The DOI matches its Crossref record; 272 of the 276 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 92 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms
Open accessAbstract
In 2 meta-analyses on gender differences in depression in nationally representative samples, we advance previous work by including studies of depression diagnoses and symptoms to (a) estimate the magnitude of the gender difference in depression across a wide array of nations and ages; (b) use a developmental perspective to elucidate patterns of gender differences across the life span; and (c) incorporate additional theory-driven moderators (e.g., gender equity). For major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms, respectively, we meta-analyzed data from 65 and 95 articles and their corresponding national data sets, representing data from 1,716,195 and 1,922,064 people in over 90 different nations. Overall, odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.88, 2.03], and d = 0.27 [0.26, 0.29]. Age was the strongest predictor of effect size. The gender difference for diagnoses emerged earlier than previously thought, with OR = 2.37 at age 12. For both meta-analyses, the gender difference peaked in adolescence (OR = 3.02 for ages 13-15, and d = 0.47 for age 16) but then declined and remained stable in adulthood. Cross-national analyses indicated that larger gender differences were found in nations with greater gender equity, for major depression, but not depression symptoms. The gender difference in depression represents a health disparity, especially in adolescence, yet the magnitude of the difference indicates that depression in men should not be overlooked. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Claims the paper makes
100 Own result · 42 Own interpretation · 34 Own method · 33 No full text of the sources · 13 Sources not found · 9 Not checked yet · 9 No basis given · 6 Supported · 5 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“odds ratios (ORs, female/male) for 12-month major depressive episode (MDE1) ranged from 1.2 to 2.7 across 18 countries and 89,037 participants”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bromet et al., 2011 source
The Results table of sociodemographic associations reports a female-to-male odds ratio of 1.2 for 12-month MDE in China, and the Sociodemographic factors text reports 2.7 in Spain. Methods > Sampling and procedure states that the study included 18 countries and 89,037 participants. The 1.2 estimate was not statistically significant, but the claim does not say that every odds ratio was significant. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelationaln = 89,037- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The limited findings in adulthood are inconsistent with respect to both the magnitude and direction of the gender difference in depression”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angst et al., 2002 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mirowsky, 1996 source
- Partly supportedcites Oksuzyan et al., 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Depression) and Discussion describe variation by country and age, including a slight reversal in Japan that was not statistically significant. But the paper studies middle and older ages, not adulthood broadly, and its Discussion says the literature generally finds higher depression prevalence in women from young adulthood through early old age. It does not support characterizing the limited findings across adulthood as inconsistent in direction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The limited research on ethnicity, gender, and depression in the United States does not indicate variation by ethnicity in the gender difference in depression”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression > Ethnicity in the U.S. and Intersectionality
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Barnes et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Tests of interaction in NESARC data’; page unavailable) reports a non-significant race × sex interaction (P = 0.89), consistent with no detected Black–White variation in the sex difference in lifetime major depression. The study tests Black and White respondents, not ethnicity broadly, and says it lacked sufficient power to test the interaction for 12-month depression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Breslau et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oquendo et al., 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This absence of any substantial effect for nation-level wealth is consistent with other research (Bromet et al., 2011) indicating that economic development is not a major factor in cross-national variations in the magnitude of gender differences in depression.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bromet et al., 2011 source
The Results (Sociodemographic factors) report that the association between gender and major depressive episode did not differ significantly between high-income and low- to middle-income countries (P = 0.13). This supports the claim as an interpretation of the paper's income-group comparison, rather than proof that economic development has no effect. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-national analyses indicated that larger gender differences were found in nations with greater gender equity, for major depression, but not depression symptoms.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The domain-specific gender equity indicators chosen are theoretically linked to gender differences in depression.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, OR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.88, 2.03] and d = 0.27 [0.26, 0.29].”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the gender difference peaked in adolescence (OR = 3.02 for ages 13–15, and d = 0.47 for age 16)”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cross-national analyses indicated that larger gender differences were found in nations with greater gender equity, for major depression, but not depression symptoms.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The domain-specific gender equity indicators chosen are theoretically linked to gender differences in depression.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, OR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.88, 2.03] and d = 0.27 [0.26, 0.29].”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age was the strongest predictor of effect size.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 72
- It may state two separate claims as one. 101
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
- Not yet classified. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A study including 18 countries from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys (Kessler & Usten, 2008) reported that the relationship between gender and MDE did not differ significantly between high-income and low- to middle-income countries”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Cross-national variations: Research on economic and gender equity factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bromet et al., 2011 source
The Results (Sociodemographic factors) analyze 12-month MDE across 18 countries and explicitly report that the association between gender and MDE did not differ significantly between high-income and low- to middle-income countries (P = 0.13). (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, findings also suggest that the 2:1 ratio is not universal and may vary substantially across nations.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Bromet et al., 2011 source
The Results (Sociodemographic factors; page unavailable) report that women were twice as likely as men to have a major depressive episode on average, but country-specific odds ratios varied. The difference was not statistically significant in three of the 18 countries, supporting the hedged claim that the 2:1 ratio is not universal. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In the vast majority of epidemiological reports on adults, women have higher rates of major depression compared to men; on average, the ratio is 2:1”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andrade et al., 2003 source
- Supportedcites Bromet et al., 2011 source
The Background states that almost all studies find an association between gender and depression and that women have a twofold increased risk of major depressive episode. The Results (Sociodemographic factors) likewise report that women were, on average, twice as likely as men to have an episode across the countries studied. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other widely held beliefs about gender differences, such as the gender difference in math performance, have sometimes been found to be inaccurate when the data are meta-analyzed”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hyde et al., 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Lindberg et al., 2010 source
The Abstract reports that a meta-analysis of 242 studies found no overall gender difference in mathematics performance (d = .05). The Gender and Mathematics Performance section says stereotypes of female inferiority contrast with the performance data, supporting the claim that meta-analysis has found this widely held belief inaccurate. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“there is increased recognition of the validity (e.g., Markon, Chmielewski, & Miller, 2011) and value (Cuthbert & Insel, 2013) of dimensional assessments, as well as the impairment associated with sub-threshold levels of symptoms that do not meet diagnostic criteria.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Markon et al., 2011 source
- Supportedcites Cuthbert & Insel, 2013 source
The citation is attached specifically to the value of dimensional assessments, not to their validity or the separate statement about impairment from sub-threshold symptoms. In “The seven pillars,” the paper endorses a dimensional approach and explains its value for studying mild psychopathology and informing intervention cut-points. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two large multi-nation studies have reported conflicting results, finding that the gender gap in depression was smaller and larger, respectively, in low gender-equity countries compared to high gender-equity countries”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Cross-national variations: Research on economic and gender equity factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hopcroft & Bradley, 2007 source
- Partly supportedcites Van de Velde et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports the conflicting finding that Hopcroft and Bradley found a larger depression gender gap in high-equality countries, while this paper's results were more consistent with equality reducing women's disadvantage. But the Results say the overall interaction between gender and equality was not significant; a smaller gap at higher equality appeared only in certain subgroups and for certain measures. The sentence overstates this paper's finding as a general cross-country result. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Seedat and colleagues (2009) found a significant narrowing in the gender difference in depression in recent cohorts.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression > Trends over time
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Seedat et al., 2009 source
The Abstract states that gender differences narrowed significantly in recent cohorts for major depressive disorder. The COMMENT section likewise reports significantly smaller gender differences in major depression in more recent cohorts. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One latent growth curve analysis indicated that girls’ depression symptoms accelerated early in adolescence and then leveled off, whereas boys’ symptom levels accelerated in late adolescence (Salk, Petersen, Abramson, & Hyde, 2016), consistent with the first possibility above.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Salk, Petersen, Abramson, & Hyde, 2016 source
