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Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance
Open accessAbstract
Much of the current science on, and mathematical modeling of, dynamic changes in human performance within and between days is dominated by the two-process model of sleep–wake regulation, which posits a neurobiological drive for sleep that varies homeostatically (increasing as a saturating exponential during wakefulness and decreasing in a like manner during sleep), and a circadian process that neurobiologically modulates both the homeostatic drive for sleep and waking alertness and performance. Endogenous circadian rhythms in neurobehavioral functions, including physiological alertness and cognitive performance, have been demonstrated using special laboratory protocols that reveal the interaction of the biological clock with the sleep homeostatic drive. Individual differences in circadian rhythms and genetic and other components underlying such differences also influence waking neurobehavioral functions. Both acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction increase homeostatic sleep drive and degrade waking neurobehavioral functions as reflected in sleepiness, attention, cognitive speed, and memory. Recent evidence indicating a high degree of stability in neurobehavioral responses to sleep loss suggests that these trait-like individual differences are phenotypic and likely involve genetic components, including circadian genes. Recent experiments have revealed both sleep homeostatic and circadian effects on brain metabolism and neural activation. Investigation of the neural and genetic mechanisms underlying the dynamically complex interaction between sleep homeostasis and circadian systems is beginning. A key goal of this work is to identify biomarkers that accurately predict human performance in situations in which the circadian and sleep homeostatic systems are perturbed.
Overview
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence on how circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, and masking factors jointly shape human alertness and cognitive performance, with particular attention to the two-process model and its limits under chronic sleep restriction. It also reviews interindividual differences, genetic markers, and neuroimaging findings, concluding that biomarkers predicting performance under circadian/sleep perturbation remain a high priority.
Key findings
- The two-process model (homeostatic process S plus circadian process C) explains acute total sleep deprivation but fails to predict escalating vigilant-attention declines under chronic sleep restriction; forced desynchrony studies show the interaction is nonlinear and nonadditive.
- Chronic sleep loss is common: 35–40% of the adult US population report sleeping less than 7 h on weekday nights; shift work affects approximately one out of five working Americans, with 15% of full-time salaried workers usually working shifts that include nights; the International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded in 2007 that shift work involving circadian disruption is probably carcinogenic to humans.
- The McCauley et al. model predicts a critical daily wake duration of 20.2 h; daily wake above ca. 15.8 h but below 20.2 h (total sleep time 3.8–8.2 h) converges to stable performance deficits, whereas above 20.2 h performance impairments escalate; a single night of recovery sleep is predicted and experimentally confirmed to be inadequate after prolonged sleep restriction.
- Trait-like individual differences are large: intraclass correlation coefficients account for 50–90% of the variance in neurobehavioral measures after acute total sleep deprivation; in monozygotic twins, 56.2% of total variance was due to between-pair variance versus 14.5% in dizygotic twins; morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.
Methods
- The paper is a narrative review; it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or meta-analysis.
- It synthesizes human laboratory protocols (constant routine, forced desynchrony), acute total and chronic partial sleep deprivation/restriction studies, chronotype and clock-gene association studies, and neuroimaging methods including PET, BOLD fMRI, arterial spin-labeled perfusion fMRI, and resting-state functional connectivity fMRI.
- The main analysis is a qualitative integration of findings around the two-process model, interindividual variability, and neural/genetic mechanisms.
Limitations
- Stated: the two-process model fails to adequately predict chronic sleep-restriction effects; the circadian and homeostatic interaction is nonlinear/nonadditive, making relative contributions difficult or impossible to quantify and variable across conditions and subjects.
- Stated: task-related BOLD fMRI measures only relative signal changes, lacks absolute quantification, and cannot easily dissociate sleep loss, time-of-day, or circadian effects on brain function from behavioral performance confounds; few neuroimaging studies have examined chronic partial sleep loss and recovery.
- Stated: genetic associations (e.g., CLOCK 3111C, PER3 VNTR) are inconsistent and need replication, and in vitro fibroblast rhythms do not necessarily correlate with in vivo physiological rhythms. Evident from the text: as a narrative review, no systematic methods or risk-of-bias assessment are reported.
