiency, while noting that these responses occurred less often than improvements in fermentation. Section 2.1 summarizes trials showing improvements in fermentation or animal performance. The claim describes findings from some trials, not a benefit in every trial. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Weinberg and Muck, 1996 source

In the paper

“Dry matter recovery was 2.8 percentage units higher in grass silages compared with untreated, unaffected corn and sorghum silages, and reduced by 2.4 percentage units in sugarcane silage.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Silage Quality section reports that LAB inoculation increased dry matter recovery in temperate and tropical grass silages, had no effect in corn and sorghum silages, and reduced it in sugarcane silage. The passages available from our copy do not give the claimed forage-specific magnitudes of 2.8 and 2.4 percentage units; they refer instead to Figure 3 (page not provided). (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Oliveira et al., 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Ganzorig et al. (2016) isolated Lb. hilgardii and Lb.diolivorans strains that had antifungal activity that was deactivated after protease treatment, suggesting that the activity was associated with peptides.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The 'Isolation of LAB in Airag samples' section reports that L. hilgardii and L. diolivorans supernatants lost activity after protease treatment, suggesting peptide involvement. But the activity tested was antibacterial activity against E. coli, not antifungal activity; the paper does not support that part of the claim. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Ganzorig et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“however, the effects are strain-specific (Muck, 2004;Kleinschmit et al., 2005) and dose-dependent (Ranjit and Kung, 2000;Taylor and Kung, 2002;Filya et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Muck, 2004 source
• Supported

  The citation to Kleinschmit et al. is attached to the strain-specific part of the sentence; other sources are cited for dose dependence. The Discussion reports different aerobic-stability outcomes for the two L. buchneri strains in year 1, and the Conclusions describe different results across the two years. Page numbers are not provided in our copy's passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Kleinschmit et al., 2005 source
• Supported

  Ranjit and Kung (2000) is cited for the dose-dependent part of the sentence, not the strain-specific part. The Conclusions report a small improvement in aerobic stability at 1 × 10^5 cfu/g and a marked improvement at 1 × 10^6 cfu/g of L. buchneri in corn silage. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Ranjit and Kung, 2000 source

In the paper

“In a field summary involving 39 farms in Denmark, Kristensen et al. (2010) reported no detrimental effect of silage inoculated with Lb. buchneri 40788 on the intake, milk production, health, or reproduction of dairy cows.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Experimental Design section describes 39 Danish dairy farms and identifies the inoculant as L. buchneri NCIMB 40788. The Conclusions report no effect on milk production compared with the control, but the paper does not report corresponding findings for feed intake, cow health, or reproduction. The dietary-ration data do not establish an effect on intake. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Kristensen et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Danner et al. (2003) reported that addition of Lb. brevis slightly improved aerobic stability (72 h until heating) when compared with untreated silage (40 h), but they added a very high dose (7 × 10 8 cfu/g of fresh forage), and improvements in stability were markedly better with Lb. buchneri (274 h).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report 40 h of aerobic stability for the untreated control and an inoculation dose of 7.0 × 10^8 CFU per gram of fresh forage. The Discussion reports 72 h for L. brevis and says L. buchneri produced the greatest stability. The retrieved passages do not establish the claimed 274 h value for L. buchneri. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Danner et al., 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“in 2 of the 4 cultivars the inoculated silage had a more homofermentative fermentation profile compared with the control; not surprisingly, this inoculant did not improve aerobic stability in any of the cultivars.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Fermentation Indices and Aerobic Stability (page unavailable), the paper reports that bacterial inoculant PRO lowered pH relative to control in two of the four cultivars, DBMR and MMR. Its fermentation measurements are consistent with a more lactate-oriented profile, and the same section explicitly says PRO did not improve aerobic stability compared with control. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites Thomas et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“Aerobic stabilities in the B. subtilis and combination treatments were more than 3-fold longer and twice as long, respectively, than in the untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In Experiment 2, the paper reports aerobic stability of 79 hours for B. subtilis silage, 54 hours for the combination, and 23 hours for untreated control silage. These are approximately 3.4 and 2.3 times the control value, respectively, matching the claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Lara et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“After 96 d of ensiling, yeast counts were lowest in the B. subtilis treatment, whereas counts were similar in the other 2 treatments.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Experiment 2 reports that the mini-silos were opened after 96 days and that yeast counts were lowest in the B. subtilis silage at opening (Day 0 of aerobic exposure). Table 2 shows counts of 1.6 for B. subtilis, versus 4.0 for untreated silage and 3.5 for the combined treatment; the latter two share the same significance letter. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites Lara et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“In vitro ruminal digestion over 48 h measured by gas production was greatest for the Lb.plantarum treatment and intermediate for Lb.plantarum plus Sac.cerevisiae treatment.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Gas Production Kinetics section reports gas production during 48 hours of incubation and ranks L. plantarum highest (50.0 ml), followed by L. plantarum plus S. cerevisiae (48.2 ml). The Fermentability Evaluation section confirms that the in vitro test used rumen fluid and measured gas production. Page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Sofyan et al. (2011) source

