Advanced Applications of Industrial Robotics: New Trends and Possibilities

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

A novel multimodal convolutional neural network for RGB-D object detection achieved 49.1% mean average precision, processing images in real-time at 35.3 FPS on one single Nvidia GTX1080 GPU.

“Achieved 49.1% mean average precision, processing images in real-time at 35.3 FPS on one single Nvidia GTX1080 GPU.”

• cites [40] Yu, 2020, A novel detection fusion network for solid waste sorting, Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [55] Sun, 2019, A novel weakly-supervised approach for RGB-D-based nuclear waste object detection, IEEE Sens. J. sourceDisputed

  The running-time results (C. Industrial Object Recognition, p. 6) report 2–3 Hz on an NVIDIA TITAN X GPU, or up to 5 Hz with a lighter network and point-cloud down-sampling—not 35.3 FPS on a GTX1080. Table IV (p. 7) reports 80.85% instance-wise and 75.52% pixel-wise average precision, rather than the claimed 49.1% mean average precision. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In a survey of 79 hotel managers, robots were concluded to have an advantage over human employees due to better data processing capabilities, work speed, protection of personal data, and fewer mistakes.

“Analysing questionnaires completed by 79 hotel managers, it was concluded that robots have an advantage over human employees due to better data processing capabilities, work speed, protection of personal data, and fewer mistakes.”

• cites [8] Ivanov, 2020, Hotel managers’ perceptions towards the use of robots: A mixed-methods approach, Inf. Technol. Tour. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The main disadvantages of robots were listed as lack of capability to provide personalised service, inability to handle complaints, lack of friendliness and politeness, inability to implement a special request beyond their programming, and lack of understanding of emotions.

“The main disadvantages of robots were listed as: lack of capability to provide personalised service; inability to handle complaints; lack of friendliness and politeness; inability to implement a special request that goes beyond their programming; and the lack of understanding of emotions.”

• cites [8] Ivanov, 2020, Hotel managers’ perceptions towards the use of robots: A mixed-methods approach, Inf. Technol. Tour. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A set of performance metrics for bin picking compared four robotic systems, and the proposed system took first place in the Amazon Robotics Challenge 2017.

“The authors proposed a set of performance metrics and compared four robotic systems for bin picking, and took first place in the Amazon Robotics Challenge 2017.”

• cites [36] Fujita, 2020, What are the important technologies for bin picking? Technology analysis of robots in competitions based on a set of performance metrics, Adv. Robot. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and Conclusions say the paper proposes performance metrics and compares four systems from the 2017 Amazon Robotics Challenge. Section 5.2 identifies MIT-Princeton as the winning team, but the paper does not describe a single proposed system that took first place; it proposes metrics for analyzing the systems. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

A computer vision-based robotic sorter can simultaneously detect and sort objects by colour and height, with sorting efficiency around 99%.

“In the proposed system, colour and height sorting efficiency is around 99%.”

• cites [38] Shaikat, 2020, Computer Vision Based Industrial Robotic Arm for Sorting Objects by Color and Height, J. Eng. Adv. sourceSupported
• cites [53] Fadhil, 2020, Computer Vision-Based System for Classification and Sorting Color Objects, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion section says the robotic system sorts objects by colour and geometry, while Camera Calibration says it measures height to calculate dimensions—not that it sorts by height. The Conclusion reports 100% sorting accuracy, rather than around 99% efficiency. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [54] Peršak, T., Viltužnik, B., Hernavs, J., and Klancnik, S. (2020). Vision-Based Sorting Systems for Transparent Plastic Granulate. Appl. Sci., 10. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes a camera-based sorter that checks granule colour, and the Conclusions report 99.81% purity in the accepted material. But that figure is purity, not colour-and-height sorting efficiency; the paper does not report height sorting, and its nine-class classification accuracy was 90.52%. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Augmented reality in industrial robot applications is mainly used to control and program robotic arms, visualise general tasks or robot information, and visualise the industrial robot workspace.

“The analysis shows that AR is mainly used to control and program robotic arms, visualise general tasks or robot information, and visualise the industrial robot workspace.”

• cites [21] Manuri, 2020, A systematic review of Augmented Reality interfaces for collaborative industrial robots, Comput. Ind. Eng. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

AR systems are faster than traditional approaches, users appreciate AR systems more in terms of likeability and usability, and AR seems to reduce physical workload, whereas the impact on mental workload depends on the interaction interface.

“Results of the analysis indicate that AR systems are faster than traditional approaches; users have greater appreciation for AR systems in terms of likeability and usability; and AR seems to reduce physical workload, whereas the impact on mental workload depends on the interaction interface [16].”

• cites [21] Manuri, 2020, A systematic review of Augmented Reality interfaces for collaborative industrial robots, Comput. Ind. Eng. sourceSupported
• cites [16] Tran, 2021, Experimental Setup for Online Fault Diagnosis of Induction Machines via Promising IoT and Machine Learning: Towards Industry 4.0 Empowerment, IEEE Access sourceCould not verify

  The Results and Discussions section evaluates machine-learning classifiers for induction-motor fault and cyberattack detection, not augmented-reality systems. Searches for AR speed, likeability, usability, and physical or mental workload found no passage addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Next-generation robotics uses artificial intelligence to collaboratively perform tasks and is suitable for uncontrolled/unpredictable environments.

“Contrary to typical industrial robots, next-generation robotics uses artificial intelligence (AI) to collaboratively perform tasks and is suitable for uncontrolled/unpredictable environments [15].”

• cites [15] Galin, 2019, Automation and robotics in the context of Industry 4.0: The shift to collaborative robots, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction and §2 describe a new generation of robots that work closely with humans and adapt their behaviour when a person enters their workspace. Section 2 also calls artificial intelligence a main element of the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The paper does not say that AI is what enables the collaboration, or establish that these robots are suitable for uncontrolled or unpredictable environments. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The main challenges in applying machine learning in surgery and robotic surgery are a lack of high-quality medical and surgical data, a lack of reliable metrics that adequately reflect learning characteristics, and a lack of a structured approach to effective transfer of surgical skills for automated execution.

“The main issues are a lack of high-quality medical and surgical data, a lack of reliable metrics that adequately reflect learning characteristics, and a lack of a structured approach to the effective transfer of surgical skills for automated execution [64].”

• cites [64] Kassahun, 2016, Surgical robotics beyond enhanced dexterity instrumentation: A survey of machine learning techniques and their role in intelligent and autonomous surgical actions, Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Experiments in path planning and optimisation have been conducted for automatic object and 3D position detection, quasi-static path optimisation, image analysis, path smoothing, BIM, and accurate self-localisation in harsh industrial environments.

“In the area of path planning and optimisation, experiments have been conducted for automatic object and 3D position detection [82] quasi-static path optimisation [83], image analysis [84], path smoothing [85], BIM [86], and accurate self-localisation in harsh industrial environments [80,81].”