The Results section’s latent growth curve analysis says girls’ depression scores increased and then leveled off, while boys’ scores were initially low and increased more rapidly at later ages. The Discussion likewise describes girls’ symptoms accelerating early in adolescence and boys’ symptoms accelerating later. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On the face of it, greater contraceptive prevalence should indicate women’s greater control over reproduction and a lower rate of unwanted pregnancies, which are a risk factor for depression (e.g., Mercier, Garrett, Thorp, & Siega-Riz, 2013).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Mercier, Garrett, Thorp, & Siega-Riz, 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Main Findings) reports that women with unwanted pregnancies had a higher risk of postpartum depression than women with intended pregnancies. The claim says “depression” without limiting it to the postpartum period; the paper also cautions in the Discussion (Interpretation) that it cannot establish a causal relationship. The contraceptive-prevalence premise appears to be the citing authors’ framing, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both meta-analyses, U.S. ethnicity did not account for significant variation in effect size (see Table 4).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
Borderline substantial claim. It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it. It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we meta-analyzed data from 65 and 95 articles and their corresponding national datasets, representing data from 1,716,195 and 1,922,064 people in over 90 different nations.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plainn = 1,922,064- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but then declined and remained stable in adulthood.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we meta-analyzed data from 65 and 95 articles and their corresponding national datasets, representing data from 1,716,195 and 1,922,064 people in over 90 different nations.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plainn = 1,716,195- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender difference for diagnoses emerged earlier than previously thought, with OR = 2.37 at age 12.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 112 articles from the original search met criteria for inclusion, including articles for which authors needed to be contacted for data. We added 46 new articles that were not in the original search from additional searching for nationally representative datasets.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up testing with pairs of consecutive age groups indicated that the effect sizes for ages 8–12 (0.09), 13–15 (0.35), and 16–19 (0.41) were statistically different (QB = 23.01 and QB = 8.06, ps< .01, respectively), such that the effect size for each consecutively age group was significantly larger than the previous age group.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The depression symptom meta-analysis covers data collected from 1978–2014 whereas the major depression meta-analysis only includes data collected from 1991–2014.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes ranged from OR = 1.71 to OR = 3.02, with ORs >2.0 during adolescence and ORs between 1.71 and 2.02 in adulthood.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the major depression meta-analysis, all articles reported DSM major depression diagnoses or episodes (96%) or the roughly equivalent ICD-10 depressive episode (4%).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random effects variance component was 0.07.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the youngest age group available for these analyses was 12 years old, making it impossible to observe the emergence of the gender difference from childhood to adolescence.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, when outliers were removed, the effect became marginally significant (QB = 3.09, p = 0.08) with smaller gender differences in high-income nations (d = 0.26) compared to low- to middle- income nations (d = 0.29).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Nation-level economic indicators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random effects variance component was 0.02.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the LRT showed a marginal effect for the major depression meta-analysis, the weighted average from the unadjusted model (logged OR = 0.67) and the adjusted model (logged OR = 0.62) were quite similar.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies were published from 1991 to 2016 and yielded data from 1978–2014 collected from 53 different countries.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“utilized data comprising 180 samples, 413 effect sizes, and 1,922,064 people (52% female).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plainn = 1,922,064- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They both include mostly high-income countries and cover the lifespan.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The OR at ages 16–19 (2.69) was significantly larger than the OR for ages 20–29 (1.93), QB = 43.19, p < .001, indicating a significant decrease in the gender difference from adolescence to the 20s.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Removal of outliers did not change the estimates of effect sizes.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The likelihood ratio tests (LRT) comparing the unadjusted to adjusted models (using p-value cut points of 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001) for the major depression and depression symptom meta-analyses, respectively, were not statistically significant, p = 0.073 and p = 0.3226.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Importantly, there was not a range restriction for the literacy variable (ratios ranged from .31 to 1.07), which can have substantial negative skew (Else-Quest & Grabe, 2012).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Nation-level gender equity indicators
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Else-Quest & Grabe, 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contraceptive prevalence and literacy ratio both predicted variability in effect size.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Nation-level gender equity indicators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they differ in terms of the distribution of nations and year of data collection.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the symptom meta-analysis, most effect sizes were based on the C ES-D measure.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in follow-up analyses, effect sizes from articles that focused on gender were not significantly different than effect sizes from articles that focused on depression (QB = 2.22, p = 0.14) or something other than gender or depression (QB = 0.91, p =0.34).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies were published from 1993 to 2016 with data from 1991–2014 collected in 75 different countries.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“provided data comprising 149 samples (this number includes different countries from the same international dataset as well as different years of data collection for cross-sectional national datasets), 300 effect sizes (this number includes separate effect sizes for different age groups and ethnicities), and 1,716,195 people (53% female).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plainn = 1,716,195- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of effect sizes for the major depression meta-analysis were 12-month major depressive episodes based on the DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR using a version of the CIDI.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When outliers were excluded, the age 13–15 OR decreased from 3.02 to 2.92 and the age 70+ OR increased from 2.02 to 2.20.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the depression symptom meta-analysis includes the most effect sizes from Europe (53%).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Description of the Samples for each Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes ranged from d = 0.09 to d = 0.41, peaking at ages 16–19, declining in the 20s, and staying relatively stable at roughly d = 0.20 after that.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Developmental Trends
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The final sample of studies (see Figure 1) for the meta-analyses included data from 65 (diagnosis meta-analysis) and 95 (symptom meta-analysis) articles and their corresponding data sets.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Income inequality was a significant predictor of effect size, such that larger gender differences were reported in nations with low levels of income inequality.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Nation-level economic indicators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 4, manual for major depression (e.g., DSM-IV, ICD-10), type of depression (episode versus disorder) and depression time span (1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and lifetime) did not predict effect size variation.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both meta-analyses, the effect size peaked in adolescence but then declined and remained stable in adulthood, a finding that has not been identified previously.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
“Our results provide powerful evidence that the gender difference in major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms peaks in adolescence, with the gender gap in diagnoses emerging earlier than previously thought (OR = 2.37 at age 12). The gender gap then narrows and remains stable in adulthood, a finding that has not been identified previously and has important implications for both theory and”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both meta-analyses, the gender difference declined in early adulthood and then remained relatively stable, hovering between OR = 1.71 – 2.02 and d = 0.19 – 0.30.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Expressed in the Cohen’s d metric, the two effect sizes are similar: d = 0.37 for major depression and d = 0.27 for depression symptoms.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Comparison of the Diagnosis and Symptom Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The odds ratio for the 13–15 age group in our meta-analysis was already 3.02 and declined, not widened, to OR = 2.69 for ages 16–19.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To better understand this pattern, we created a categorical variable for year of data collection and obtained the following effect size estimates: 1991–1996= 1.84, k = 22; 1997–2002= 1.88, k = 134; 2003–2008= 1.91, k = 59; 2009–2014 = 2.17, k = 85.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the major depression meta-analysis, we could not examine the emergence of the gender difference given that the youngest age in the studies was 12, when the OR was already 2.37.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, among different subgroups, all odds ratios for diagnoses were > 1.0, and all effect sizes for symptoms were positive.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contraceptive prevalence, executive positions, and the literacy ratio did not predict variation in effect size.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Nation-level gender equity indicators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow up analyses, excluding outliers, indicated that diagnoses using the ICD were significantly smaller than both diagnoses using DSM-IV/DSM-IV-TR (QB = 6.86, p < .01) and DSM-III/ DSM- III-R TR (QB = 9.60, p < .01).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the symptom meta-analysis, the gender difference emerged in adolescence with a trivial gender difference for ages 8–11 (see Figure 3) and then a steep increase, reaching a peak in the gender difference at age 16.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In follow-up tests, all pair-wise comparisons were significantly different from each other, such that the smallest effect size was for the BDI (d = 0.20) and the largest effect size was for scales other than the BDI and CES-D (d = 0.31).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was no relation to the gender effect size for diagnoses; it was negatively related for symptom measures but lost significance when outliers were excluded.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both the diagnosis and symptom meta-analyses, differences among ethnic groups were not significant.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The symptom meta-analysis found no significant trend over time and the diagnosis meta-analysis found a positive trend, meaning that gender differences are growing larger.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings of larger gender differences in nations with greater gender equity did not replicate with the meta-analysis of depression symptoms, suggesting that caution is needed in interpreting the findings for diagnoses.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, other studies have found smaller gender differences in nations with more gender inequality. This pattern has been found for outcomes such as self-reports of personality traits and attitudes about mathematics”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Social-structural theory