In the paper

“Some failures may be due to competition from members within the epiphytic population; however, other failures suggest that the pairings of strains in some inoculants may need to be further refined (e.g., Thomas et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Forage Production and Ensiling section identifies PRO as a bacterial inoculant containing five species, and the Conclusions report that it did not improve aerobic stability. The paper therefore provides an example of a combination inoculant with a limited result, but it does not attribute failures to competition from epiphytic microbes or suggest refining strain pairings. The Fermentation Indices and Aerobic Stability section instead suggests lower acetate concentrations as a possible explanation for PRO’s failure to improve aerobic stability; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites Thomas et al. (2013) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The combination inoculant produced the highest DM recovery, highest in vitro DM digestibility, and lowest ethanol concentrations, whereas Lb. buchneri alone produced similar characteristics to the untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Sousa et al. (2008) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“After 21 d of ensiling, the Lb.plantarum plus Sac.cerevisiae treatment had the highest yeast counts and lowest clostridial counts.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Treatment section says the king grass silage was incubated for 21 days. Table 2 shows that the L. plantarum plus S. cerevisiae group had the highest average yeast count (5.7 × 10^6 cfu/g) and the lowest average clostridial count (1.8 × 10^5 cfu/g) among the inoculant groups. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Sofyan et al. (2011) source

In the paper

“Use of additives containing sorbate, benzoate, and mixtures thereof at sufficient dosages decrease ethanol concentrations of corn silage, thereby decreasing the formation of ethyl esters (Weiss et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The discussion of ethyl ester formation reports that additives containing salts of benzoic and sorbic acids reduced ethanol concentrations, accompanied by lower ethyl ester levels. The Conclusions likewise state that reducing ethanol restricts ester formation and identify these additives or their mixtures, at sufficient quantities, as promising for corn silage. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Weiss et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“When a buffered propionic acid-based additive was applied to barley silage at 2 g/kg of fresh weight, levels of butyric acid declined (Kung and Ranjit, 2001;Kung et al., 2004), with a numerical decrease in ethanol content and improved aerobic stability of 244 h as compared with untreated silage (Kung and Ranjit, 2001).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report negligible butyric acid in treated silage versus 0.64% in untreated silage. They say BP had no effect on ethanol concentration, rather than reporting a numerical decrease. The Discussion gives the application rate as 0.2% of fresh forage weight (2 g/kg) and says BP-treated silage remained stable for about 240 h longer, not 244 h; the improvement was not statistically significant. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Kung and Ranjit (2001) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Barley Silage methods describe a 0.2% fresh-weight treatment, equivalent to 2 g/kg. The Results and Discussion report less butyric acid with that treatment than in untreated silage. The ethanol and 244-hour stability claims are attributed to Kung and Ranjit (2001), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Kung et al. (2004) source

In the paper

“Buffered propionic acidbased additives and ammonium hydroxide decreased ethanol concentration and improved aerobic stability of corn silage in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 3 g/ kg of fresh weight, with the highest concentration resulting in significantly higher aerobic stability than the untreated silage (Kung et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Kung et al. (2000) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Application of formic acid-based additives in mixtures with ammonium formate at 3 to 6 L/t to direct cut or wilted grass silages causes a drop in the pH by direct acidification, restricts fermentation of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and reduces acetic acid concentration and proteolysis (e.g., Saarisalo et al., 2006;Conaghan et al., 2011;Seppälä et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Saarisalo et al. (2006) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Conaghan et al. (2011) source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seppälä et al. (2016) source