• cites [82] Makomo, 2020, Real Time Application for Automatic Object and 3D Position Detection and Sorting with Robotic Manipulator, Sak. Univ. J. Sci. sourceSupported
• cites [83] Hermansson, 2021, Quasi-static path optimization for industrial robots with dress packs, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [84] Nguyen, 2021, Hybrid statistical modelling of the frequency response function of industrial robots, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Shared control movements using a brain-machine interface and vision guidance were more accurate, efficient, and less complicated than transfer tasks using BMI alone.

“Experiments proved that shared control movements were more accurate, efficient, and less complicated than transfer tasks using BMI alone.”

• cites [66] Downey, 2016, Blending of brain-machine interface and vision-guided autonomous robotics improves neuroprosthetic arm performance during grasping, J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Patch-based density forecasting networks (PDFNs) directly forecast crowd density maps of future frames instead of trajectories of each moving person in the crowd.

“The patch-based density forecasting networks (PDFNs) directly forecast crowd density maps of future frames instead of trajectories of each moving person in the crowd.”

• cites [45] Minoura, 2021, Crowd Density Forecasting by Modeling Patch-Based Dynamics, IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A flexible transoral robot with a teleoperated configuration is proposed to address surgeons' risks during face-to-face COVID-19 swab sampling.

“A flexible transoral robot with a teleoperated configuration is proposed to address the surgeons' risks during the face-to-face COVID-19 swab sampling.”

• cites [77] Li, 2021, A Flexible Transoral Robot Towards COVID-19 Swab Sampling, Front. Robot. AI sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

PDFN-S and PDFN-ST outperformed baselines on all datasets, and PDFN-ST successfully forecasted dynamics of individuals, a small group, and a crowd.

“Proposed patch-based models, PDFN-S and PDFN-ST, outperformed baselines on all the datasets.PDFN-ST successfully forecasted dynamics of individuals, a small group, and a crowd.”

• cites [45] Minoura, 2021, Crowd Density Forecasting by Modeling Patch-Based Dynamics, IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. sourcePartly supported

  The Results (p. 8) say that PDFN outperformed baselines on all evaluated datasets and forecast the dynamics of individuals, a small group, and a crowd. But the Training Setup (p. 4) identifies the tested variants as PDFN-C and PDFN-D, not PDFN-S and PDFN-ST, so the results are not supported for the named models. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A lightweight Franka Emika Panda cobot with seven degrees of freedom and a Realsense D435 RGB-D camera mounted on an end effector can detect various objects, regardless of their position and orientation, achieving an average success rate of more than 90% in less than 5 min of training time.

“This robotic system can detect various objects, regardless of their position and orientation, achieving an average success rate of more than 90% in less than 5 min of training time”

• cites [35] Verbelen, 2020, Learning robots to grasp by demonstration, Robot. Auton. Syst. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The most promising solutions for bin picking are RGB-D sensors and CNN-based algorithms for object recognition, and a combination of suction-based and typical two-finger grippers for grasping different objects.

“The survey results show that the most promising solutions for such a task are RGB-D sensors and CNN-based algorithms for object recognition, and a combination of suction-based and typical two-finger grippers for grasping different objects”

• cites [36] Fujita, 2020, What are the important technologies for bin picking? Technology analysis of robots in competitions based on a set of performance metrics, Adv. Robot. sourceSupported

The quote only partly states this claim.

A faster R-CNN model using a dataset of symmetric objects improved accuracy rate of detecting defective and non-defective objects by increasing the training dataset to up to 400 images.

“The accuracy rate of detecting defective and non-defective objects is successfully improved, increasing the training dataset to up to 400 images of defective and non-defective objects.”

• cites [39] Chen, 2020, Object Sorting using Faster R-CNN, Int. J. Artif. Intell. Appl. sourcePartly supported

  The Result Analysis section reports that accuracy rose as the training share of the dataset increased, from 78.83% at 70% training to 85.5% at 90% training. It also says the dataset contained 400 images of defective and intact cubes. The 400 images were the total dataset, however, not the number used for training; the largest reported training share was 90%. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [56] Albinali, H., and Alzahrani, F.A. (2021, January 30–31). Faster R-CNN for detecting regions in human-annotated micrograph images. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference of Women in Data Science at Taif University (WiDSTaif), Taif, Saudi Arabia. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [57] Li, 2021, Analysis of Object Detection Performance Based on Faster R-CNN, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.3 (Experimental Results; page not provided) reports that Faster R-CNN had higher detection accuracy than R-CNN and Fast R-CNN on three datasets. It does not report detecting defective versus non-defective symmetric objects or improving accuracy by increasing a training set to 400 images. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Due to advances in AI, sensing technologies, and computer vision, collaborative industrial robots have become significantly smarter, showing the potential of reliable and secure cooperation and increasing the productivity and efficiency of the involved processes.

“Moreover, due to favourable conditions (advances in AI, sensing technologies, and computer vision), collaborative industrial robots have become significantly smarter, showing the potential of reliable and secure cooperation, and increasing the productivity and efficiency of the involved processes [15].”

• cites [15] Galin, 2019, Automation and robotics in the context of Industry 4.0: The shift to collaborative robots, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The 3-Sigma rule achieved better performance than the Hampel identifier in precision percentage (mean 99.9%) and miss rate (mean 10%).

“Experimental results showed better performance of the 3-Sigma rule in terms of precision percentage (mean value of 99.9%) and miss rate (mean value of 10%) concerning the Hampel identifier.”

• cites [24] Tannous, 2020, Haptic-based touch detection for collaborative robots in welding applications, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [25] Tannous, 2020, Load cell torques and force data collection during tele-operated robotic gas tungsten arc welding in presence of collisions, Data Br. sourceCould not verify

  The Data description presents a raw dataset from 15 welding tests, and Value of the data says it could be used to develop collision-detection algorithms. Neither section reports a comparison of the 3-Sigma rule with the Hampel identifier. Searches for those methods and for the stated 99.9% precision and 10% miss rate found no matching results in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The smooth processing strategy improves optimisation efficiency, ensuring minimal stiffness loss.

“The smooth processing strategy improves optimisation efficiency, ensuring minimal stiffness loss.”

• cites [85] Jiao, J., Tian, W., Zhang, L., Li, B., Hu, J., Li, Y., Li, D., and Zhang, J. (2020). Variable stiffness identification and configuration optimization of industrial robots for machining tasks. Res. Sq. sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The FIRM presented in this paper outlined the ability to classify industrial robot capabilities and match them to specific characteristics of foodstuffs and requirements for their processing based on four steps that navigate eight tasks.

“The FIRM presented in this paper outlined the ability to classify industrial robot capabilities and match them to specific characteristics of foodstuffs and requirements for their processing based on four steps that navigate eight tasks.”