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it was limited to the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1985) scale and samples of 8- to 16-year-old participants in the United States and Canada (n = 43,916).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002 source
- Not matchedcites Kovacs, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 43,916- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The theory predicts that larger gender differences should be observed in nations with more gender inequality.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Social-structural theory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eagly & Wood, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wood & Eagly, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Hankin and colleagues (1998) found that the gender difference in clinical depression emerged by ages 13–15 and then widened between ages 15 and 18.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hankin et al., 1998 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to the theory, a society’s division of labor by gender drives all other psychological gender differences.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Social-structural theory
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eagly & Wood, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wood & Eagly, 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Theories of developmental psychopathology contend that there are multiple pathways to the gender difference in depression involving combinations and interactions of risk factors that span multiple levels of analysis”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across the Lifespan
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“there is no gender difference or even a somewhat higher prevalence of depression among boys than girls in childhood”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Avenevoli et al., 2008
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Twenge & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence for this theory exists for several psychological gender differences, including mate preferences, mathematics performance, and some aspects of sexuality”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Social-structural theory
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To the extent that women report higher rates of violent victimization, this may contribute to the gender difference in depression”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Sociological theories
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koss et al., 1994 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The female preponderance in depression is thought to emerge by ages 13–15”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“gender inequality is linked to discrimination against women, which may contribute to the gender difference”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across Nations > Sociological theories
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Belle & Doucet, 2003 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theories highlight how specific vulnerability factors come on-line at critical developmental periods in adolescence and/or interact with stressors in adolescence to produce the gender difference in adolescence”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Gender Differences in Depression across the Lifespan
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hyde et al., 2008b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“adolescents and adults with subthreshold depression symptoms and minor depression still experience significant impairment (e.g., Lewinsohn, Solomon, Seeley, & Zeiss, 2000) and are at elevated risk for later development of major depression and suicidal behaviors”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Background
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The extant literature indicates that the prevalence of major depression in the United States varies both by gender and by ethnicity”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression > Ethnicity in the U.S. and Intersectionality
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Breslau et al., 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“One recent narrative review concluded that internalizing problems for girls increased from the late 20th century to the 21st century”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression > Trends over time
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bor et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“we follow MARS reporting standards”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychological Association Publications and Communications Board, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a particular sample of participants was used in more than one article, which was often the case with these national datasets, to maintain independence of samples, we selected the article that had the most complete data (including information on moderator variables such as age and ethnicity) and/or the largest sample size.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For nationally representative longitudinal studies with multiple waves of data (e.g., Add Health), we included only one wave of data to maintain independence of samples.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“type of depression diagnosis (depressive episode versus depressive disorder), κ = .87; and (4) the time span for the depression diagnosis (current, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, lifetime), κ = 1.00.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, all datasets were nationally representative, indicating that any bias in sampling is minimized.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the meta-analysis on depression diagnoses, we received data from authors for 24 (37%) of the 65 articles, such that 167 (56%) of the 300 effect sizes were based on obtained rather than published data.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although they were theoretically interesting, the intimate-partner violence and sexism ideals measures proved unsatisfactory because they were available for only a minority of the effect sizes in analyses. Those two measures are therefore not considered further.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Nation-level Gender Equity Indicators
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data were entered in the calculator by two individuals to ensure accuracy.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Effect Size Computation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we coded the focus of the article (gender, depression, other), κ = .84.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“They argued that the strongest scientific evidence about gender differences does not come from small studies of convenience samples, but instead comes from larger studies based on representative samples of populations.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Sampling Issues
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hedges & Nowell, 1995 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included abstracts that explicitly mentioned “nationally representative.””
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the type of measure used to assess depression diagnoses (diagnostic interview; e.g., CIDI, DIS) or depression symptoms (self-report measure; e.g., CES-D, BDI), κ = 1.0; (2) the manual used to diagnose depression (DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR5; DSM-III or DSM-III-R; or ICD-10), κ = 1.0”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the meta-analysis on depression symptoms, we received data from authors for 71 (75%) of the 95 articles, such that 357 (86%) of the 413 effect sizes were based on obtained data.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“age of the participants (measured on a continuous scale, using the reported mean or the midpoint of the age range), r = .99”
- Also stated in: § Coding of Studies · plain
“country, κ (kappa) = 1.00”
- Also stated in: § Coding of Studies · plain
“predominant (≥ 85%) ethnic group of participants (Caucasian, African American, Asian American, Hispanic, Native American, other, mixed, or unreported), κ = 1.00; and (d) year of data collection, r = 1.00.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Coding of Studies · plain
In the paper
“a meta-analysis of gender differences in self-esteem found a small difference favoring Caucasian males over Caucasian females, d = 0.20, but no gender difference for African American samples, d = −0.04”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression > Ethnicity in the U.S. and Intersectionality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kling et al., 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all authors of the study for whom we could find email addresses from the article, the Web directory of the authors’ academic institution, or a Google search, were contacted.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were excluded if their measurement of depression symptoms did not meet the following criteria: 1) minimum of 3 items; 2) self-report; 3) Cronbach’s alpha ≥.70 (if provided); and 4) valid and reliable measure of depression based on previously published research”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we excluded studies that were not based on national probability sampling. In other words, we included only population-based surveys representative of the country.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We double coded 30 studies to compute interrater agreement.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Coding of Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For each of the economic and gender equity indicators, data are not available for all nations. Therefore, sample sizes vary in regression analyses, depending on the indicator.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Nation-level Economic Indicators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Raw effect sizes were corrected for bias (i.e., the upward-bias of effect sizes among small samples; Hedges, 1981); however, most correction factors were close to 1.0 given the large sample sizes.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Effect Size Computation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hedges, 1981 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that most studies were published on the basis of the work on depression and not on the basis of a gender difference, so publication bias in the direction of gender differences should not be a problem.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The Hedges and Nowell strategy has since been used in other meta-analyses on gender differences in cognitive abilities”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Sampling Issues
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies were excluded in the processing of articles if their measurement of depression diagnoses did not include a diagnostic interview with the participant.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Identification of Studies and Data Sets
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses were run with the full data set and then re-run excluding outliers.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Methods > Data-Analytic Plan
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result is that stressors attached to these transitions are spread out more evenly across adulthood, leading to more even rates of depression across age for both women and men, and a stable gender gap.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, although the range of OR = 1.84 to 2.17 is not great, the positive relationship is clear.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Additional Moderators