In the paper

“Addition of a product containing sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite in the proportions of 200, 100, and 50 g/kg, respectively, decreased yeast count and ethanol content resulting in improved aerobic stability after 90 d of storage when applied at 2 L/t to high-moisture corn (i.e., 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 g/kg of fresh matter of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite,”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Da Silva et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“In contrast, addition of 1.0 g of potassium sorbate/kg of fresh matter has inhibited yeast growth, resulting in decreased ethanol content (Hafner et al., 2014) and improved aerobic stability of corn silage (Teller et al., 2012;Bernardes et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that 1 g of potassium sorbate/kg of wet forage reduced ethanol in corn silage by 58%. The Results say yeast counts in that treatment were generally below detection, but could not establish that they differed from the control; the claim that it inhibited yeast growth is therefore stronger than the evidence. The citing sentence attributes improved aerobic stability to Teller et al. and Bernardes et al., not to Hafner et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Hafner et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The citing sentence attributes improved aerobic stability of corn silage to Teller et al.; its yeast-growth and ethanol claims are attached to Hafner et al. Experiment 2 specifies potassium sorbate at 0.1% of fresh forage weight, equivalent to 1.0 g/kg, and the Abstract reports improved aerobic stability compared with untreated silage. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Teller et al., 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bernardes et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Content and yield of milk true protein and nitrogen efficiency in milk N per unit of N intake were also increased (Broderick et al., 2007); however, this production response was not observed in a second trial.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  In Trial 1, Table 3 reports higher milk true-protein yield and milk N per unit of N intake with ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage than with untreated alfalfa silage. Milk true-protein content was not significantly higher: both diets have the same significance letter in the table. The Conclusions also limit the production increase to one of two trials. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Broderick et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Likewise, compared with untreated alfalfa silage, Broderick et al. (2007) reported decreased proteolysis and, thereby, lower contents of soluble NPN, ammonia-N, and free AA-N in alfalfa silage treated with ammonium tetraformate (7 L/t).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Forage Composition section (page unavailable) reports that alfalfa silage treated with 7 L/t of ammonium tetraformate had less NPN than control silage, principally because of reduced free amino acids, and estimates less protein breakdown. Our copy describes measuring ammonia but the available passages do not report that ammonia-N was lower in the treated silage. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites Broderick et al. (2007) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“When fed to dairy cows, the daily DMI increased by 1.0 kg and the 3.5% FCM increased by 2.1 kg.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Table 3 (trial 1; page not provided) reports DMI of 24.0 kg/d for cows fed control alfalfa silage and 25.0 kg/d for those fed ammonium tetraformate-treated alfalfa silage. It reports 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields of 30.3 and 32.4 kg/d, respectively—an increase of 2.1 kg/d. These figures describe trial 1, not trial 2. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites Broderick et al. (2007) source

In the paper

“Several studies (Young et al., 2012;Windle et al., 2014) have shown that acidic proteases applied at ensiling are able to increase proteolytic activity and improve ruminal starch digestion.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that adding proteases at ensiling increased soluble nitrogen, indicating additional proteolysis, and improved in vitro ruminal starch digestibility relative to untreated silage. The Conclusions (page unavailable) report increases in soluble protein, ammonia nitrogen, and starch digestibility; the enzyme-activity figure describes proteolytic activity at pH 3, consistent with activity under acidic conditions. The study tested corn silage under laboratory conditions, and the improvements depended on treatment and dose. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Young et al., 2012 source
• Supported