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Claims the paper makes
29 Not checked yet · 11 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported
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In the paper
“but the former can reach levels of deficit equivalent to total sleep loss when the sleep restriction is severe enough (i.e., the consecutive days of restricted sleep continue long enough).10,32”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The model consists of a homeostatic process (S) and a circadian process (C), which combine to determine the timing of sleep onset and offset.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Borbély AA A two-process model of sleep regulation Hum Neurobiol 1982 1 195 204 7185792
- Not checked yetcites [21] Daan S Beersma DGM Borbély AA Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker Am J Physiol 1984 246 R161 R178 6696142
- Not checked yetcites [22] Achermann P Borbély AA Simulation of daytime vigilance by the additive interaction of a homeostatic and a circadian process Biol Cybern 1994 71 115 121 8068773 source
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In the paper
“We have repeatedly demonstrated that there are large and highly replicable, trait-like individual differences in the magnitude of fatigue, sleepiness, sleep homeostatic, and cognitive performance vulnerability to acute total sleep deprivation170,171 and to chronic sleep restriction.32,148,172,173”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Van Dongen HPA Baynard MD Maislin G Dinges DF Systematic interindividual differences in neurobehavioral impairment from sleep loss: evidence of trait-like differential vulnerability Sleep 2004 27 423 433 15164894
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF DQB1*0602 predicts interindividual differences in physiologic sleep, sleepiness and fatigue Neurology 2010 75 1509 1519 20975052 PMC2974463 source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Goel N Banks S Lin L Mignot E Dinges DF Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism associates with individual differences in sleep physiologic responses to chronic sleep loss PLoS One 2011 6 e29283 22216231 PMC3246458 source
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In the paper
“Morningness–eveningness is estimated to be about 50% heritable.129”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS > 5.2. Genetics of individual differences in chronotype and circadian rhythms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Barclay NL Gregory AM Quantitative genetic research on sleep: a review of normal sleep, sleep disturbances and associated emotional, behavioural, and health-related difficulties Sleep Med Rev 2013 17 29 40 22560641 source
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In the paper
“Recent forced desynchrony protocols, which serve to experimentally reveal the variance in neurobehavioral functions attributable primarily to endogenous circadian control and the variance attributable primarily to the sleep homeostatic drive, have revealed that circadian dynamics can expose large neurobehavioral vulnerability during chronic sleep restriction.26,27”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Cohen DA Wang W Wyatt JK Uncovering residual effects of chronic sleep loss on human performance Sci Transl Med 2010 2 14ra13 PMC2892834 20371466 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Zhou X Ferguson SA Matthews RW Sleep, wake and phase dependent changes in neurobehavioral function under forced desynchrony Sleep 2011 34 931 941 21731143 PMC3119835
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In the paper
“Therefore, neurobehavioral measures reflect to varying degrees a combination of endogenous circadian rhythmicity, sleep homeostatic drive, and masking effects interacting to produce behavioral outcomes.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.3. Masking factors
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In the paper
“The neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are less severe than those observed after acute total sleep deprivation”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Belenky G Wesensten NJ Thorne DR Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose–response study J Sleep Res 2003 12 1 12 12603781 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Mullington JM Dinges DF The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose–response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation Sleep 2003 26 117 126 12683469 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These studies demonstrated that sleep restriction induced decreased vigilant attention, as measured by the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT),25 most prominently during circadian night, even with short prior wake duration.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Lim J Dinges DF Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008 1129 305 322 18591490 source
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In the paper
“a single recovery night of up to 10 h time in bed is insufficient for some behavioral functions to return to prerestriction levels.33”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Banks S Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose–response effects of one night of recovery Sleep 2010 33 1013 1026 20815182 PMC2910531 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Vigilant attention performance and psychomotor speed, as assessed with the PVT, are affected early and progressively more severely by sleep deprivation.86,166”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Basner M Dinges DF Maximizing sensitivity of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) to sleep loss Sleep 2011 34 581 591 21532951 PMC3079937 source
- Not checked yetcites [166] Basner M Mollicone DJ Dinges DF Validity and sensitivity of a brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT-B) to total and partial sleep deprivation Acta Astronaut 2011 69 949 959 22025811 PMC3197786 source
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In the paper