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, our results provide powerful evidence that the gender difference in depression emerges earlier than previously thought (by at least age 12 for diagnoses, at age 12 for symptoms), which has important implications for the timing of preventive interventions.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These results differ from those of Hankin and colleagues (1998), who found that that the gender gap in major depression emerged between ages 13 and 15 and then widened between ages 15 and 18.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hankin and colleagues (1998)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern is a new finding and should be robust because it is based on large-scale meta-analyses and was consistent across both diagnosis and symptom measures.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, individuals who are high in negative affectivity and low on positive affectivity are vulnerable to later depression.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to this model, the gender difference in depression in adolescence may be accounted for by (a) higher levels of negative cognitive style in girls than boys beginning in early adolescence; (b) higher levels of stress for girls than boys beginning in early adolescence; or (c) both.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This emphasizes the consistency with which females have higher levels major depression and depression symptoms than males.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to one theoretical account, early puberty is disadvantageous for girls but not boys, for outcomes such as depression (Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ge, Conger, & Elder, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The difference in findings may be due to the greater recency of many of our studies, the greater number of nations, or the inclusion of multiple measures of depression symptoms.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A third possibility results from the observation that depression is a recurrent disorder (e.g., Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Men may be less likely to develop depression than women; however, this does not mean that depressed men are not distressed and impaired.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, gender equity measures were missing for some nations; thus, the analyses did not capture patterns among all nations included.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to one theoretical account, temperament, present from infancy and early childhood, predicts later depression (summarized by Hyde et al., 2008b).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hyde et al., 2008b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, in the 21st century women constitute 47% of the U.S. labor force, compared to 30% in 1950 (Costello et al., 2003).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Costello et al., 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Research suggests that negative cognitive style may not emerge as a stable trait until ages 9.5 to 12.5, and the cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction does not become a reliable predictor of depression until ages 13.5 to 14.5, i.e., in early adolescence (Cole et al., 2008).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cole et al., 2008 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus the gender difference in depression is created at least in part by girls who go through puberty early, because of any of several processes, such as early-puberty girls encountering more peer sexual harassment than boys and on-time girls (Lindberg, Grabe, & Hyde, 2007).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lindberg, Grabe, & Hyde, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, the typical assessment of symptoms often represents a short period of time, such as a week, whereas diagnoses involve aggregation over longer periods, often a year (Haeffel et al., 2003).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Comparison of the Diagnosis and Symptom Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Haeffel et al., 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, it may be that most first cases of depression occur in adolescence, and then recur at variable times in adulthood, as a result of the uneven timing of major stressors.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As noted earlier, theories guided by developmental psychopathology have focused on explaining the emergence of the gender difference in adolescence (summarized by Hyde et al., 2008b), but did not attend to development across adulthood.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hyde et al., 2008b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An OR of 1.95 is a medium, not a large, effect size, yet it is still a health disparity.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Magnitude of the Gender Difference in Depression
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another theoretical account rests on cognitive vulnerability-stress models of depression, which have been well supported in samples of college students and adults (summarized by Hyde et al., 2008b).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hyde et al., 2008b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, prevalence would remain stable across adulthood for both women and men, leading to a stable gender gap, created by the original gender gap in adolescence.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > The Developmental Pattern of Gender Differences in Depression
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given that depression is a global health priority (World Health Organization, 2016), it is imperative to understand disparities in depression and which subgroups are most in need of services.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Implications for Policy
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites World Health Organization, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, assuming equal numbers of males and females, an OR = 2.0 can result from a 9.05% prevalence in females and a 4.85% prevalence in males, or from an 18% prevalence in females and a 10.1% prevalence in males.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Implications for Policy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Results indicated high agreement between the two; for major depressive disorder, kappa = 0.97, with 99.7% agreement between the two sources (see also Brugha, Nienhuis, Bagchi, Smith, & Meltzer, 1999).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also made extensive efforts to obtain data for as many national data sets as possible by conducting additional computerized searches and contacting authors.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, mounting a study based on a nationally representative sample is a major, costly undertaking that should almost certainly result in multiple publications, at least one of them in English, so we should have detected such studies.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, perhaps counterintuitively, gender differences were larger in nations with more gender equity, a finding that was consistent across three indicators.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The nation-level indicators of gender equity and national wealth validly measure those constructs.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, focusing on large, nationally representative datasets meant that the diagnostic interviews for major depression were conducted not by skilled clinicians, but instead by trained lay interviewers, as is standard practice in these large-scale, epidemiological studies.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, both diagnostic measures and symptom questionnaire measures rely on self-reports from participants.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Yet, as noted in the introduction, some primary studies have found similar patterns to ours regarding gender differences and gender equity, for outcomes such as self-construals (Guimond et al., 2007) and emotion (Fischer, Rodriguez Mosquera, van Vianen, & Manstead, 2004).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Guimond and colleagues (2007) proposed that gender differences in self-construals are larger in contexts in which individuals make intergroup social comparisons, e.g., when they compare themselves to an out-group such as the other gender.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Guimond and colleagues (2007)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that women are at significantly greater risk of depression diagnoses and symptoms compared to men worldwide, and that adolescent girls are at the greatest risk.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Implications for Policy
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By synthesizing nationally representative studies with data from over 1.7 million participants spanning the globe in each of the two meta-analyses, we have provided a comprehensive quantitative review of data on gender differences in major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms across the lifespan.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The nationally representative samples included in the meta-analyses accurately represent their target national populations.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is precisely in higher gender-equity nations, where males and females interact more (e.g., girls are more literate because they have more equal access to schooling with boys), that intergroup comparisons are likelier, leading to larger gender differences.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fourth, our database search included only articles in English.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These analyses, however, were based on small numbers of studies. Therefore, power to detect ethnic-group differences was limited.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Additional Factors Influencing the Gender Difference in Depression
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In low-gender-equity nations, intergroup interactions are often greatly restricted, and gender differences on a variable such as depression are smaller due to mostly intragroup comparisons.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we did not have sufficient data to examine gender differences in major depression for children younger than age 12 (and we had only 2 samples for age 12), even though the minimum age criterion was 7.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If there are gender differences in willingness to disclose symptoms, then the resulting data may be biased.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the difference between these odds ratios is small, and the 95% confidence intervals overlap, suggesting that this difference is not a major effect.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Cross-national Variations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One early review concluded that the gender difference in depression is a real difference and not a measurement artifact (Weissman & Klerman, 1977).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Weissman & Klerman, 1977
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We believe that this did not lead to the omission of nations in which English is not the predominant language for two reasons.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The emphasis on adolescents is particularly important because depression is a recurring disorder, so an episode in adolescence can predispose the individual to later episodes (e.g., Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000).”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Implications for Policy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seeley, Klein, & Gotlib, 2000 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gender difference in depression represents a major health disparity, especially in adolescence, yet the magnitude of the difference indicates that depression in males should not be overlooked.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 76% of the effect sizes for the symptom meta-analysis and 56% of the effect sizes for the diagnosis meta-analysis were based on data supplied by researchers, and not published in articles, reducing concerns about publication bias.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
Not yet classified.
The paper relies on this without support.
The existing literature on gender differences in depression had not been meta-analytically synthesized before this study.
“this large body of sometimes inconsistent research has yet to be synthesized meta-analytically.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The domain-specific gender equity indicators chosen are theoretically linked to gender differences in depression.
“We selected domain-specific indicators of gender equity (rather than composite indicators) that should, theoretically, be tied to gender differences in depression”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mixed-effects model used for moderator analyses assumes that variability among effect sizes beyond subject-level sampling error has both systematic components (accounted for by moderator variables) and random components (error variance).