  The Conclusions report that applying an exogenous acid protease to whole-plant corn at ensiling increased proteolysis and improved in vitro ruminal starch digestibility compared with untreated silage. The Introduction also reports a similar earlier finding by Young et al. (2012). The measured improvement was in vitro digestibility, not digestion measured in animals. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites Windle et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“However, the enzyme-treated silage also exhibited decreased DM recovery and higher yeast counts, with no indication that the nutritive value of corn silage was improved.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Fermentation–Additive Treatment section reports higher yeast counts for both enzyme-only (ENZ) and enzyme-plus-inoculant (ENZ+FAEI) silages. The Conclusions report no improvement in nutritive value. But Table 5 shows significantly greater DM loss only for ENZ+FAEI, not ENZ alone, so decreased DM recovery is not established for enzyme treatment alone. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Lynch et al. (2015) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In other studies, less well-defined enzyme cocktails added in conjunction with a complex mixture of inoculants accelerated the post-ensiling decline in pH but failed to improve the growth performance of steers (Addah et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that the enzyme-containing inoculant accelerated the decline in pH during ensiling but did not improve steers’ growth performance. The Conclusions identify a cocktail of four enzymes combined with three bacterial inoculants and report no growth-performance benefit. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Addah et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling (Hoffman et al., 2011), but it requires as much as 10 mo for the protein matrix to be hydrolyzed to an extent that optimizes starch availability in corn silage (Ferraretto et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Hoffman et al. citation attaches only to the statement that proteolysis occurs naturally during ensiling. The Discussion calls proteolysis an intrinsic mechanism of high-moisture corn fermentation. The separate 10-month claim is attributed to Ferraretto et al., not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Hoffman et al., 2011 source
• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion (page not available in our copy) report that in vitro starch digestibility of high-moisture corn increased from October to the following August and say this was likely related to disruption of the starch–protein matrix during ensiling. They do not establish that 10 months are required for hydrolysis to optimize starch availability, or that the finding applies to corn silage generally rather than high-moisture corn. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Ferraretto et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Similarly, improvements were observed when fibrolytic enzymes were added to mixtures of low-WSC barley straw and corn silage at ensiling (Guo et al., 2014), as well as to high-moisture, low-WSC tropical forages (Khota et al., 2016).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Guo et al., 2014 source
• Supported

  The Khota et al. citation applies to the tropical-forage clause, not the barley-straw and corn-silage clause. The Introduction (p. 4) describes tropical grasses as typically high in moisture, and the Discussion (p. 14) identifies low WSC in Guinea grass. The Fermentation Quality of Silages results (p. 11) report improved fermentation in fresh and wilted Guinea grass treated with cellulase. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Khota et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“The homofermentative LAB rapidly decrease pH and increase lactic acid relative to other fermentation products”

In the paper

“Formic acid causes direct acidification, suppressing clostridia and other undesired bacteria and improving protein preservation during ensiling.”

In the paper

“Silages treated with one or more of these bacteria are often lower in pH, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia-N but higher in lactic acid content and exhibit better DM recovery compared with untreated silages”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Muck and Kung, 1997

In the paper

“Those authors also observed that the combination of this strain with Lb. plantarum proved to be highly effective in ryegrass silages, as this treatment was able to eliminate Listeria DNA during ensiling.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amado et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“That summary showed that treating sugarcane silage with obligate heterolactic acid bacteria resulted in higher concentrations of acetic acid, decreased numbers of yeasts, and improved aerobic stability compared with untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Rabelo et al., 2016

In the paper

“Silages treated with the Lb.hilgardii strains also had lower DM losses and lower concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid as compared with other treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ávila et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Addition of Lb. brevis (strain DSM23231) alone or in combination with Lb. kefiri (strain DSM19455; application rates of 2 × 10 5 cfu/g) did not affect the concentration of acetic acid, surprisingly increased the numbers of yeasts, and had no effect on aerobic stability compared with untreated sugarcane silage”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Daniel et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“Liu et al. (2014) reported that Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 and a commercial silage inoculant containing Lb. buchneri improved aerobic stability equally in oat silage stored at 30°C, but Lb. parafarraginis ZH1 provided better stability than Lb.buchneri in silage stored at 15°C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liu et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Concerns relative to large losses of DM from a heterolactic acid fermentation and negative effects on DMI due to high levels of acetic acid have generally been proven to be unwarranted.”

In the paper

“At 14 d, no differences were present in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids between treated and untreated control, but at 28 d acetic acid was increasing and lactic acid was beginning to decrease in the Lb.buchneri treatment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“Kleinschmit and Kung (2006b) did not detect 1,2-propanediol in corn silage treated with Lb. buchneri after 28 d of fermentation, but it was present at 42 d.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kleinschmit and Kung, 2006b