• cites [102] Bader, 2020, A methodology for the selection of industrial robots in food handling, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Reducing the number of repetitive jobs by replacing them with robots is not replacing jobs but paving the way for more intelligent jobs.

“Reducing the number of repetitive jobs by replacing them with robots is not replacing jobs but paving the way for more intelligent jobs.”

• cites [98] Grobbelaar, 2021, Analyzing human robotic interaction in the food industry, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This work also identified many factors that should lay the groundwork for future research in the application of industrial robots within food manufacturing.

“This work also identified many factors that should lay the groundwork for future research in the application of industrial robots within food manufacturing.”

• cites [102] Bader, 2020, A methodology for the selection of industrial robots in food handling, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Transferring repetitive and dangerous tasks that humans are increasingly reluctant to perform to robots means that automation can help address the labour and skills crisis, and make the construction industry more attractive.

“Transferring repetitive and dangerous tasks that humans are increasingly reluctant to perform to robots means that automation can help address the labour and skills crisis, and make the construction industry more attractive [110,111].”

• cites [110] Aparicio, 2020, Robotics in construction: Framework and future directions, Int. J. High-Rise Build.Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [111] Follini, C., Magnago, V., Freitag, K., Terzer, M., Marcher, C., Riedl, M., Giusti, A., and Matt, D.T. (2021). Bim-integrated collaborative robotics for application in building construction and maintenance. Robotics, 10. sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) describes construction tasks as boring, repetitive, and hazardous, identifies low attractiveness as an industry problem, and calls automation promising. It does not say workers are increasingly reluctant to do those tasks or that transferring them to robots will address a labour and skills crisis or make the industry more attractive. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Technical and work-culture factors include an untrained workforce; unproven effectiveness and immature technology; and the current work culture and aversion to change.

“Technical and work-culture factors include an untrained workforce; unproven effectiveness and immature technology; and the current work culture and aversion to change [108].”

• cites [108] Oyedele, 2019, Robotics and automated systems in construction: Understanding industry-specific challenges for adoption, J. Build. Eng. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

However, the trust in human-robotic interaction appears to be underdeveloped.

“However, the trust in human-robotic interaction appears to be underdeveloped.”

• cites [98] Grobbelaar, 2021, Analyzing human robotic interaction in the food industry, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This allows the machine to perform weeding and watering while maintaining the moisture content of the deep soil at 80 ± 10% and an average weeding rate of 90%.

“This allows the machine to perform weeding and watering while maintaining the moisture content of the deep soil at 80 ± 10% and an average weeding rate of 90%.”

• cites [105] Chang, C.-L., and Lin, K.-M. (2018). Smart Agricultural Machine with a Computer Vision-Based Weeding and Variable-Rate Irrigation Scheme. Robotics, 7. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The system can classify plants and weeds in real time with an average classification rate of 90% or higher.

“The system can classify plants and weeds in real time with an average classification rate of 90% or higher.”

• cites [105] Chang, C.-L., and Lin, K.-M. (2018). Smart Agricultural Machine with a Computer Vision-Based Weeding and Variable-Rate Irrigation Scheme. Robotics, 7. sourcePartly supported

  Section 2.1.1 describes the system’s weed/plant classification method, and Section 3.2 describes real-time observation of crops and weeds. The retrieved main-text passages do not establish an average classification rate of 90% or higher; that figure appears only in the Abstract, which is excluded as evidence under the stated rubric. (LLM, conf=0.73)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The proposed approach made the robot learn the task execution and compensate for the task uncertainties.

“The proposed approach made the robot learn the task execution and compensate for the task uncertainties.”

• cites [90] Roveda, 2021, Human–robot collaboration in sensorless assembly task learning enhanced by uncertainties adaptation via Bayesian Optimization, Rob. Auton. Syst. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The task's execution time was reduced by 13.1% regarding the robot's default planner and 19.6% concerning the minimum jerk smooth collaboration planner.

“The task's execution time was reduced by 13.1% regarding the robot's default planner and 19.6% concerning the minimum jerk smooth collaboration planner.”

• cites [89] Rojas, 2021, Combining safety and speed in collaborative assembly systems—An approach to time optimal trajectories for collaborative robots, Procedia CIRP sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Effective robotic production still requires the communication and management of progressively improving materials and building systems.

“Effective robotic production still requires the communication and management of progressively improving materials and building systems.”

• cites [117] Bodea, S., Mindermann, P., Gresser, G.T., and Menges, A. (2021). Additive Manufacturing of Large Coreless Filament Wound Composite Elements for Building Construction. 3D Print. Addit. Manuf., ahead of print. sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusion and Outlook says efficient robotized production requires incremental advancement in communication and control that are aware of materials and building systems. The claim shifts that advancement to the materials and building systems themselves, which the passage does not support. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The emergence of robotics in business is widely seen across the world.

“The emergence of robotics in business is widely seen across the world.”

• cites [98] Grobbelaar, 2021, Analyzing human robotic interaction in the food industry, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The HMM + BO methodology shows an assembly task success rate of 93%, while the HMM algorithm shows a success rate of only 19%.

“In particular, the HMM + BO methodology shows an assembly task success rate of 93%, while the HMM algorithm shows a success rate of only 19%.”

• cites [90] Roveda, 2021, Human–robot collaboration in sensorless assembly task learning enhanced by uncertainties adaptation via Bayesian Optimization, Rob. Auton. Syst. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Robotics is applied in food manufacture, packaging, delivery, and cookery (cake decoration).

“Robotics is applied in food manufacture, packaging, delivery, and cookery (cake decoration) [98].”

• cites [98] Grobbelaar, 2021, Analyzing human robotic interaction in the food industry, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

According to the machining results of a cylinder head of a vehicle engine, the milling quality was improved obviously after the configuration optimisation, and the validity of these methods are verified.

“According to the machining results of a cylinder head of a vehicle engine, the milling quality was improved obviously after the configuration optimisation, and the validity of these methods are verified.”

• cites [85] Jiao, J., Tian, W., Zhang, L., Li, B., Hu, J., Li, Y., Li, D., and Zhang, J. (2020). Variable stiffness identification and configuration optimization of industrial robots for machining tasks. Res. Sq. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Kinect could distinguish colour correctly, and the robot could accurately navigate to the detected object.

“Kinect could distinguish colour correctly, and the robot could accurately navigate to the detected object.”

• cites [82] Makomo, 2020, Real Time Application for Automatic Object and 3D Position Detection and Sorting with Robotic Manipulator, Sak. Univ. J. Sci. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page not provided) describes using a Kinect camera to locate objects and calculate a path for the robot to grasp them. It does not report that the Kinect distinguished colours correctly or that the robot navigated to detected objects accurately. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The review's analysis revealed four directions of required advancement in robotics: development of intelligent companions; improved implementation of AI-based solutions; robot-oriented design of objects; and psychological solutions for robot-human collaboration.