“The mixed-effects model assumes that variability among effects sizes beyond subject-level sampling error has both systematic components (accounted for by moderator variables) and random components (i.e., error variance).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The nationally representative samples included in the meta-analyses accurately represent their target national populations.
“By synthesizing nationally representative studies with data from over 1.7 million participants spanning the globe in each of the two meta-analyses, we have provided a comprehensive quantitative review of data on gender differences in major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms across the lifespan.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The nation-level indicators of gender equity and national wealth validly measure those constructs.
“For major depression diagnoses, variability in the gender difference in depression was linked to measures of national wealth and gender equity.”
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In the citing paper
“Women are more likely than males to experience recurring MDD 445 and are twice as likely to experience MDD throughout their lifetimes. 446”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [446]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and the risk of certain mental health problems such as depression, self-harm, and eating disorders is higher in adolescent females than in males27.”
From Windows of developmental sensitivity to social media (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a period of significant vulnerability to the emergence of mental health disorders.(1) In particular, it is a critical window for the emergence of internalizing (i.e., mood and anxiety) disorders, especially in girls.(2,3)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Considering studies from only the old analyses, we found that females have more symptoms, diagnoses, or feelings of depression in countries with higher living conditions (Hopcroft & Bradley, 2007; Hopcroft & McLaughlin, 2012; Salk et al., 2017; Seedat et al., 2009; Van de Velde et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Salk et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As has often been reported, females have in most studies been found to have higher rates of Depression (SMDs = 0.19–0.38; Hopcroft & Bradley, 2007; Hopcroft & McLaughlin, 2012; Salk et al., 2017; Seedat et al., 2009; Van de Velde et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Salk et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given the well-established associations of sex and sedentary screen time with depression symptoms, 43,44”
From Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Even in clinical trials, there is a variability in how the different levels of severity of depression are defined. 66,67”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses show that during adolescence, girls’ risk for depression rises to double or more than that of boys -- a disparity in both symptoms and diagnoses that peaks in mid-late adolescence, and persists across most of the remaining lifespan (for a recent multinational meta-analysis, see (2)).”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Layered atop these well-known developmental trajectories, a series of new findings indicate that rates of these adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide -- especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.(2,20–23)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“It should also be highlighted that the relationship between age and the prevalence of depressive symptoms might vary depending on depression severity (Salk et al., 2017).”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Salk et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“The mild depressive symptoms category is under the cut-off value (10+) consistently proposed to determine the presence of depression using the PHQ-8 and, therefore, could be indicative of subclinical depression or depressive mood (Levis et al., 2019;Moriarty et al., 2015;Salk et al., 2017).”
From Prevalence and age patterns of depression in the United Kingdom. A population-based study (2021) · cites this paper as Salk et al., 2017
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- Consistentt(299) = 1961.63reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(299) = 1961.63, p < .001”
- Consistentt(412) = 9542.5reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(412) = 9542.50, p < .001”
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In the paper
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Results > Analysis for Possible Bias and File Drawer Effects
“357 (86%) of the 413 effect sizes were based on obtained data.”
§ Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms > Discussion > Strengths and Limitations
“Overall, 76% of the effect sizes for the symptom meta-analysis and 56% of the effect sizes for the diagnosis meta-analysis were based on data supplied by researchers, and not published in articles, reducing concerns about publication bias.”
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InfluentialSCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
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Intersectionality and research in psychology
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The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
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InfluentialCross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode
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InfluentialAppelbaum, M., Cooper, H., Kline, R. B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Nezu, A. M., & Rao, S. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000191 · Cited by 1,449
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Ferrari, A. J., Somerville, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Norman, R., Patten, S. B., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001511 · Cited by 1,230 · cited 1×
“Recent estimates of the global 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder were 5.8% in women and 3.5% in men (Ferrari et al., 2013).”
InfluentialThe British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: The Prevalence of DSM-IV Disorders
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InfluentialAvenevoli, S., Swendsen, J., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., & Merikangas, K. R. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.010 · Cited by 1,202 · cited 7×
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InfluentialGender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
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“Theories highlight how specific vulnerability factors come online at critical developmental periods in adolescence and/or interact with stressors in adolescence to produce the gender difference in adolescence (reviewed by Hyde et al., 2008b).”
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“Sampling Issues The current set of meta-analyses synthesized data from representative samples, based on an approach pioneered by Hedges and Nowell (1995).”
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InfluentialIssues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory
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“adults, women have higher rates of major depression compared with men; on average, the ratio is 2:1 (Andrade et al., 2003; Bromet et al., 2011).”
InfluentialGender similarities characterize math performance
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“Theories highlight how specific vulnerability factors come online at critical developmental periods in adolescence and/or interact with stressors in adolescence to produce the gender difference in adolescence (reviewed by Hyde et al., 2008b).”
Self-citationBech, P., Rasmussen, N.-A., Olsen, L. R., Noerholm, V., & Abildgaard, W. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00309-8 · Cited by 975 · cited 2×
“…(Beck et al., 1961, 1996); DMI Depressive Mood Inventory (see Abebe et al., 2016); CDI Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1985); MDI Major Depression Inventory (Bech et al., 2001); DTS Depressive Tendencies Scale (Alsaker et al., 1991); HDL-D Health and Daily Living Form- Depression…”
Andrews, G., Henderson, S., & Hall, W. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.2.145 · Cited by 933 · cited 8×
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InfluentialA meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993–2007.
Petersen, J. L., & Hyde, J. S. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0017504 · Cited by 931 · cited 1×
“Evidence for this theory exists for several psychological gender differences, including mate preferences, mathematics performance, and some aspects of sexuality (Eagly & Wood, 1999; Else-Quest, Hyde, & Linn, 2010; Petersen & Hyde, 2010; Zentner & Mitura, 2012).”
Self-citationNew trends in gender and mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.
Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., Petersen, J. L., & Linn, M. C. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021276 · Cited by 920
Self-citationPrince, M. J., Reischies, F. M., Beekman, A. T. F., Fuhrer, R., Jonker, C., Kivelä, S., LAWLOR, B. A., Lobo, A., Magnússon, H., Fichter, M. M., et al. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.174.4.330 · Cited by 889 · cited 5×
“Study d Country NM NF Measure Year Age Sample E F Aalto et al. (2012)a .27 Finland 326 371 BDI 2001 30–34 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .29 Finland 353 388 BDI 2001 35–39 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .14 Finland 341 381 BDI 2001 40–44 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .10 Finland 379 435 BDI 2001 45–49 Hea…”
InfluentialLuppa, M., Sikorski, C., Luck, T., Ehreke, L., Konnopka, A., Wiese, B., Weyerer, S., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033 · Cited by 855 · cited 1×
“A meta-analysis of 24 studies among individuals ages 75 and older reported gender ratios between 1.4 and 2.2 (Luppa et al., 2012).”
InfluentialAre child and adolescent mental health problems increasing in the 21st century? A systematic review
Bor, W., Dean, A. J., Najman, J., & Hayatbakhsh, R. (2014) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867414533834 · Cited by 853
Kuehner, C. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x · Cited by 839 · cited 1×
“Following this landmark article, there was a proliferation of research and theories on gender differences in depression (Bebbington, 1996; Kuehner, 2003; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987; Piccinelli & Wilkinson, 2000; Weissman & Klerman, 1977; for an overview of explanatory models, see Hammarström, Lehti,…”
Wittchen, H.-U., Robins, L. N., Cottler, L. B., Sartorius, N., Burke, J. D., Regier, D., & Trials, P. I. T. M. W. F. (1991) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.159.5.645 · Cited by 833 · cited 1×
“For example, in one methodological study, participants were given diagnostic interviews separately by a clinician and a highly trained nonclinician (Wittchen et al., 1991).”