In the paper

“After 10 d of fermentation the aerobic stability was 22 h for untreated silage, whereas it increased to 42 h with Lb. buchneri and to 56 h with Lb. hilgardii.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polukis et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“All treatments with P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum, including the mixtures with Lb. buchneri, had the most rapid drop in pH and the lowest DM losses.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Polukis et al. (2016) added Lb. hilgardii CNCM I-4785 or Lb.buchneri 40788 to high-moisture corn at a final application rate of 6 × 10 5 cfu/g of fresh high-moisture corn.They reported that both organisms resulted in similar increases in production of acetic acid and 1,2-propanediol and lower numbers of yeasts when compared with untreated corn silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polukis et al., 2016 source

In the paper

“Oude Elferink et al. (2001) reported that this did not take place until glucose was depleted from growing medium.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oude Elferink et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Schmidt et al. (2009) reported that when Lb. buchneri 40788 was added to alfalfa, 1,2-propanediol (as an indicator of lactic acid to acetic conversion) was not detectable after 5 d of fermentation but was present at 45 d.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmidt et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The meta-analysis by Kleinschmit and Kung (2006a) reports that aerobic stability of untreated corn silage was 25 h, whereas it was 35 h for corn silage treated with ≤100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage, but 503 h for corn silage treated with >100,000 cfu of Lb. buchneri/g of fresh forage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kleinschmit and Kung, 2006a

In the paper

“In 2 subsequent experiments, results similar to the first experiment were observed for the combination inoculant mixtures: more rapid pH declines and increased aerobic stability relative to the control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“All the published studies have investigated combinations with Lb. buchneri even though there are combination products where Lb. brevis is the obligate heterofermenter in the marketplace.”

In the paper

“Yeast counts were decreased and aerobic stability was increased in all treatments containing Lb. buchneri, whereas P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum alone decreased aerobic stability.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Relative to the control, all treatments containing P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum had higher lactic acid contents, whereas Lb. buchneri alone had lower lactic acid concentrations.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Since Driehuis et al. (2001), more than two dozen peer-reviewed reports have been published using combination inoculants in various crops.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Treatments with Lb. buchneri alone had a pH decline similar to the untreated control and DM losses similar to or greater than the untreated control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“With longer storage (120 d), a greater conversion of lactic acid to acetic acid occurred compared with the first experiment so that fermentation profiles with the combination inoculants were more similar to Lb. buchneri alone.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“After 21 d of fermentation, DM losses in the Lb.buchneri alone treatments were always greater than those in the untreated control, whereas DM losses in the mixed inoculant treatments were intermediate between those of the untreated control and the positive control, P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“In the 90-d bag silos used for aerobic stability measurements, elevated acetic acid concentrations occurred only in the Lb.buchneri-alone treatments, whereas the mixtures had levels similar to the control; concentrations in the P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum treatment were lower than in control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Driehuis et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Streptococcus bovis is a potential starter species within a homofermentative LAB inoculant.”

In the paper

“Another new enzyme approach is the application of proteases to corn silage to improve starch digestibility, but more research is needed to determine the feasibility.”

In the paper

“Silage additives generally fall into one or more of 4 cat-egories based on their effects on silage preservation: (1) fermentation stimulants, (2) fermentation inhibitors, (3) aerobic deterioration inhibitors, and (4) nutrients and absorbents”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites McDonald et al., 1991
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kung et al., 2003a

In the paper

“Lactobacillus buchneri is the dominant species used in obligate heterofermentative LAB silage additives.”

In the paper

“feeding studies are not yet sufficient to make conclusions about effects on animal performance.”

In the paper

“This is in contrast to obligate heterofermenters that produce other compounds from hexoses in addition to lactic acid.”

In the paper

“Silage additives can have more than 1 mode of action based on the 4 categories above.”

In the paper

“The genus Lactobacillus is divided into 4 groups known as the Lactobacillus buchneri group, the Lb.plantarum group, the Lactobacillus reuteri group, and the Lb.casei group”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hammes and Hertel, 2009

In the paper

“Both the Lb.buchneri and Lb.reuteri groups contain obligate heterofermenters, but the former has been the sole source of obligate heterofermentative strains studied as potential silage inoculants.”

In the paper

“Lactobacillus buchneri was initially thought to be unable to further metabolize 1,2-propanediol to propanol and propionic acid.”