“The results of this review revealed four directions of required advancement in robotics: development of intelligent companions; improved implementation of AI-based solutions; robot-oriented design of objects; and psychological solutions for robot-human collaboration.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The classical strategy is based on the approach that robots must limit humans in their workplace by creating closed robot cells in which human activity is unacceptable, and the robot must be stopped if a human enters its workspace.

“It is based on the approach that robots must limit humans in their workplace by creating closed robot cells in which human activity is unacceptable; if a human must enter the robot's workspace, the robot must be stopped.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In 2020 the total number of industrial robots operating in factories globally reached 2.7 million.

“In 2020 the total number of industrial robots operating in factories globally reached 2.7 million.”

• cites [2] (2021, April 07). IFR Presents World Robotics Report 2020—International Federation of Robotics. Available online: https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/record-2.7-million-robots-work-in-factories-around-the-globe.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The definition of cobot was first used in a 1999 US patent, intended for an apparatus and method for direct physical integration between a person and a general-purpose manipulator controlled by a computer.

“According to [13], the definition of cobot was first used in a 1999 US patent [14] and was intended for “an apparatus and method for direct physical integration between a person and a general-purpose manipulator controlled by a computer.””

• cites [13] (2021, April 08). A Brief History of Collaborative Robots|Material Handling and Logistics. Available online: https://www.mhlnews.com/technology-automation/article/21124077/a-brief-history-of-collaborative-robots.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [14] Colgate, J.E., and Peshkin, M.A. (1999). Cobots. (5,952,796), U.S. Patent.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In industrial robotics, five typical levels of human-robot cooperation are defined: no collaboration; coexistence; synchronisation; cooperation; collaboration.

“In industrial robotics, five typical levels of human-robot cooperation are defined (Figure 2): (i) no collaboration; (ii) coexistence; (iii) synchronisation; (iv) cooperation; (v) collaboration [5].”

• cites [5] Olivares-Alarcos, A., Foix, S., and Alenyà, G. (2019). On inferring intentions in shared tasks for industrial collaborative robots. Electronics, 8. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The issue of implementing an industrial robot is complicated by its interdisciplinary nature, spanning manufacturing management, mechanical engineering, and mechatronics.

“Moreover, the issue of implementing an industrial robot remains complicated by its interdisciplinary nature: proper organisation of the work cycle is the object of manufacturing management sciences; the design of grippers and related equipment lies within the field of mechanical engineering; and the integration of all devices into a united system, sensor data analysis and whole system control are”

May combine two claims.

Implementation of robots positively affects productivity, which results in a positive impact for the most vulnerable workers in society (women, part-time workers, high-school graduates, and aged persons).

“Evaluation of the use of the robots based on their number and real implementation price determined that implementation of robots positively affects productivity, which results in a positive impact for the most vulnerable workers in society, i.e., women, parttime workers, high-school graduates, and aged persons.”

• cites [4] Dekle, 2020, Robots and industrial labor: Evidence from Japan, J. Jpn. Int. Econ. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The classic strategy is well suited to robotisation of mass production processes in various fields, its main advantages being clear requirements for work process organisation, robotic cell design and installation, availability of standard equipment and typical partial solutions, and higher productivity and reliability than human workers.

“The classic strategy is well suited to robotisation of mass production processes in various fields, and its main advantages are clear requirements for work process organisation, robotic cell design, and installation; the availability of a large variety of standard equipment and typical partial solutions; and higher productivity and reliability compared to the cases where human workers perform the”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The robotisation of even a relatively simple task becomes a complex solution requiring a systemic approach.

“As a result, the robotisation of even a relatively simple task becomes a complex solution requiring a systemic approach.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A non-linear model-based predictive control method for robotic manipulators that minimises the settling time and position overshoot of each joint has been provided.

“In [11], a perspective non-linear model-based predictive control method for robotic manipulators, which minimises the settling time and position overshoot of each joint, is provided.”

• cites [11] Elsisi, 2021, Effective Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Scheme Tuned by Improved NN for Robotic Manipulators, IEEE Access sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Each robotisation task is unique in its own way.

“Each robotisation task is unique in its own way.”

May combine two claims.

The main disadvantages of the classic strategy are insufficient flexibility, unsuitability for unique production, and high economic costs when adapting an existing robotic cell to a new product or process.

“The main disadvantages are insufficient flexibility, unsuitability for unique production, and high economic costs when it is necessary to adapt the existing robotic cell to a new product or process.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The modern strategy is based on the approach that robots and humans can work in one workplace and collaborate.

“This is based on an opposing approach, and states that robots and humans can work in one workplace and collaborate.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first lightweight cobot, LBR3, designed by a German robotics company, was introduced in 2004.

“The first lightweight cobot, LBR3, designed by a German robotics company, was introduced in 2004 [13].”

• cites [13] (2021, April 08). A Brief History of Collaborative Robots|Material Handling and Logistics. Available online: https://www.mhlnews.com/technology-automation/article/21124077/a-brief-history-of-collaborative-robots.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

373,000 industrial robots were sold globally in 2019.

“According to the International Federation of Robotics (IRF) [2], 373,000 industrial robots were sold globally in 2019.”

• cites [2] (2021, April 07). IFR Presents World Robotics Report 2020—International Federation of Robotics. Available online: https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/record-2.7-million-robots-work-in-factories-around-the-globe.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

More than 4500 scientific papers were published in 2019 using the term 'Industrial robot' as a keyword in ScienceDirect, and in 2020 the number increased to 5300.

“According to one of the biggest scientific databases, ScienceDirect [3], more than 4500 scientific papers were published in 2019 using the term “Industrial robot” as a keyword and, in 2020, the number of papers with a similar interest and research direction increased to 5300.”

• cites [3] (2021, April 07). ScienceDirect Search Results—Keywords (Industrial Robot). Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=Industrial%20robot.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The issue of data protection is becoming more critical due to the latest communication technologies, such as 5G and 6G.

“The issue of data protection is also becoming more critical due to the latest communication technologies, such as 5G and 6G [18].”

• cites [18] Rao, 2018, Impact of 5G Technologies on Industry 4.0, Wirel. Pers. Commun. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

When a corner is detected, the intelligent autonomous robot takes just 0.003 s to output the target point.

“When a corner is detected, it takes just 0.003 s to output the target point.”

• cites [43] Tripicchio, 2020, A study on picking objects in cluttered environments: Exploiting depth features for a custom low-cost universal jamming gripper, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The greater confidence of experts than beginners can be explained by experts better understanding the overall manufacturing process and being more accustomed to operating with various equipment.

