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Depression in adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Unipolar depressive disorder in adolescence is common worldwide but often unrecognised. The incidence, notably in girls, rises sharply after puberty and, by the end of adolescence, the 1 year prevalence rate exceeds 4%. The burden is highest in low-income and middle-income countries. Depression is associated with substantial present and future morbidity, and heightens suicide risk. The strongest risk factors for depression in adolescents are a family history of depression and exposure to psychosocial stress. Inherited risks, developmental factors, sex hormones, and psychosocial adversity interact to increase risk through hormonal factors and associated perturbed neural pathways. Although many similarities between depression in adolescence and depression in adulthood exist, in adolescents the use of antidepressants is of concern and opinions about clinical management are divided. Effective treatments are available, but choices are dependent on depression severity and available resources. Prevention strategies targeted at high-risk groups are promising.
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“Some point towards increases in self-esteem (Orth et al. 2018) starting in late adolescence, but others suggest decreasing life satisfaction (Goldbeck et al. 2007) and increasing depressive symptoms (Thapar et al. 2012) from middle adolescence through young adulthood.”
From Patterns of Romantic Relationship Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment From Adolescence to Young Adulthood (2021) · cites this paper as Thapar et al. 2012
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“Together with previous findings showing a normative trend of decreasing life satisfaction (Goldbeck et al. 2007) and increasing depressive symptoms (Thapar et al. 2012) during adolescence, the current findings suggest that adolescence is a critical period of psychosocial development.”
From Patterns of Romantic Relationship Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment From Adolescence to Young Adulthood (2021) · cites this paper as Thapar et al. 2012
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“When persistent, internalizing problems often result in emerging psychiatric disorders affecting young people’s daily lives, their future, and society [1-3,6].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Therefore, early identification and timely intervention are crucial to prevent further deterioration, improve prognosis, and reduce the burden on health care systems and society in general [1,7,8].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Internalizing problems, such as anxiety and mood problems, have a substantial impact on young people’s lives. These internalizing problems are often associated with school dropout, reduced social functioning, loneliness, unemployment, and reduced quality of life [1-3].”
From A Smartphone Serious Game for Adolescents (Grow It! App): Development, Feasibility, and Acceptance Study (2022) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Depression has a multifaceted and diverse etiology resulting from interactions between biological, psychological, and environmental factors [28].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“The most frequently adopted option has been to require at least one 'core' depressive symptom (i.e., either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure), most of the time for at least two weeks. 62”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [62]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S., & Thapar, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thapar, Anita
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 379
- Issue
- 9820
- Pages
- 1056-1067
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC3488279
- OpenAlex
- W2130901187
- Semantic Scholar
- 2e453d281dad3e7e244f28203adf9b31d991be2b
- Cited by
- 2,365
- References
- 163
- Citations by year
- 2026: 188 · 2025: 202 · 2024: 212 · 2023: 211 · 2022: 243 · 2021: 288 · 2020: 245 · 2019: 174 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 80.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (ZIAMH002780, ZIAMH002781, ZIAMH002782)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, major depressive disorder, prevalence, incidence, suicide risk, family history of depression, psychosocial stress, sex hormones, low- and middle-income countries, antidepressant use, depression treatment, depression prevention, neural pathways
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Prevalence, Young Adult
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