In the paper

“Heterofermentative (facultative and obligate) LAB belong to the Lactobacillaceae family and are from the genera Lactobacillus, Oenococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Hammes and Hertel, 2009

In the paper

“Cobalamin is a cofactor of diol dehydratase, needed for the metabolism of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol to propionic acid”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lee and Abeles, 1963 source

In the paper

“This enzyme allows facultative heterofermenters to ferment pentoses, producing primarily lactic and acetic acids.”

In the paper

“The facultative het-erofermenters differ from obligate homofermenters by possessing phosphoketolase.”

In the paper

“To date, the production of acetic acid has been the most accepted explanation of how organisms from the Lb.buchneri group of bacteria increase the aerobic stability of silages; however, other modes of action may exist.”

In the paper

“The pH over the first 5 d was higher with Lb. buchneri inoculation compared with the untreated silage, whereas the combination inoculant produced a faster pH decline than untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“In both untreated silages, acetic acid was high (42 and 26 g/kg of DM) and the combination inoculant failed to increase acetic acid relative to untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adesogan and Salawu (2004) source

In the paper

“The combination inoculant reduced aerobic stability (276 h) and had an intermediate DM recovery; it was the only treatment with a lactic-to-acetic acid ratio greater than 1.0.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arriola et al. (2011) source

In the paper

“Overall, by using commercial strains in combination, improvements were observed in early fermentation from the P. pentosaceus and Lb.plantarum strains and improvements in aerobic stability with extended storage time from Lb. buchneri.”

In the paper

“With such a broad spectrum of different species, with variations in relative rates of inclusion of species within inoculants, and with consideration for differences among strains of a given species, it should not be surprising that there are variations in results with combination inoculants.”

In the paper

“It had the fastest rate of pH decline over 7 and 30 d; however, an inoculant from the same company containing P. pentosaceus and Propionibacterium freudenreichii performed similarly.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arriola et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“The inoculants with P. acidilactici and Lb.plantarum produced the highest DM recoveries as well as NDF digestibilities that were higher than that of the untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source

In the paper

“All 3 pairs resulted in silages with low or below detectable levels of yeasts and aerobic stabilities greater than 500 h compared with 180 h in the untreated control.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source

In the paper

“The inoculants with the Pediococcus strains produced the highest levels of acetic acid and lowest ethanol concentrations.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source

In the paper

“The untreated control was aerobically stable (390 h); Lb. buchneri alone did not improve aerobic stability but had the highest DM recovery of all treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arriola et al. (2011) source

In the paper

“The Lb. buchneri population rose similarly in both inoculated treatments, achieving >10 8 cfu/g of alfalfa by d 5, whereas it remained low in the untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmidt et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“With one corn cultivar the inoculant was successful in improving aerobic stability, but in the other cultivar the inoculant reduced aerobic stability compared with untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“In laboratory silos at 95 d of ensiling, silage fermentation characteristics in the inoculated silage were more heterofermentative than the control, with a higher pH and lower lactic-to-acetic acid ratio.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al. (2012) source

In the paper

“After 60 d of ensiling, both S. bovis treatments reduced pH and ammonia-N and produced a more homofermentative fermentation relative to the other treatments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferreira et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“in high-moisture barley ensiled in bag silos after 5 mo of storage, the inoculated barley had higher yeast counts than untreated (by more than 100 fold), lower mold counts (4% of untreated), and below detectable levels of enterobacteria (compared with 4.4 log cfu/g in untreated; Olstorpe et al., 2010).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Olstorpe et al. (2010) source

In the paper

“Yeast counts with 1 Sac.cerevisiae treatment (S1) were higher than the control, and S1 also aerobically deteriorated more rapidly than the control; the other 2 yeast treatments were similar to the control in yeast counts and aerobic stability.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Duniere et al. (2015) source

In the paper

“The J121 strain isolated from high-moisture wheat has shown strong antifungal activity as well as activity against some gram-negative bacteria (Schnürer and Jonsson, 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schnürer and Jonsson (2011) source

In the paper

“intake was reduced with the diet containing the inoculated silage, but gain was similar between the 2 treatments; thus, gain per unit of intake was higher on inoculated silage (0.19 vs. 0.17; P < 0.03).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al. (2012) source

In the paper

“The inoculated silage did not heat over 21 d of aeration, whereas the control heated at 7 d.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al. (2012) source

In the paper

“It is less clear that current combination inoculants can consistently improve animal production or production efficiency, as insufficient animal feeding studies have been published to draw a conclusion.”