“This can be explained by the fact that experts better understand the overall manufacturing process and are more accustomed to operating with various equipment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The surveyed articles were selected according to the direction of the literature review and the criteria of application area, novelty and significance of achievements, reliability, and feasibility of results.

“The surveyed articles were selected according to the direction of the literature review and the indicated criteria (application area, novelty and significance of achievements, reliability, and feasibility of results).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 115 selected publications are representative of recent developments in industrial robotics.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The use of CAM software requires highly qualified professionals, making its application to individual installations economically disadvantageous.

“The use of CAM software also requires highly qualified professionals.As a result, the application of this software to individual installations is economically disadvantageous.”

May combine two claims.

An intelligent autonomous robot for picking objects in cluttered environments takes 0.02 s when objects have almost the same depth and 0.06 s in the worst case when the depth of tactile objects is greater than the lowest depth but not perceived.

“When using lines, the time required depends significantly on the configuration of the objects, and ranges from 0.02 s when the objects have almost the same depth, to 0.06 s in the worst case when the depth of the tactile objects is greater than the lowest depth but not perceived [43].”

• cites [43] Tripicchio, 2020, A study on picking objects in cluttered environments: Exploiting depth features for a custom low-cost universal jamming gripper, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

An image processing-based coal and gangue sorting method achieved identification accuracy of 88.3% and 90.0%, and average object mass centre coordinate errors in x and y directions of 2.73% and 2.72%.

“The presented method achieved identification accuracy of coal and gangue samples of 88.3% and 90.0%, and the average object mass centre coordinate errors in the x and y directions were 2.73% and 2.72%, respectively [42].”

• cites [42] Li, M., Duan, Y., He, X., and Yang, M. (2020). Image positioning and identification method and system for coal and gangue sorting robot. Int. J. Coal Prep. Util., 1–19. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A personalised deep learning framework can adapt robot perception of children's affective states and engagement to different cultures and individuals.

“A personalised deep learning framework can adapt robot perception of children's affective states and engagement to different cultures and individuals.”

• cites [68] Rudovic, 2018, Personalized machine learning for robot perception of affect and engagement in autism therapy, Sci. Robot. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Because close interactions are the most difficult, it is crucial to consider a real-time algorithm, touch detection and analysis, autonomy, semantic understanding capabilities, and AI-aided anticipation skills to ensure successful collaboration.

“Because close interactions are the most difficult, it is crucial to consider a number of aspects to ensure a successful collaboration, i.e., a real-time algorithm, “touch” detection and analysis, autonomy, semantic understanding capabilities, and AI-aided anticipation skills.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The ISO/TS 15066 standard defines four main classes of safety requirements for collaborative robots: safety-rated monitored stop; hand-guiding; speed and separation monitoring; and power and force limiting.

“This standard defines four main classes of safety requirements for collaborative robots: safety-rated monitored stop; hand-guiding; speed and separation monitoring; and power and force limiting.”

• cites [23] (2021, December 02). ISO—ISO/TS 15066:2016—Robots and Robotic Devices—Collaborative Robots. Available online: https://www.iso.org/standard/62996.html.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main limitations preventing deep learning in medical robotics are the huge volume of training data required and a relatively long training time.

“they found that the main limitations preventing deep learning in medical robotics are the huge volume of training data required and a relatively long training time.”

• cites [65] Pierson, 2017, Deep learning in robotics: A review of recent research, Adv. Robot. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Using an Elite EC75 manipulator, an assembly time of less than 20 s was achieved with a 100% success rate from 30 attempts when the relative error between peg and hole was ±4.5 mm and the clearance was 0.18 mm.

“Using an Elite EC75 manipulator (Elite Robot, Suzhou, CN, an assembly time of less than 20 s was achieved, ensuring a 100% success rate from 30 attempts when the relative error between the peg and hole was ±4.5 mm, and the clearance between the peg and the hole was 0.18 mm.”

• cites [20] Song, 2021, A peg-in-hole robot assembly system based on Gauss mixture model, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The strict line between the classical and modern strategies has gradually disappeared due to advances in sensing technologies, artificial intelligence, and computer vision.

“Nevertheless, it is necessary to note that the strict line between these strategies has gradually disappeared due to advances in sensing technologies, artificial intelligence, and computer vision.”

May combine two claims.

An automatic sorting robot using height maps and NIR hyperspectral images can sort construction and demolition waste ranging in size from 0.05 to 0.5 m, with online recognition accuracy almost 100% and operation speed up to 2028 picks/h.

“This automatic sorting robot can automatically sort construction and demolition waste ranging in size from 0.05 to 0.5 m.The online recognition accuracy of the developed sorting system reaches almost 100% and ensures operation speed up to 2028 picks/h.”

• cites [41] Xiao, 2020, Development of an automatic sorting robot for construction and demolition waste, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The dVRL control policy was effectively learned and could be transferred to a real robot with minimal effort.

“During the experiments, the dVRL control policy was effectively learned, and it was found that it could be transferred to a realrobot-with minimal efforts.”

• cites [63] Richter, F., Orosco, R.K., and Yip, M.C. (2019). Open-Sourced Reinforcement Learning Environments for Surgical Robotics. arXiv. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

All improvements and advances in robotics can be classified into two main types: universal and application dependent.

“In addition, it is essential to mention that all improvements and advances in robotics can be classified into two main types: universal and application dependent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The functionality of commercial CAM software is relatively constrained and does not go beyond classical tasks such as welding or milling.

“However, the functionality of such software is relatively constrained and does not go beyond the framework of classical tasks, such as welding or milling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The main impact of Industry 4.0 and new communication technologies on industrial robots is that their controllers have an increasing number of connections, functions, and protocols to communicate with other smart devices.

“The main impact of Industry 4.0 and new communication technologies on industrial robots is that their controllers have an increasing number of connections, functions, and protocols to communicate with other “smart” devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Compared to traditional industrial robots, cobots have more user-friendly control features and wider teaching options.

“Compared to traditional industrial robots, cobots have more user-friendly control features and wider teaching options.”

May combine two claims.

In aircraft assembly operations, humans and robots could simultaneously work safely in a common area without any physical separation, significantly reducing time and costs compared with manual operations.

“The obtained results showed that humans and robots could simultaneously work safely in a common area without any physical separation, and significantly reduce time and costs compared with manual operations.”

• cites [19] Usamentiaga, 2020, Symbiotic human–robot collaborative approach for increased productivity and enhanced safety in the aerospace manufacturing industry, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Any kind of path planning requires information about the initial robot position.

“Nevertheless, any kind of path planning requires information about the initial robot position.”

May combine two claims.

The dVRL environment was useful for suction and debris removal in a real surgical setting, although it resulted in simple and primitive actions of reaching and picking.

“Although the proposed environment resulted in the simple and primitive actions of reaching and picking, it was useful for suction and debris removal in a real surgical setting.”