2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Methods and Key Findings
Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley Browne, M. A., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902970882 · Cited by 832
Subthreshold Depression in Adolescence and Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.66 · Cited by 792
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.37.3.404 · Cited by 788
Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7 · Cited by 770 · cited 2×
“Eagly and Wood’s social-structural theory (Eagly & Wood, 1999; Wood & Eagly, 2012) also provides a framework for un- derstanding the relationship between gender inequality and the magnitude of psychological gender differences.”
de Velde, S. V. V., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.035 · Cited by 765 · cited 23×
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InfluentialKocalevent, R.-D., Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.04.006 · Cited by 748 · cited 19×
“Study d Country NM NF Measure Year Age Sample E F Aalto et al. (2012)a .27 Finland 326 371 BDI 2001 30–34 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .29 Finland 353 388 BDI 2001 35–39 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .14 Finland 341 381 BDI 2001 40–44 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .10 Finland 379 435 BDI 2001 45–49 Hea…”
InfluentialThe WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2008) · Cited by 747
The power of statistical tests for moderators in meta-analysis
Hedges, L. V., & Pigott, T. D. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.426 · Cited by 672 · cited 1×
“However, significance tests for moderators in metaanalysis tend to have low statistical power (Hedges & Pigott, 2004), which would especially be the case for age 12 when only two effect sizes were available.”
Markon, K. E., Chmielewski, M., & Miller, C. J. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023678 · Cited by 656
Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States
BRESLAU, J., KENDLER, K. S., SU, M., GAXIOLA-AGUILAR, S., & KESSLER, R. C. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704003514 · Cited by 642 · cited 1×
“The limited research on ethnicity, gender, and depression in the United States does not indicate variation by ethnicity in the gender difference in depression (Barnes, Keyes, & Bates, 2013; Breslau et al., 2005; Oquendo et al., 2001; Siegel, Aneshensel, Taub, Cantwell, & Driscoll, 1998).”
Gender differences in depression
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Gastpar, M., L�pine, J.-P., Mendlewicz, J., & Tylee, A. (2002) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-002-0381-6 · Cited by 629 · cited 1×
“The limited findings in adulthood are inconsistent with respect to both the magnitude and direction of the gender difference in depression (Angst et al., 2002; Bebbington et al., 1998; Mirowsky, 1996; Oksuzyan et al., 2010; Patten et al., 2016).”
No safe haven: Male violence against women at home, at work, and in the community.
Koss, M. P., Goodman, L. A., Browne, A., Fitzgerald, L. F., Keita, G. P., & Russo, N. F. (1994) · doi:10.1037/10156-000 · Cited by 617
Reporting standards for research in psychology: why do we need them? What might they be?
APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839 · Cited by 571
Wade, T. J., Cairney, J., & Pevalin, D. J. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00013 · Cited by 544
Kessler, R. C., Birnbaum, H., Bromet, E., Hwang, I., Sampson, N., & Shahly, V. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990213 · Cited by 542 · cited 25×
“Categorical moderators OR d 95% CI k Qbetween Qwithin Age group (in years) 184a 122.54 231.75 12 2.37 .48 [1.68, 3.37] 2 .38 13–15 3.02 .61 [2.76, 3.30] 24 43.13 16–19 2.69 .55 [2.39, 3.03] 17 14.54 20–29 1.93 .36 [1.76, 2.12] 26 23.43 30–39 1.83 .33 [1.65, 2.03] 20 15.89 40–49 1.71 .30 [1.56, 1.87] 29 28.04 50–59 1.8…”
InfluentialGender differences in health: results from SHARE, ELSA and HRS
Crimmins, E. M., Kim, J. K., & Solé-Auró, A. (2010) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq022 · Cited by 525
Gender and Culture Differences in Emotion.
Fischer, A. H., Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., van Vianen, A. E. M., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.1.87 · Cited by 521
Immigration-Related Factors and Mental Disorders Among Asian Americans
Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N. W. S., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., Walton, E. C., Sue, S., & Alegria, M. M. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.088401 · Cited by 516 · cited 1×
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InfluentialBrückner, H., & Mayer, K. U. (2005) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/s1040-2608(04)09002-1 · Cited by 508
The prevalence of perceived discrimination among African American and Caribbean Black youth.
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Poverty and women's mental health.
Belle, D. E. (1990) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.3.385 · Cited by 504 · cited 1×
“Because of the feminization of poverty (Belle, 1990; Belle & Doucet, 2003), and the link between poverty and depression, gender differences might also be linked to income inequality and a national’s overall wealth.”
Clinical implications of "subthreshold" depressive symptoms.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Solomon, A., Seeley, J. R., & Zeiss, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.2.345 · Cited by 503
Intersectionality in Quantitative Psychological Research
Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316629797 · Cited by 493 · cited 2×
“The importance of this question is highlighted in intersectionality theory, which emphasizes that all people belong to multiple social categories and that these categories are intertwined (Cole, 2009; Else-Quest & Hyde, 2016a).”
Self-citationDepression as an Antecedent to Heart Disease Among Women and Men in the NHANES I Study
Ferketich, A. K., Schwartzbaum, J., Frid, D. J., & Moeschberger, M. L. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.9.1261 · Cited by 490 · cited 2×
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Lei, X., Sun, X., Strauss, J. A., Zhang, P., & Zhao, Y. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.028 · Cited by 486 · cited 16×
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InfluentialLépine, J., Gastpar, M., Mendlewicz, J., & Tylee, A. (1997) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199701000-00003 · Cited by 483
Publication Bias in Research Synthesis: Sensitivity Analysis Using A Priori Weight Functions.
Vevea, J. L., & Woods, C. M. (2005) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.10.4.428 · Cited by 461
Wichstrøm, L. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.232 · Cited by 459
Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D. N., & Gotlib, I. H. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1584 · Cited by 458
Intersectionality in Quantitative Psychological Research
Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316647953 · Cited by 441 · cited 3×
“, Else-Quest et al., 2010; Zentner & Mitura, 2012). It is in the domain of subjective self-ratings that gender differences are larger in more equitable nations (Wood & Eagly, 2012). Such judgments about the self require participants to construct estimates about the self. Guimond and colleagues (2007) proposed that gen…”
Self-citationPoverty, Inequality, and Discrimination as Sources of Depression Among U.S. Women
Belle, D., & Doucet, J. (2003) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00090 · Cited by 440 · cited 2×
“Because of the feminization of poverty (Belle, 1990; Belle & Doucet, 2003), and the link between poverty and depression, gender differences might also be linked to income inequality and a national’s overall wealth.”
Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., Niemelä, S., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Almqvist, F., & Gould, M. S. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318196b91f · Cited by 440 · cited 1×
“…152 BDI 2012 65 TAPES Study 1 Kim (2016) .30 South Korea 1,137 1,256 — 2003 13–14 Korea Youth Panel Survey 3 Kliem et al. (2014)a .03 Germany 2,106 2,374 BDI 2012 14–91 — 2 Klomek et al. (2009)a .16 Finland 2,651 2,583 CDI 1989 8 — 2 Kocalevent et al. (2013) .12 Germany 292 272 PHQ-9 2006 14–24 —…”
Pirkola, S. P., Isometsä, E. T., Suvisaari, J., Aro, H. M., Joukamaa, M. I., Poikolainen, K., Koskinen, S. V. P., Aromaa, A., & nnqvist, J. L. (2004) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0848-7 · Cited by 433 · cited 4×
“…Health, 2000 2 1 3 Pirkola et al. (2005) 1.62 Finland 768 812 CIDI 2001 45–54 Health, 2000 2 1 3 Pirkola et al. (2005) 2.10 Finland 486 563 CIDI 2001 55–64 Health, 2000 2 1 3 Pirkola et al. (2005) 2.49 Finland 511 788 CIDI 2001 65 Health, 2000 2 1 3 Rafful et al. (2012) 1.65 Mexico 842 1,218…”
InfluentialDepression and body mass index, a u-shaped association
de Wit, L. M., van Straten, A., van Herten, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-14 · Cited by 419 · cited 11×
“Study d Country NM NF Measure Year Age Sample E F Aalto et al. (2012)a .27 Finland 326 371 BDI 2001 30–34 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .29 Finland 353 388 BDI 2001 35–39 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .14 Finland 341 381 BDI 2001 40–44 Health 2000 2 Aalto et al. (2012)a .10 Finland 379 435 BDI 2001 45–49 Hea…”
InfluentialWeight-Related Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls and Boys
Neumark‐Sztainer, D., & Hannan, P. J. (2000) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.6.569 · Cited by 415
Alaimo, K., Olson, C. M., & Frongillo, E. A. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.4.719 · Cited by 410 · cited 1×
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InfluentialThe Changing Rate of Major Depression
Weissman, M. M. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490210080039 · Cited by 410 · cited 1×
“The OR for the 13–15 age group in our meta-analysis was already 3.02 and declined, not widened, to OR 2.69 for ages 16 –19. In the symptom meta-analysis, the gender difference emerged in adolescence with a trivial gender difference for ages 8 –11 (see Figure 3) and then a steep increase, reaching a peak in the gender…”
InfluentialMcShane, B. B., Böckenholt, U., & Hansen, K. T. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616662243 · Cited by 398
de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., van Gool, C., & van Dorsselaer, S. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0334-8 · Cited by 390 · cited 1×
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InfluentialCuijpers, P. J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00348-8 · Cited by 369
Culture, gender, and the self: Variations and impact of social comparison processes.
Guimond, S., Branscombe, N. R., Brunot, S., Buunk, A. P., Chatard, A., Désert, M., Garcia, D. M., Haque, S., Martinot, D., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1118 · Cited by 341
Chronic Pain and Poor Self-rated Health
Mäntyselkä, P. T. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2435 · Cited by 340 · cited 10×
“Gender Differences in Depression in Representative National Samples: Meta-Analyses of Diagnoses and Symptoms Rachel H. Salk University of Wisconsin – Madison and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Janet S. Hyde and Lyn Y. Abramson University of Wisconsin – Madison In 2 meta-analyses on gender differences in d…”
InfluentialHartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.260 · Cited by 333 · cited 1×
“It is important that clinicians do not overlook depression among men, particularly because gender biases in diagnosis have been documented (Hartung & Widiger, 1998).”
BEBBINGTON, P. E., DUNN, G., JENKINS, R., LEWIS, G., BRUGHA, T., FARRELL, M., & MELTZER, H. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797006077 · Cited by 330
Prevention of major depression
Muñoz, R. F., Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Barrera, A. Z., & Leykin, Y. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-033109-132040 · Cited by 326 · cited 1×
“Research to identify preventive interventions is even more important (Muñoz et al., 2010).”
Disorder in the Life Course: How Common and Does It Matter?
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Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., Luk, J. W., & Nansel, T. R. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq048 · Cited by 309 · cited 6×
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InfluentialSex Differences in the Pathways to Major Depression: A Study of Opposite-Sex Twin Pairs
Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13101375 · Cited by 307
Grant, B. F. (1995) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/0899-3289(95)90017-9 · Cited by 306 · cited 1×
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InfluentialWittchen, H.-U., Carter, R. M., Pfister, H., Montgomery, S. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200015060-00002 · Cited by 299
Boyd, A., Van de Velde, S., Vilagut, G., de Graaf, R., O׳Neill, S., Florescu, S., Alonso, J., & Kovess-Masfety, V. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.11.002 · Cited by 298 · cited 4×
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InfluentialAge and the Gender Gap in Depression
Mirowsky, J. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137263 · Cited by 289 · cited 1×
“The limited findings in adulthood are inconsistent with respect to both the magnitude and direction of the gender difference in depression (Angst et al., 2002; Bebbington et al., 1998; Mirowsky, 1996; Oksuzyan et al., 2010; Patten et al., 2016).”
Gender differences in depression: the role of personality factors
Goodwin, R. D., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.024 · Cited by 281 · cited 31×
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InfluentialScreening for Depression in Adult Patients in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Evidence Review
O’Connor, E., Whitlock, E. P., Beil, T. L., & Gaynes, B. N. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00007 · Cited by 279
Aalto, A., Elovainio, M. J., Mika Kivimaki, B., Uutela, A. K., & Pirkola, S. P. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.09.008 · Cited by 275 · cited 8×
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InfluentialOutcomes of early pubertal timing in young women: a prospective population-based study
Copeland, W., Shanahan, L., Miller, S., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., & Maughan, B. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081190 · Cited by 271 · cited 1×
“The narrowing of the gender gap in depression in adulthood, in the early puberty account, might result from a diminution of the effects of early puberty over time (Copeland et al., 2010), especially 10 or more years later.”
Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H. S., Hanson, R. F., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02004.x · Cited by 264
Ethnic and Sex Differences in Suicide Rates Relative to Major Depression in the United States
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Self-citationThe origins of sex differences in depressive disorder: bridging the gap
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InfluentialReilly, D., Neumann, D. L., & Andrews, G. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000012 · Cited by 209
Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-IV Psychiatric Disorders Among Korean Adults
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A nationwide survey on the prevalence and risk factors of late life depression in South Korea
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InfluentialSalokangas, R. K. R., Poutanen, O., & Stengård, E. (1995) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09536.x · Cited by 205
Living arrangements, social networks and depressive symptoms among older men and women in Singapore
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InfluentialKlein, D. N., Shankman, S. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181a56606 · Cited by 201
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Does the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Depression Depend on How They Are Measured?
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InfluentialJang, S.-N., Kawachi, I., Chang, J., Boo, K., Shin, H.-G., Lee, H., & Cho, S.-I. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.007 · Cited by 192 · cited 18×
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InfluentialEmergence of attributional style and its relation to depressive symptoms.
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Anxiety and depression in Nepal: prevalence, comorbidity and associations
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InfluentialSocioeconomic and psychosocial predictors of interleukin-6 in the MIDUS national sample
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Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Disorders in the Chile Psychiatric Prevalence Study
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A U-Shaped Association Between Intensity of Internet Use and Adolescent Health
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InfluentialOkabayashi, H., Liang, J., KRAUSE, N. M., Akiyama, H., & Sugisawa, H. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.024 · Cited by 173 · cited 33×
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InfluentialEpidemiology of psychiatric and alcohol disorders in Ukraine
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InfluentialDepression and associated factors in older adults in South Africa
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InfluentialThe Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
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“Evidence for this theory exists for several psychological gender differences, including mate preferences, mathematics performance, and some aspects of sexuality (Eagly & Wood, 1999; Else-Quest, Hyde, & Linn, 2010; Petersen & Hyde, 2010; Zentner & Mitura, 2012).”
Adolescent Depressed Mood in a Multiethnic Sample
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Social inequality in the prevalence of depressive disorders
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Self-citationMental distress in the Danish general population
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InfluentialA nationwide population-based study of depression in Brazil
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InfluentialThe role of life satisfaction and depressive symptoms in all-cause mortality.