In the paper

“some yeast species may be beneficial as inoculants in 2 different areas: inhibiting detrimental silage microorganisms and growing yeasts that are currently used as direct-fed microbials (DFM) to the cow.”

In the paper

“The S. bovis strains reduced both gaseous and effluent losses, resulting in better DM recovery than from either the untreated or E. faecium-treated silages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ferreira et al. (2013) source

In the paper

“Propionibacterium acidipropionici alone increased acetic and propionic acids relative to the untreated control and produced silages with the least losses over a 5-d aerobic stability test as measured by CO 2 production.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Filya et al. (2004) source

In the paper

“Overall, failures of combination inoculants may arise from either the natural population exhibiting significant Lb.buchneri-like activity or the Lb.buchneri strain in the inoculant failing for some reason to dominate the latter stages of fermentation.”

In the paper

“when Lb. buchneri was paired with P. acidilactici or Lb.plantarum, their in vitro NDF digestibilities were higher than that of the untreated silage, whereas the pairing of Lb. buchneri with P. pentosaceus produced silage with similar NDF digestibility to that of untreated silage.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reich and Kung (2010) source

In the paper

“The former combination reduced OM digestibility by 17 g/ kg in grass/clover silage relative to untreated, shifted VFA production toward acetate, and had no effect on methane production as a fraction of gas production.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ellis et al. (2016a)

In the paper

“With one corn cultivar the inoculant had no effect on in situ DM or NDF digestibility, whereas in the other cultivar the inoculant improved both DM and NDF digestibility.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang et al. (2009) source

In the paper

“As S. bovis is not as tolerant of low pH as lactobacilli, its population should decline after active silage fermentation, reducing the likelihood it will enter the rumen with silage.”

In the paper

“In ryegrass baleage the latter inoculant increased OM digestibility by 20 g/kg relative to the untreated, with no effect on VFA production or methane as a fraction of gas production.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ellis et al. (2016a)

In the paper

“In vitro and in situ digestibilities indicate that improvements in fiber digestion may be possible, but more work needs to be conducted to determine if similar improvements in fiber digestion occur in vivo.”

In the paper

“When the same additive was applied to silage at 22% DM, no improvement in aerobic stability occurred, as the butyric acid in the untreated silage inhibited yeast activity similarly to that of the additive in the treated silage (Knický and Spörndly, 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Knický and Spörndly (2009) source

In the paper

“Various blends of benzoate, sorbate, or propionate in mixture with nitrite at 3 to 5 L/t have shown to be effective against yeast activity, resulting in decreased ethanol content and increased aerobic stability in a range of well-fermented, 30 to 45% DM silages (grass-clover, corn; Knický and Spörndly, 2009, 2011, 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Knický and Spörndly (2009, 2011, 2015)

In the paper

“Nadeau et al. (2013) reported decreased DM losses and contents of ethanol and yeast by an additive containing formic/propionic/formate/benzoic/sorbic/glycerol at 3 L/t in both chopped (27 mm; forage harvester) and cut (85 mm; forage pick-up wagon) grass-clover silage in hard-pressed round bales (32-42% DM).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

In the paper

“Results from these studies showed decreased numbers of clostridial spores and decreased concentrations of butyric acid and NH 3 -N.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Knický and Spörndly (2009, 2011)
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau and Auerbach (2014)
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Auerbach et al. (2016)

In the paper

“As the aerobic stability of the cut silage was much higher than in chopped silage of the control treatment (6.7 vs. 2.9 d), the additive improved aerobic stability compared with untreated only in chopped silage (11.3 vs. 2.9 d).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

In the paper

“Yeasts were essentially eliminated (10 1 vs. 10 5 cfu/g) and ethanol content and DM losses decreased, whereas the aerobic stability was increased in both chopped (27 mm) and cut (85 mm) grass-clover silage stored in hard-pressed round bales and treated with an additive containing nitrite, hexamine, sorbate, benzoate, and propionate at 2 L/t (Nadeau et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2013)

In the paper

“The improved aerobic stability of the treated silages (average of 11.8 compared with 5.7 d in the untreated silages) prevented any decrease in in vitro rumen OM digestibility in the treated silages over a 14-d aeration period, whereas the digestibility of the untreated decreased from 83 at opening to 76%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al. (2011)

In the paper

“These results suggest that it may be possible to apply a DFM strain at ensiling, have it survive ensiling and multiply during feed out.”