• cites [63] Richter, F., Orosco, R.K., and Yip, M.C. (2019). Open-Sourced Reinforcement Learning Environments for Surgical Robotics. arXiv. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

May combine two claims.

A large number of reliable solutions have been tested in the industrial environment for object recognition for localisation and manipulation, in contrast to shape evaluation and behaviour analysis, which are currently being developed.

“A large number of reliable solutions have been tested in the industrial environment for the first trend, in contrast to the second and third cases, which are currently being developed.”

May combine two claims.

Robotic technologies in dentistry can be used for maxillofacial surgery, tooth preparation, testing of toothbrushes, root canal treatment and plaque removal, orthodontics and jaw movement, tooth arrangement for full dentures, X-ray imaging radiography, and swab sampling.

“Robotic technologies in dentistry can be used for maxillofacial surgery [70], tooth preparation [71], testing of toothbrushes [72], root canal treatment and plaque removal [73], orthodontics and jaw movement [74], tooth arrangement for full dentures [75], X-ray imaging radiography [76], swab sampling [77], etc.”

• cites [69] Grischke, 2020, Dentronics: Towards robotics and artificial intelligence in dentistry, Dent. Mater. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Human and robot communication or interaction can be divided into two main categories: remote interaction and exact interaction.

“Therefore, both human and robot communication or interaction can be divided into two main categories: remote interaction and exact interaction.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

The personalised deep learning system achieved an average agreement of ~60% with human experts to estimate effect and engagement.

“Achieved an average agreement of ~60% with human experts to estimate effect and engagement.”

• cites [68] Rudovic, 2018, Personalized machine learning for robot perception of affect and engagement in autism therapy, Sci. Robot. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Industry 4.0 significantly fostered the development of cobot technologies because the concept fitted well with Industry 4.0 content, allowing human-robot collaboration to be realised and being suitable for flexible manufacturing systems.

“The fourth industrial revolution-Industry 4.0-significantly fostered the development of cobot's technologies, because the concept fitted well with Industry 4.0 content, allowing human-robot collaboration to be realised and being suitable for flexible manufacturing systems.”

May combine two claims.

In 2008 the Danish manufacturer Universal Robots released the UR5, a cobot that could safely operate alongside employees, eliminating the need for safety caging or fencing.

“In 2008, the Danish manufacturer Universal Robots released the UR5, a cobot that could safely operate alongside the employees, eliminating the need for safety caging or fencing (Figure 3b).”

• cites [13] (2021, April 08). A Brief History of Collaborative Robots|Material Handling and Logistics. Available online: https://www.mhlnews.com/technology-automation/article/21124077/a-brief-history-of-collaborative-robots.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Robotic navigation aims to achieve accurate positioning and avoid obstacles in the pathway, satisfying constraints such as limited operating space, distance, energy, and time.

“The process known as robotic navigation aims to achieve accurate positioning and avoiding obstacles in the pathway.It is essential to satisfy constraints such as limited operating space, distance, energy, and time [78].”

• cites [78] Jose, 2016, Task allocation and collision-free path planning of centralized multi-robots system for industrial plant inspection using heuristic methods, Rob. Auton. Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Robots are still not very popular in medical applications, and technological and psychological/ethical factors can explain this.

“It can be seen that robots are still not very popular in this area, and technological and phycological/ethical factors can explain this.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Robots are still unreliable for a large portion of society, so they are only accepted with significant hesitation.

May combine two claims.

Employee attitudes toward collaborative robots depend on their practical experience, with experts feeling more confident than beginners.

“Nevertheless, employee attitudes depend on their practical experience: it was noticed that experts felt more confident than beginners.”

• cites [19] Usamentiaga, 2020, Symbiotic human–robot collaborative approach for increased productivity and enhanced safety in the aerospace manufacturing industry, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The path trajectory formation process consists of four separate modules: perception, localisation, path planning, and motion control.

“The path trajectory formation process consists of these four separate modules: perception, when the robot receives the necessary information from the sensors; localisation, when the robot aims to control its position in the environment; path planning; and motion control [79].”

• cites [79] Das, 2020, Multi-robot path planning using improved particle swarm optimization algorithm through novel evolutionary operators, Appl. Soft Comput. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

To overcome the limitations caused by the lack of real-time path planning features in robot controllers, additional external controllers and real-time communication with the manipulator is required.

“To overcome the limitations caused by the lack of real-time path planning features in robot controllers, additional external controllers and real-time communication with the manipulator is required.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Typical industrial robots are not feasible for real-time path planning.

The quote only partly states this claim.

An RGB-D-based method for solid waste object detection achieved a mean average precision value of 49.1%.

“Experiments performed on solid waste image analysis resulted in a mean average precision value of 49.1%.”

• cites [40] Yu, 2020, A novel detection fusion network for solid waste sorting, Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Methods based on copying movements of highly skilled specialists using commercially available equipment such as MIMIC from Nordbo Robotics may be used as an alternative to CAM software.

“As an alternative to CAM software, methods based on the copying movements of highly skilled specialists using commercially available equipment, such as MIMIC from Nordbo Robotics (Antvorskov, Denmark), may be used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although the food industry is ranked fourth in terms of the most automated sectors, robotic devices capable of processing nutrients of different shapes and materials are in high demand.

“Although the food industry is ranked fourth in terms of the mostautomated sectors, robotic devices capable of processing nutrients of different shapes and materials are in high demand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The total global value of the construction industry is forecast to grow by 85% to USD 15.5 trillion by 2030.

“The total global value of the construction industry is forecast to grow by 85% to USD 15.5 trillion by 2030 [109].”

• cites [109] Robinson, G. (2016). Global Construction Market to Grow $8 Trillion by 2030: Driven by China, US and India, Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The system outperforms the operator performing the same task with magnified visual feedback regarding both completion time and the number of successful insertions.

“The system outperforms the operator performing the same task with magnified visual feedback regarding both completion time and the number of successful insertions.”

May combine two claims.

The methodology reduced the average number of iterations and calibration times required to determine the optimal GPR model hyperparameters by 50.3% and 31.3%, respectively.

“The methodology reduced the average number of iterations and calibration times required to determine the optimal GPR model hyperparameters by 50.3% and 31.3%, respectively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Applications of robotic grippers in food, agricultural, and bio-system engineering were summarised in detail.

“Applications of robotic grippers in food, agricultural, and bio-system engineering were summarised in detail.”

• cites [104] Zhang, 2020, State-of-the-art robotic grippers, grasping and control strategies, as well as their applications in agricultural robots: A review, Comput. Electron. Agric. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Robots are used in planting, seedling identification, and sorting.

“Robots are used in planting, seedling identification, and sorting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Artificial intelligence-enabled robotic applications are entering the restaurant industry in the food processing and guest service operations.

