The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Emergence and Characterization of Sex Differences in Spatial Ability: A Meta-Analysis
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890
Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization
Vandenberg, S. G., & Kuse, A. R. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.2.599 · Cited by 2,620
Development of face recognition: A maturational component?
Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Woods, B. (1980) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.4.257 · Cited by 417
Cited by
Gender Differences in Preferences
Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.47.2.448 · Cited by 5,694
The gender similarities hypothesis.
Hyde, J. S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.6.581 · Cited by 3,084
Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns.
Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard, T. J., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern, D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., et al. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77 · Cited by 2,913
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 · Cited by 2,868
Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S. J. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139 · Cited by 1,732
Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: A meta-analysis.
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018053 · Cited by 1,630
Self-citationGender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53 · Cited by 1,405
Self-citationGender Similarities and Differences
Hyde, J. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057 · Cited by 1,262
Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta-analysis
Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.267 · Cited by 1,210
Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis.
Oliver, M. B., & Hyde, J. S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.29 · Cited by 1,134
Women's underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations
Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014412 · Cited by 957
Hegarty, M., Montello, D. R., Richardson, A. E., Ishikawa, T., & Lovelace, K. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.005 · Cited by 820
Children's mathematical development: Research and practical applications.
Geary, D. C. (1994) · doi:10.1037/10163-000 · Cited by 565
The relation between spatial skill and early number knowledge: The role of the linear number line
Gunderson, E. A., Ramirez, G., Beilock, S. L., & Levine, S. C. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027433 · Cited by 554
The role of experience in spatial test performance: A meta-analysis
Baenninger, M., & Newcombe, N. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287729 · Cited by 545
Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
Li, R., & Singh, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.01.002 · Cited by 527
Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Calkins, M. E., Chiavacci, R., Hansen, J. A., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Connolly, J. J., Qiu, H., Mentch, F. D., et al. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0026712 · Cited by 507
Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis
Thompson, A. E., & Voyer, D. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.875889 · Cited by 476
Hough, L. M., Oswald, F. L., & Ployhart, R. E. (2001) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00171 · Cited by 429
Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: A meta-analysis
Voyer, D., Voyer, S. D., & Saint-Aubin, J. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1085-7 · Cited by 400
Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning
Hetland, L. (2000) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3333643 · Cited by 333
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology
(2010) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1 · Cited by 329
Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease
Laws, K. R., Irvine, K., & Gale, T. M. (2016) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.54 · Cited by 307
Sundström Poromaa, I., & Gingnell, M. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00380 · Cited by 291
“Besides mental rotation, spatial tests can also broadly be categorized into tasks that evaluate spatial perception and spatial visualization, and among the latter navigation tests and object location test are included (Linn and Petersen, 1985).”
BackgroundGreater cognitive deterioration in women than men with Alzheimer's disease: A meta analysis
Irvine, K., Laws, K. R., Gale, T. M., & Kondel, T. K. (2012) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.712676 · Cited by 290
Schöning, S., Engelien, A., Kugel, H., Schäfer, S., Schiffbauer, H., Zwitserlood, P., Pletziger, E., Beizai, P., Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., et al. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.011 · Cited by 260
Gender differences in brand commitment, impulse buying, and hedonic consumption
Tifferet, S., & Herstein, R. (2012) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/10610421211228793 · Cited by 257
Student Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in the College Classroom
Pintrich, P. R., & Zusho, A. (2007) · The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: An Evidence-Based Perspective · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5742-3_16 · Cited by 254
FOGEL, S., SMITH, C., & COTE, K. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.02.037 · Cited by 246
The development of gender differences in spatial reasoning: A meta-analytic review.
Lauer, J. E., Yhang, E., & Lourenco, S. F. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000191 · Cited by 239
Testosterone increases analgesia, anxiolysis, and cognitive performance of male rats
FRYE, C. A., & SELIGA, A. M. (2001) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.1.4.371 · Cited by 239
Irwing, P., & Lynn, R. (2005) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712605x53542 · Cited by 236
Gender Differences in Human Brain: A Review
Zaidi, Z. F. (2010) · The Open Anatomy Journal · doi:10.2174/1877609401002010037 · Cited by 229
Sex differences in academic achievement are not related to political, economic, or social equality
Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.006 · Cited by 227
Visuospatial training improves elementary students’ mathematics performance
Lowrie, T., Logan, T., & Ramful, A. (2017) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12142 · Cited by 212
Sex Differences in Spatial Cognition: Advancing the Conversation
Levine, S. C., Foley, A., Lourenco, S., Ehrlich, S., & Ratliff, K. (2016) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1380 · Cited by 209
Mental representations of large and small spatial layouts are orientation dependent.
Roskos-Ewoldsen, B., McNamara, T. P., Shelton, A. L., & Carr, W. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.24.1.215 · Cited by 206
Testosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice
Jones, H. (2008) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s190 · Cited by 204
Sleep spindles and learning potential.
Fogel, S. M., Nader, R., Cote, K. A., & Smith, C. T. (2007) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.1.1 · Cited by 188
Effects of perinatal exposure to PCBs and dioxins on play behavior in Dutch children at school age
Vreugdenhil, H. J. I., Slijper, F. M. E., Mulder, P. G. H., & Weisglas-Kuperus, N. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.021100593 · Cited by 188
Does spatial skills instruction improve STEM outcomes? The answer is ‘yes’
Sorby, S., Veurink, N., & Streiner, S. (2018) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2018.09.001 · Cited by 179
Ketelaar, T., & Ellis, B. J. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1101_01 · Cited by 176
Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces
Hahn, A. C., & Perrett, D. I. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.015 · Cited by 167
Visuo-Spatial Performance in Autism: A Meta-analysis
Muth, A., Hönekopp, J., & Falter, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2188-5 · Cited by 163
Testosterone levels and spatial ability in men
Silverman, I., Kastuk, D., Choi, J., & Phillips, K. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00031-1 · Cited by 159
Sex differences in duration judgments: A meta-analytic review
Block, R. A., Hancock, P. A., & Zakay, D. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211834 · Cited by 157
Keith, T. Z., Reynolds, M. R., Patel, P. G., & Ridley, K. P. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.001 · Cited by 156
Action Video Game Training for Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study
Wang, P., Liu, H.-H., Zhu, X.-T., Meng, T., Li, H.-J., & Zuo, X.-N. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00907 · Cited by 145
Sensation seeking in opposite-sex twins: an effect of prenatal hormones?