“We showed that this polymorphism related to individual differences in sleep homeostatic responses, but not cognitive performance responses to chronic sleep restriction.148”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [148] Goel N Banks S Mignot E Dinges DF PER3 polymorphism predicts cumulative sleep homeostatic but not neurobehavioral changes to chronic partial sleep deprivation PLoS One 2009 4 e5874 19516903 PMC2689932 source
The Discussion reports higher slow-wave activity and energy in PER3 5/5 subjects during chronic partial sleep deprivation, but equivalent declines in cognitive performance across genotypes. It concludes that the polymorphism relates to sleep homeostatic responses, not differential vulnerability to neurobehavioral effects. (LLM, conf=0.94)
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In the paper
“Circadian variation in performance is most evident when sleep loss is present, and sleep loss has its largest effects on attention, working memory, and cognitive throughput.39”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF PERFORMANCE > 3.2. Objective measures of cognitive performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Lim J Dinges DF A meta-analysis of the impact of short-term sleep deprivation on cognitive variables Psychol Bull 2010 136 375 389 20438143 PMC3290659 source
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In the paper
“The homeostatic process represents the drive for sleep that increases as a saturating exponential during wakefulness (as can be observed when wakefulness is maintained beyond habitual bedtime into the night and subsequent day) and decreases as a saturating exponential during sleep (which represents recuperation obtained from sleep).”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
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In the paper
“Sleep deprivation affects a wide range of cognitive domains (including attention, working memory, abstraction, and decision making) and results in decreases in both the encoding of new information and memory consolidation.165”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Diekelmann S Born J The memory function of sleep Nat Rev Neurosci 2010 11 114 126 20046194 source
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In the paper
“Healthy adults show interindividual differences in the free-running circadian period (tau),94–98 which shows robust stability within individuals.97”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 5. INTERINDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Czeisler CA Duffy JF Shanahan TL Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker Science 1999 284 2177 2181 10381883 source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Smith MR Burgess HJ Fogg LF Eastman CI Racial differences in the human endogenous circadian period PLoS One 2009 4 e6014 19564915 PMC2699031 source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Lázár AS Santhi N Hasan S Circadian period and the timing of melatonin onset in men and women: predictors of sleep during the weekend and in the laboratory J Sleep Res 2013 22 155 159 23216995 source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Hasan S Santhi N Lázár AS Assessment of circadian rhythms in humans: comparison of real-time fibroblast reporter imaging with plasma melatonin FASEB J 2012 26 2414 2423 22371527 PMC3360144 source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Chang AM Buch AM Bradstreet DS Klements DJ Duffy JF Human diurnal preference and circadian rhythmicity are not associated with the CLOCK 3111C/T gene polymorphism J Biol Rhythms 2011 26 276 279 21628555 PMC3689429 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The circadian process represents daily oscillatory modulation of these threshold levels.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
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In the paper
“Thus, while the two-process model has been very successful in explaining changes in neurobehavioral performance in acute total sleep deprivation paradigms, it fails to adequately predict the escalating declines in vigilant attention observed under chronic sleep-restriction conditions.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 2. SLEEP–WAKE AND CIRCADIAN REGULATION: TWO-PROCESS MODEL
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In the paper
“Some individuals are highly vulnerable to neurobehavioral performance deficits when sleep deprived, others demonstrate remarkable levels of neurobehavioral resistance to sleep loss, and others show intermediate responses.171,174”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Van Dongen HP Maislin G Dinges DF Dealing with interindividual differences in the temporal dynamics of fatigue and performance: importance and techniques Aviat Space Environ Med 2004 75 A147 A154 15018277
- Not checked yetcites [174] Goel N Dinges DF Behavioral and genetic markers of sleepiness J Clin Sleep Med 2011 7 S19 S21 22003324 PMC3190416 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“who varied the amount of baseline nightly sleep prior to chronic sleep restriction and found that it affected both the rate at which alertness was degraded and the rate at which deficits were reversed by repeated nights of recovery sleep.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [169] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Bliese PD Balkin TJ Banking sleep: realization of benefits during subsequent sleep restriction and recovery Sleep 2009 32 311 321 19294951 PMC2647785 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Individuals cognitively vulnerable to sleep deprivation showed reduced frontoparietal activation, while resilient individuals showed increased parietal activation associated with lapses of attention during total sleep deprivation201”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.2. Neuroimaging of sleep deprivation and circadian variations in brain metabolism and neural activity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] Chee MWL Tan JC Lapsing when sleep deprived: neural activation characteristics of resistant and vulnerable individuals Neuroimage 2010 51 835 843 20171288 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It remains unclear, however, whether the same individuals vulnerable to the adverse neurobehavioral effects of chronic sleep restriction are also vulnerable to acute total sleep deprivation.