“Artificial intelligence-enabled robotic applications are entering the restaurant industry in the food processing and guest service operations.”

May combine two claims.

In the process of experimental verification, task-level planning can maintain the same accuracy as that of the traditional method but saves time when facing more complex tasks.

“In the process of experimental verification, task-level planning can maintain the same accuracy as that of the traditional method but saves time when facing more complex tasks.”

• cites [86] Ding, 2020, BIM-based task-level planning for robotic brick assembly through image-based 3D modeling, Adv. Eng. Inform. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The simplest visual system was used to follow a simplified approach, which can be controlled directly by a robot controller.

“The simplest visual system was used to follow a simplified approach, which can be controlled directly by a robot controller.”

• cites [114] Gautam, M., Fagerlund, H., Greicevci, B., Christophe, F., and Havula, J. (2020, January 27–28). Collaborative Robotics in Construction: A Test Case on Screwing Gypsum Boards on Ceiling. Proceedings of the 2020 5th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

An industrial robot with only three joints is used, and the solutions of joint angles for the tool orientations are not proposed, which is essential for printing the freeform surface.

“An industrial robot with only three joints is used, and the solutions of joint angles for the tool orientations are not proposed, which is essential for printing the freeform surface.”

• cites [91] Fu, 2020, A postprocessing and path optimization based on nonlinear error for multijoint industrial robot-based 3D printing, Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Drones and autonomous ground vehicles are used for crop monitoring and condition assessment.

“Drones and autonomous ground vehicles are used for crop monitoring and condition assessment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The agriculture robot market size is expected to reach USD 16,640.4 billion by 2026; however, specific robots, rather than industrial robots, will occupy the majority of the market.

“The agriculture robot market size is expected to reach USD 16,640.4 billion by 2026; however, specific robots, rather than industrial robots, will occupy the majority of the market.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bypassing limitations in one area often ensures advances in robotics in other sectors.

“Furthermore, bypassing limitations in one area often ensures advances in robotics in other sectors.”

May combine two claims.

ASC considerably increases the cycle time for a toolpath that involves many direction reversals and leads to uneven cutter chip load and variation in surface finish.

“However, ASC considerably increases the cycle time for a toolpath that involves many direction reversals and leads to uneven cutter chip load and variation in surface finish.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed strategies can correctly diagnose the assembly process's position errors and effectively realise error recovery.

“The proposed strategies can correctly diagnose the assembly process's position errors and effectively realise error recovery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Presenting of light robotics together with 3D printing technology provides the rapid advantage of prototyping to test ideas and applications.

“Presenting of light robotics together with 3D printing technology provides the rapid advantage of prototyping to test ideas and applications.”

• cites [114] Gautam, M., Fagerlund, H., Greicevci, B., Christophe, F., and Havula, J. (2020, January 27–28). Collaborative Robotics in Construction: A Test Case on Screwing Gypsum Boards on Ceiling. Proceedings of the 2020 5th International Conference on Green Technology and Sustainable Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Additional benefits arise from supporting reversibility in robotic assembly language, namely, increased code reuse and automatically derived disassembly sequences.

“Additional benefits arise from supporting reversibility in robotic assembly language, namely, increased code reuse and automatically derived disassembly sequences.”

• cites [94] Ulidowski, 2020, Reversible control of robots, Reversible Computation: Extending Horizons of Computing. RC 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The past year, particularly due to the circumstances of COVID-19, has been a breakthrough year in robotisation in the food industry.

“However, the past year, particularly due to the circumstances of COVID-19, has been a breakthrough year in robotisation in the food industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Few classic robots are used in the construction process due to the dynamic and inaccurately described environment; however, work on 3D buildings and their environmental models reduces this limitation.

“Few classic robots are used in the construction process due to the dynamic and inaccurately described environment; however, work on 3D buildings and their environmental models reduces this limitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Autonomous tractors perform the function of weeding and harvesting.

“Autonomous tractors perform the function of weeding and harvesting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Agricultural robots are a specialised type of technology capable of assisting farmers with a wide range of operations.

“Agricultural robots are a specialised type of technology capable of assisting farmers with a wide range of operations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A simple conversion process is presented to convert the 3D placement point coordinates of each brick into the robotic control instructions.

“a simple conversion process is presented to convert the 3D placement point coordinates of each brick into the robotic control instructions.”

• cites [86] Ding, 2020, BIM-based task-level planning for robotic brick assembly through image-based 3D modeling, Adv. Eng. Inform. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The developed method is feasible and sufficient to meet the specific precision requirements of some applications in robotic seam tracking.

“The developed method is feasible and sufficient to meet the specific precision requirements of some applications in robotic seam tracking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In animal husbandry, robots are used for feeding cattle, milking, collecting and sorting eggs, and autonomous cleaning of pens.

“In animal husbandry, robots are used for feeding cattle, milking, collecting and sorting eggs, and autonomous cleaning of pens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These robots possess mechanical arms and make harvesting much easier for farmers.

“These robots possess mechanical arms and make harvesting much easier for farmers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Cobots are also used in agriculture.

“Cobots are also used in agriculture.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a review assessing the potential for process innovation in the restaurant sector, an information process for the use of new technologies for process innovation was developed.

“In a review assessing the potential for process innovation in the restaurant sector, an information process for the use of new technologies for process innovation was developed [101].”

• cites [101] Alt, 2020, AI and robotics in the European restaurant sector: Assessing potentials for process innovation in a high-contact service industry, Electron. Mark.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

It uses an extrusion mechanism similar to the Contour Crafting machine to print layers having a height of 3.81 cm and a width of 2.54 cm, from concrete and mortar at different linear speeds (up to 10 cm/s) and deposition rates.

“It uses an extrusion mechanism similar to the Contour Crafting machine to print layers having a height of 3.81 cm and a width of 2.54 cm, from concrete and mortar at different linear speeds (up to 10 cm/s) and deposition rates.”

• cites [113] Kazemian, 2019, Computer vision for real-time extrusion quality monitoring and control in robotic construction, Autom. Constr. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The computed coordinates of the target 3D localisation have an average error of 5.5 cm, which is 92% more accurate than eye-tracking only for the point of gaze calculation, with an estimated error of 72 cm.

“The computed coordinates of the target 3D localisation have an average error of 5.5 cm, which is 92% more accurate than eye-tracking only for the point of gaze calculation, with an estimated error of 72 cm.”

• cites [87] Leroux, M., Raison, M., Adadja, T., and Achiche, S. (2015, January 11–12). Combination of eyetracking and computer vision for robotics control. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications, TePRA, Woburn, MA, USA. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Their primary role is to tackle labour intensive, repetitive, and physically demanding tasks.

“Their primary role is to tackle labour intensive, repetitive, and physically demanding tasks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many automation cases are still limited by artificial intelligence (AI) issues related to object recognition, object position recognition, and decision generation for object grabbing and manipulating.

