Cited by 5,822Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat

Pellow, Sharon, Chopin, Philippe, File, Sandra E., Briley, Mike·1985·Journal of Neuroscience Methods

DOI 10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7

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Abstract

A novel test for the selective identification of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects in the rat is described, using an elevated + -maze consisting of two open arms and two enclosed arms. The use of this test for detecting such drug effects was validated behaviourally, physiologically, and pharmacologically. Rats made significantly fewer entries into the open arms than into the closed arms, and spent significantly less time in open arms. Confinement to the open arms was associated with the observation of significantly more anxiety-related behaviours, and of significantly greater plasma corticosterone concentrations, than confinement to the closed arms. Neither novelty nor illumination was a significant contributor to the behaviour of the rats on the + -maze. A significant increase in the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the number of entries into the open arms was observed only within clinically effective anxiolytics (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and, less effectively, phenobarbitone). Compounds that cause anxiety in man significantly reduced the percentage of entries into, and time spent on, the open arms (yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine). Neither antidepressants nor major tranquilisers had a specific effect. Exposure to a holeboard immediately before placement on the + -maze showed that behaviour on the maze was not clearly correlated either with exploratory head-dipping or spontaneous locomotor activity.

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“An arm entry was defined as an animal entering the arm with all four feet and the number of entries into open and enclosed arms were scored [34, 35].”

Authors: Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., & Briley, M.
Affiliations: University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Pellow, Sharon
Venue: Journal of Neuroscience Methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1985-08
Volume: 14
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-167
ISSN: 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(85)90031-7
OpenAlex: W2041561931
Cited by: 5,822
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 142 · 2025: 168 · 2024: 169 · 2023: 169 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 224 · 2019: 229 · 2018: 227 · 2017: 225 · 2016: 209 · 2015: 215 · 2014: 269 · 2013: 235 · 2012: 222
FWCI: 11.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: elevated plus maze, anxiety, open arm entries, anxiolytics, anxiogenic drugs, corticosterone, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, phenobarbital, yohimbine, pentylenetetrazole, caffeine, amphetamine, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, locomotor activity, rat behavior
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Light, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychotropic Drugs, Rats, Inbred Strains, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Rats

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Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat

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