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InfluentialMaske, U. E., Buttery, A. K., Beesdo-Baum, K., Riedel-Heller, S., Hapke, U., & Busch, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.006 · Cited by 120 · cited 19×
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InfluentialFleming, T. M., Clark, T. C., Denny, S., Bullen, P., Crengle, S. M., Peiris-John, R. J., Robinson, E., Rossen, F. V., Sheridan, J. L., & Lucassen, M. F. G. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413514489 · Cited by 115 · cited 10×
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InfluentialSugihara, Y., Sugisawa, H., Shibata, H., & Harada, K. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.4.p227 · Cited by 115
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Oksuzyan, A., Crimmins, E., Saito, Y., O’Rand, A., Vaupel, J. W., & Christensen, K. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-010-9460-6 · Cited by 114 · cited 16×
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InfluentialPregnancy intention and postpartum depression: secondary data analysis from a prospective cohort
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Secular Trends in Depressive Symptoms Among Norwegian Adolescents from 1992 to 2010
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Racial differences in depression in the United States: how do subgroup analyses inform a paradox?
Barnes, D. M., Keyes, K. M., & Bates, L. M. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0718-7 · Cited by 113
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InfluentialShiovitz‐Ezra, S., Leitsch, S. A., Graber, J., & Karraker, A. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn020 · Cited by 112
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Depression in adult Nigerians: Results from the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-being
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InfluentialMacro‐level gender equality and depression in men and women in Europe
Van de Velde, S., Huijts, T., Bracke, P., & Bambra, C. (2013) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01521.x · Cited by 109
Distinctive Biological Correlates of Positive Psychological Well-Being in Older Men and Women
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Development of a Korean Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (K-CIDI)
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Social Rhythm and Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
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Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older adults: a cross-national comparison
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InfluentialOut of the shadows : making mental health a global development priority
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Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Risk in a National Sample: Confounding Effects of Health Status
Everson‐Rose, S. A., House, J. S., & Mero, R. P. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000145903.75432.1f · Cited by 93 · cited 7×
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InfluentialMommersteeg, P. M. C., Herr, R., Pouwer, F., Holt, R. I. G., & Loerbroks, A. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12193 · Cited by 93 · cited 46×
“…Namibia 1,721 2,524 WHO WHS 2002 18 WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3 Mommersteeg et al. (2013)a 2.01 Senegal 1,641 1,515 WHO WHS 2002 18 WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3 Mommersteeg et al. (2013)a .93 Swaziland 1,417 1,667 WHO WHS 2002 18 WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3 Mommersteeg et al. (2013)a 1.29…”
InfluentialBeals, J., Manson, S. M., Whitesell, N. R., Mitchell, C. M., Novins, D. K., Simpson, S., Spicer, P., & American Indian Service Utilization, P. E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1713 · Cited by 93 · cited 4×
“Study OR Country NM NF Interview Year Age Sample E F M T Alaimo et al. (2002) 2.38 U.S. 365 389 DIS 1991 15–16 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1 1 2 4 Andrews et al. (2001)a 2.40 Australia 461 608 CIDI 2.1 1997 18–24 Australian National Survey of Mental Health & WellBeing (NSMHWB) 3…”
InfluentialFarbstein, I., Mansbach‐Kleinfeld, I., Levinson, D., Goodman, R., Levav, I., Vograft, I., Kanaaneh, R., Ponizovsky, A. M., Brent, D. A., & Apter, A. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02188.x · Cited by 91 · cited 13×
“Categorical moderators OR d 95% CI k Qbetween Qwithin Age group (in years) 184a 122.54 231.75 12 2.37 .48 [1.68, 3.37] 2 .38 13–15 3.02 .61 [2.76, 3.30] 24 43.13 16–19 2.69 .55 [2.39, 3.03] 17 14.54 20–29 1.93 .36 [1.76, 2.12] 26 23.43 30–39 1.83 .33 [1.65, 2.03] 20 15.89 40–49 1.71 .30 [1.56, 1.87] 29 28.04 50–59 1.8…”
Influential(2002) · Cited by 89
Child Maltreatment in Depressed Adolescents: Differences in Symptomatology Based on History of Abuse
Danielson, C. K., de Arellano, M. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., & Resnick, H. S. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504271630 · Cited by 88 · cited 1×
“…U.S. 11,612 14,903 CIDI-SF 1999 18 National Health Interview Survey 2 2 1 3 Coyne and Marcus (2006) 2.29 U.S. 1,590 2,696 CIDI-SF 1999 18 National Health Interview Survey 3 2 1 3 Danielson et al. (2005) 1.98 U.S. 2,020 2,003 NSA interview 1995 12–17 National Survey of Adolescents (NSA) 1 2 1 3 de…”
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Sandman, N., Valli, K., Kronholm, E., Revonsuo, A., Laatikainen, T., & Paunio, T. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4560 · Cited by 87
O’Halloran, A. M., Kenny, R. A., & King‐Kallimanis, B. L. (2014) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2013.12.004 · Cited by 85 · cited 7×
“…591 754 CES-D 2010 55–59 TILDA 2 O’Halloran et al. (2014)a .20 Ireland 502 647 CES-D 2010 60–64 TILDA 2 O’Halloran et al. (2014)a .19 Ireland 487 502 CES-D 2010 65–69 TILDA 2 O’Halloran et al. (2014)a .35 Ireland 383 376 CES-D 2010 70–74 TILDA 2 O’Halloran et al. (2014)a .27 Ireland 449 521…”
InfluentialKiejna, A., Piotrowski, P., Adamowski, T., Moskalewicz, J., Wciórka, J., Stokwiszewski, J., Rabczenko, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2015) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/30811 · Cited by 85
Kliem, S., Mößle, T., Zenger, M., & Brähler, E. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.024 · Cited by 83 · cited 7×
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. Table 1 (continued) Study OR Country NM NF Interview Year Age Sample E F M T CBHSQ (2014) 3.28 U.S. 1,883 1,872 WMH-CIDI 2012 14 NSDUH 1 3 1 3 CBHSQ (2014) 2.98 U.S. 1,921 1…”
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Volken, T. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-167 · Cited by 82
Haarasilta, L., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Kaprio, J. A., & ARO, H. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004573 · Cited by 81 · cited 1×
“…et al. (2010)a 1.84 Nigeria 809 822 WMH-CIDI 2003 35–49 NSMHWW 2 1 3 Gureje et al. (2010)a 1.28 Nigeria 503 601 WMH-CIDI 2003 50–64 NSMHWW 2 1 3 Haarasilta et al. (2001) 1.36 Finland 437 505 CIDI-SF 1996 15–24 Finnish Health Care Survey (FINHCS) 2 2 3 Hasin et al. (2005)a 1.93 U.S. 2,410…”
InfluentialCater, Å. K., Miller, L. E., Howell, K. H., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-015-9703-0 · Cited by 79 · cited 5×
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“For example, wider gender gaps in depression have been observed in countries with higher levels of gender equality amongst both adults and adolescents 201,210 .”
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Cui, L., Li, S., Wang, S., Wu, X., Liu, Y., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Xia, M., & Li, B. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01738-y · Cited by 1,244
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Metadata
- Authors
- Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 783-822
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC5532074
- OpenAlex
- W2609632515
- Cited by
- 2,622
- References
- 276
- Citations by year
- 2026: 352 · 2025: 420 · 2024: 403 · 2023: 354 · 2022: 388 · 2021: 308 · 2020: 261 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 153.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DGE-071823; DRL 1138114)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH018269-30)
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Keywords
- gender differences, depression, depressive symptoms, adolescence, lifespan development, gender equity, cross-national comparison, health disparities, men's mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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