“Many automation cases are still limited by artificial intelligence (AI) issues related to object recognition, object position recognition, and decision generation for object grabbing and manipulating.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Computer vision, sensor fusion, and machine learning are becoming major engines driving industrial robots' wider application.

“Computer vision, sensor fusion, and machine learning are becoming major engines driving industrial robots' wider application.”

May combine two claims.

They increase robots' flexibility and enable them to make smart adaptive solutions, although robots were initially designed only to perform repetitive actions.

“They increase robots' flexibility and enable them to make smart adaptive solutions, although robots were initially designed only to perform repetitive actions.”

May combine two claims.

These improvements typically include the implementation of new mathematical methods for robot control or optimisation of energy consumption.

“These improvements typically include the implementation of new mathematical methods for robot control or optimisation of energy consumption [118].”

• cites [118] Zhang, 2021, A data-driven method for optimizing the energy consumption of industrial robots, J. Clean. Prod. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Some application fields have no tradition in such activities, such as the civil engineering, food, and agriculture industries.

“Some application fields have no tradition in such activities, such as the civil engineering, food, and agriculture industries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These approaches are starting to appear in home appliances, but market penetration of these solutions remains low.

“These approaches are starting to appear in home appliances, but market penetration of these solutions remains low.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The food, agriculture, and civil engineering industries aim to replace humans involved in repetitive actions.

“In addition, the food, agriculture, and civil engineering industries aim to replace humans involved in repetitive actions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This situation requires rethinking processes and possibly preparing objects for robotic processing, rather than using tremendous computing and multiplying hardware.

“This situation requires rethinking processes and possibly preparing objects for robotic processing, rather than using tremendous computing and multiplying hardware.”

May combine two claims.

Although clamps and templates are currently used for specific industrial cases, general solutions have not yet been achieved.

“Although clamps and templates are currently used for specific industrial cases, general solutions have not yet been achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Preparation of robots for an operation, particularly in dynamic, varying situations, is a time-and resource-consuming activity.

“Preparation of robots for an operation, particularly in dynamic, varying situations, is a time-and resource-consuming activity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Medical applications are mainly related to accurate manipulation and hazardous environments.

“In contrast, medical applications are mainly related to accurate manipulation and hazardous environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This issue arises from the process of widening robotic implementation in existing industries, and therefore many technologies should be redesigned.

“This issue arises from the process of widening robotic implementation in existing industries, and therefore many technologies should be redesigned.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A previous study provided a methodology that allows implementation of a non-typical Denavit-Hartenberg method for a delta robot.

“For example, a previous study [119] provided a methodology that allows implementation of a non-typical Denavit-Hartenberg method for a delta robot.”

• cites [119] Aksoy, S., and Ozan, E. (2020). Robots and Their Applications. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The introduction involves non-technical aspects such as human psychology and personal acceptance of the robots in their working place.

“However, in this case, the introduction involves non-technical aspects such as human psychology and personal acceptance of the robots in their working place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

At present, this area has few publications and technical solutions, and is in the research stage; presentations of some of the publicly available cases are at the level of scientific publications.

“At present, this area has few publications and technical solutions, and is in the research stage; presentations of some of the publicly available cases are at the level of scientific publications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A large amount of research focuses on enhancing human-robot interaction and path planning/optimisation issues.

“Therefore, a large amount of research focuses on enhancing human-robot interaction and path planning/optimisation issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Typically, these tasks are repetitive and extremely precise operations that require evaluating a considerable amount of data.

“Typically, these tasks are repetitive and extremely precise operations that require evaluating a considerable amount of data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The main limitations and guidelines for further research are new intuitive control methods, user-friendly interfaces, specialised software, and real-time control methods.

“The main limitations and guidelines for further research are new intuitive control methods, user-friendly interfaces, specialised software, and real-time control methods.”

May combine two claims.

The main limitations are the lack of suitable methods, high recognition accuracy, and performance requirements; varying environmental conditions; an excessive number of possible situations; and lack of reliable equipment (tools).

“In summary, the main limitations are the lack of suitable methods, high recognition accuracy, and performance requirements; varying environmental conditions; an excessive number of possible situations; and lack of reliable equipment (tools).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The implementation of robots for object recognition has three main functions in which robots replace humans: (1) extraction of useful information from massive data flow; (2) accurate movements to manipulate with an object or tool; and (3) repetitive action (sorting).

“For example, the implementation of robots for object recognition has three main functions in which robots replace humans: (1) extraction of useful information from massive data flow; (2) accurate movements to manipulate with an object or tool; and (3) repetitive action (sorting).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Another aspect of the subjective attitude to robots is limited by their acceptance by managers and process designers; however, they are also lacking implementation experience and knowledge of cutting-edge achievements in robotic applications.

“Another aspect of the subjective attitude to robots is limited by their acceptance by managers and process designers; however, they are also lacking implementation experience and knowledge of cutting-edge achievements in robotic applications.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Provision of psychological solutions for robot-human collaboration and acceptance of robots in the workplace is an evident direction in the field of robotics.

“provision of psychological solutions for robot-human collaboration and acceptance of robots in the workplace.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Pressure due to the absence of a skilled labour force has led to new solutions.

“Nevertheless, pressure due to the absence of a skilled labour force has led to new solutions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Human-robot cooperation in classical industrial robots and in specialised cobot cases still demands an intensive introduction into these industries.

“Human-robot cooperation in classical industrial robots and in specialised cobot cases still demands an intensive introduction into these industries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Notably, these limitations are unrelated to the robot's mechanical systems (except the tools).

“Notably, these limitations are unrelated to the robot's mechanical systems (except the tools).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The implementation of computer vision to localise and manipulate randomly placed mechanical parts on a conveyor fostered the robotisation of sorting processes in all industry fields.

“For example, the implementation of computer vision to localise and manipulate randomly placed mechanical parts on a conveyor fostered the robotisation of sorting processes in all industry fields.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Despite the recent improvements and smart solutions realised in industrial robots, their widespread use in non-typical areas remains limited.

“Nonetheless, despite the recent improvements and smart solutions realised in industrial robots, their widespread use in non-typical areas remains limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These objects are widely used in industry and home appliances, and include textiles, clothes, and cables.

“These objects are widely used in industry and home appliances, and include textiles, clothes, and cables.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As a result of the development of robot control systems, robots' internal structures have also been improved.

“As a result of the development of robot control systems, robots' internal structures have also been improved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many general solutions using machine vision and sensor fusion (camera-lidar scanner, camera-distance sensors, etc.) have been spontaneously implemented in numerous industrial enterprises.

“Many general solutions using machine vision and sensor fusion (camera-lidar scanner, camera-distance sensors, etc.) have been spontaneously implemented in numerous industrial enterprises.”