Thin film multi-electrode softening cuffs for selective neuromodulation
Open accessAbstract
Silicone nerve cuff electrodes are commonly implanted on relatively large and accessible somatic nerves as peripheral neural interfaces. While these cuff electrodes are soft (1–50 MPa), their self-closing mechanism requires of thick walls (200–600 µm), which in turn contribute to fibrotic tissue growth around and inside the device, compromising the neural interface. We report the use of thiol-ene/acrylate shape memory polymer (SMP) for the fabrication of thin film multi-electrode softening cuffs (MSC). We fabricated multi-size MSC with eight titanium nitride (TiN) electrodes ranging from 1.35 to 13.95 × 10−4 cm 2 (1–3 kΩ) and eight smaller gold (Au) electrodes (3.3 × 10−5 cm 2; 750 kΩ), that soften at physiological conditions to a modulus of 550 MPa. While the SMP material is not as soft as silicone, the flexural forces of the SMP cuff are about 70–700 times lower in the MSC devices due to the 30 μm thick film compared to the 600 μm thick walls of the silicone cuffs. We demonstrated the efficacy of the MSC to record neural signals from rat sciatic and pelvic nerves (1000 µm and 200 µm diameter, respectively), and the selective fascicular stimulation by current steering. When implanted side-by-side and histologically compared 30 days thereafter, the MSC devices showed significantly less inflammation, indicated by a 70–80% reduction in ED1 positive macrophages, and 54–56% less fibrotic vimentin immunoreactivity. Together, the data supports the use of MSC as compliant and adaptable technology for the interfacing of somatic and autonomic peripheral nerves.
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Most existing electronics based on SMPs are not very compatible with traditional 2D planar processing, which limits the development of high-precision electronics.
“By contrast, most of the existing electronics based on SMPs are not very compatible with traditional 2D planar processing, which limits the development of high-precision electronics (23, 25–28).”
From Climbing-inspired twining electrodes using shape memory for peripheral nerve stimulation and recording (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
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“Electrochemically, coatings such as Pt black, IrOx and TiN are known to improve safety and stability of stimulation delivery [133], and can decrease electrode impedance ensuring better quality recordings [220].”
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From softening polymers to multimaterial based bioelectronic devices
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- Authors
- González-González, M. A., Kanneganti, A., Joshi-Imre, A., Hernandez-Reynoso, A. G., Bendale, G., Modi, R., Ecker, M., Khurram, A., Cogan, S. F., Voit, W. E., & Romero-Ortega, M. I.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2018-11-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16390-16390
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6219541
- OpenAlex
- W2899504607
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline foundation (1402127)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Keywords
- cuff electrodes, shape memory polymers, thin film electrodes, current steering, peripheral nerve interfaces, neural recording, sciatic nerve, pelvic nerve, fibrosis, inflammation, macrophages, vimentin, titanium nitride electrodes, gold electrode
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrochemistry, Electrodes, Implanted, Equipment Design, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fibrosis, Sciatic Nerve, Silicones, Rats, Mechanical Phenomena
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