In the paper

“Recent research with this product applied at 2 L/t found improvements in aerobic stability of corn silage as soon as 1 d of ensiling, even though yeast counts were similar between the treated and untreated silages (Da Silva et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Da Silva et al., 2017

In the paper

“However, compared with untreated silage, Nadeau and Arnesson (2016) reported increased live weight at birth (6.0 vs. 5.2 kg) and a tendency for increased LWG until weaning (442 vs. 409 g/d) in lambs suckling ewes fed grass-clover silage treated with an additive, containing sodium nitrite, hexamine, sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium propionate applied at 2 L/t.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau and Arnesson (2016)

In the paper

“Carcass conformation and fat grade were also higher in steers fed the treated silage (Agnew and Carson, 2000).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Agnew and Carson, 2000 source

In the paper

“when potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate were applied separately at higher rates (1,000 and 2,000 g/t of fresh matter), their effects on aerobic stability in corn silage were similar, although potassium sorbate was more effective against yeast and mold activity during air exposure (Bernardes et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bernardes et al. (2014) source

In the paper

“The additive decreased milk urea content (230 vs. 240 mg/L; P < 0.001) and tended to increase the excretions of purine derivatives in urine (115 vs. 95 g/d), suggesting an increase in the microbial protein flow to the duodenum.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2014

In the paper

“When direct-cut formic acid-treated grass silage (3.3 L/t) was fed to 400-kg Charolais × Friesian steers, DMI increased from 7.4 to 8.4 kg/d and daily live weight gain (LWG) from 0.67 to 0.94 kg, resulting in an improved feed efficiency (kg of LWG/kg of DMI) by 26% (Winters et al., 2001).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Winters et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Compared with untreated sugarcane silage, studies have shown decreased ethanol content and increased aerobic stability from calcium oxide treatment, but it increased concentrations of NH 3 -N and butyric acid, making it less desirable as a silage additive (Custódio et al., 2016;Jacovaci et al., 2017).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Custódio et al., 2016 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jacovaci et al., 2017 source

In the paper

“The additive increased silage intake, which resulted in an increased carcass gain from 0.17 to 0.35 kg/d when no concentrate was fed, but the benefits of the additive on DMI decreased as concentrate levels increased.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Agnew and Carson (2000) source

In the paper

“Similarly, the addition of this fibrolytic mixture with FAE to alfalfa at ensiling had minimal effects on ensiling and did not improve the nutritive value of alfalfa silage (Lynch et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lynch et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Although fibrolytic enzymes can increase silage digestibility under some circumstances, excessive release of WSC can also decrease aerobic stability, as released sugars are rapidly used by spoilage yeasts and molds (Kung and Muck, 2015).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Kung and Muck, 2015

In the paper

“The high-RUP diet had higher milk yield than the low-RUP diet (29.4 vs. 27.9kg), but DMI was not affected by RUP or silage treatment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Nadeau et al., 2015b

In the paper

“Levels of ferulic acid activity during ensiling with FAE Lb. buchneri are low (T. A. McAllister, unpublished data), but long-term exposure to even low levels of enzymes that overcome the limitations of plant cell wall digestion could improve NDF digestibility.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites T. A. McAllister, unpublished data

In the paper

“However, this same inoculant did not improve the feed efficiency of steers fed a finishing diet containing barley silage, possibly because barley silage comprised a much smaller portion of the diet (Addah et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“Inoculation of silage with an FAE-producing strain of Lb. buchneri increased the cell wall digestibility of corn silage (Kang et al., 2009) and improved the feed efficiency of growing steers fed barley silage (Addah et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kang et al., 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Addah et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“In studies that enable differentiation, the addition of fibrolytic enzymes to bacterial inoculants has had a positive effect on silage quality, increasing in saccosoluble NDF and improving feed efficiency in feedlot cattle (Zahiroddini et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Zahiroddini et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“Emerging tools in the fields of metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics may have the potential to measure and quantify these responses to enable selection of bacteria with these desirable properties and result in more consistent and predictable improvements in silage quality (McAllister et al., 2018).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McAllister et al., 2018 source