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, interindividual differences in circadian parameters, especially phase, and differential vulnerability to sleep loss also markedly affect neurobehavioral responses, suggesting genetic underpinnings.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“The reasons for differential neurobehavioral vulnerabilities to sleep loss are unknown, and thus far have not been accounted for by demographic factors, IQ, or sleep need.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These studies reported inconsistent results, likely due to small sample sizes, different populations, varying doses of sleep restriction, and different outcome measures.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Lo JC Groeger JA Santhi N Effects of partial and acute total sleep deprivation on performance across cognitive domains, individuals and circadian phase PLoS One 2012 7 e45987 23029352 PMC3454374 source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Rupp TL Wesensten NJ Balkin TJ Trait-like vulnerability to total and partial sleep loss Sleep 2012 35 1163 1172 22851812 PMC3397820 source
- Not checked yetcites [178] Tassi P Schimchowitsch S Rohmer O Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation on daytime alertness and cognitive performance of healthy snorers and non-snorers Sleep Med 2012 13 29 35 22177345 source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Philip P Sagaspe P Prague M Acute versus chronic partial sleep deprivation in middle-aged people: differential effect on performance and sleepiness Sleep 2012 35 997 1002 22754046 PMC3369235 source
- Not checked yetcites [180] Drake CL Roehrs TA Burduvali E Bonahoom A Rosekind M Roth T Effects of rapid versus slow accumulation of eight hours of sleep loss Psychophysiology 2001 38 979 987 12240674 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sleep homeostat and neurobehavioral performance are affected by acute total sleep deprivation and chronic sleep restriction, although the two forms of sleep loss likely differentially affect neural and behavioral responses.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“56.2% of the total variance in the monozygotic twins was due to variance between pairs whereas only 14.5% of the total variance in dizygotic twins was due to variance between pairs (Fig. 7.3)”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 6. SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND PERFORMANCE > 6.1. Phenotypic and genotypic differences in response to sleep deprivation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182] Kuna ST Maislin G Pack FM Heritability of performance deficit accumulation during acute sleep deprivation in twins Sleep 2012 35 1223 1233 22942500 PMC3413799
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The circadian drive for wakefulness, the homeostatic drive for sleep, and masking factors simultaneously interact to affect neurobehavioral functioning.”
§ Circadian Rhythms, Sleep Deprivation, and Human Performance > 7. CONCLUSIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The biological clock that modulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus.
“The endogenous circadian regulating system (i.e., biological clock) that modulates the timing of both sleep and wakefulness is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“sleep deprivation leads to cognitive impairment and reduced attention(43-46).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Such genetic variants may underlie some of the interindividual (44) and interethnic differences (45) in the period (or τ) of the endogenous circadian cycle that manifest themselves as differences in chronotype.”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Sleep is a vital biological function that directly impacts physical and mental health [14,15].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Insufficient sleep (e.g., less than 4–6 h per night) increases the risk of death by suicide [7,17], mortality, cardiovascular disease, depression, diabetes, decreases immune system functioning, and has a negative impact on cognition [14,18].”
From Mental Health of Canadian Firefighters: The Impact of Sleep (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
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The sleep-deprived human brain
Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.55 · Cited by 1,200
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“Sleep disruption–- be it shorter sleep duration or poorer sleep quality – is correlated with worsened cognitive performance [1–4].”
BackgroundMukherjee, S., Patel, S. R., Kales, S. N., Ayas, N., Strohl, K. P., Gozal, D., & Malhotra, A. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201504-0767st · Cited by 325
“There is marked individual variation in the amount of sleep that an individual will need throughout the life span to ensure good health (12, 13).”
BackgroundStress & sleep: A relationship lasting a lifetime
Martire, V. L., Caruso, D., Palagini, L., Zoccoli, G., & Bastianini, S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.024 · Cited by 317
Metadata
- Authors
- Goel, N., Basner, M., Rao, H., & Dinges, D. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 155-190
- ISSN
- 1877-1173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3963479
- OpenAlex
- W1902549
- Semantic Scholar
- 0fbc3ce96cbbb5ca7f45ca6479e48a0a3ba75ae0
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 284
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 79.39
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL102119, HL102119)
- National Institute of Nursing Research (NR004281, R01NR004281)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep deprivation, human performance, two-process model, sleep homeostasis, circadian genes, individual differences, sleepiness, cognitive performance, attention, memory, brain metabolism, neuronal activation, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Circadian Rhythm, Humans, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis
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