Resnick, S. M., Gottesman, I. I., & McGue, M. (1993) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01067432 · Cited by 136
Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient
Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., Chapman, E., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02260 · Cited by 123
Albouys-Perrois, J., Laviole, J., Briant, C., & Brock, A. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174203 · Cited by 107
Collaer, M. L., Reimers, S., & Manning, J. T. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9152-1 · Cited by 104
Sex hormones and mental rotation: an intensive longitudinal investigation.
Courvoisier, D. S., Renaud, O., Geiser, C., Paschke, K., Gaudy, K., & Jordan, K. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.007 · Cited by 82
Confidence and gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test
Cooke-Simpson, A., & Voyer, D. (2007) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.009 · Cited by 81
The Relation Between Motor Development and Mental Rotation Ability in 5- to 6-Year-old Children
Jansen, P., & Heil, M. (2010) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-2010-4105 · Cited by 79
Are videogame training gains specific or general?
Oei, A. C., & Patterson, M. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00054 · Cited by 77
Sex/gender differences in cognitive abilities
Kheloui, S., Jacmin-Park, S., Larocque, O., Kerr, P., Rossi, M., Cartier, L., & Juster, R.-P. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105333 · Cited by 78
A computerized spatial orientation test
Friedman, A., Kohler, B., Gunalp, P., Boone, A. P., & Hegarty, M. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01277-3 · Cited by 70
Evidence for a unitary structure of spatial cognition beyond general intelligence
Malanchini, M., Rimfeld, K., Shakeshaft, N. G., McMillan, A., Schofield, K. L., Rodic, M., Rossi, V., Kovas, Y., Dale, P. S., Tucker-Drob, E. M., et al. (2020) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-020-0067-8 · Cited by 69
Gender-Stereotyping and Cognitive Sex Differences in Mixed- and Same-Sex Groups
Hirnstein, M., Coloma Andrews, L., & Hausmann, M. (2014) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0311-5 · Cited by 67
Individual differences in the representations of novel environments
Blajenkova, O., Motes, M. A., & Kozhevnikov, M. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.12.003 · Cited by 64
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zu räumlichen Strategien
Münzer, S., & Hölscher, C. (2011) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000040 · Cited by 64
Herlitz, A., Reuterskiöld, L., Lovén, J., Thilers, P. P., & Rehnman, J. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.759580 · Cited by 63
Blocks and bodies: sex differences in a novel version of the Mental Rotations Test.
Alexander, G. M., & Evardone, M. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.014 · Cited by 58
Gendered movement ecology and landscape use in Hadza hunter-gatherers
Wood, B. M., Harris, J. A., Raichlen, D. A., Pontzer, H., Sayre, K., Sancilio, A., Berbesque, C., Crittenden, A. N., Mabulla, A., McElreath, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-01002-7 · Cited by 57
Spatial ability at two scales of representation: A meta-analysis
Wang, L., Cohen, A. S., & Carr, M. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.10.006 · Cited by 55
Embodied Interaction and Spatial Skills: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies
Lee-Cultura, S., & Giannakos, M. (2020) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwcomp/iwaa023 · Cited by 53
How did you get here from there? Verbal overshadowing of spatial mental models
Fiore, S. M., & Schooler, J. W. (2002) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.921 · Cited by 50
Cognitive Performance and the Menstrual Cycle
Sommer, B. (1992) · Contributions to Psychology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9148-7_2 · Cited by 41
Changes in Scores on the Mental Rotations Test during the Menstrual Cycle
Moody, M. S. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.955 · Cited by 40
Unterrainer, J., Wranek, U., Staffen, W., Gruber, T., & Ladurner, G. (2000) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026639 · Cited by 37
Sex Differences in Line Judgment: Relation to Mathematics Preparation and Strategy Use
Cherney, I. D., & Collaer, M. L. (2005) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.100.3.615-627 · Cited by 35
Gender moderates valence effects on the late positive potential to emotional distracters
Syrjänen, E., & Wiens, S. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.018 · Cited by 30
Martoni, R. M., Salgari, G., Galimberti, E., Cavallini, M. C., & O’Neill, J. (2015) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-015-0604-2 · Cited by 27
Spatial anxiety and self-confidence mediate sex/gender differences in mental rotation
Arrighi, L., & Hausmann, M. (2022) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053596.122 · Cited by 25
Influence of the stimulus material on gender differences in a mental-rotation test
Rahe, M., Ruthsatz, V., & Quaiser-Pohl, C. (2021) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01450-w · Cited by 23
Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Frye, C. A. (2014) · Vitamins & Hormones · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00003-1 · Cited by 22
Interest–Ability Profiles: An Integrative Approach to Knowledge Acquisition
Hyland, W. E., Hoff, K. A., & Rounds, J. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030043 · Cited by 21
Experiential Factors in Sex Differences on Mental Rotation
Cherney, I. D., Jagarlamudi, K., Lawrence, E., & Shimabuku, N. (2003) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1062 · Cited by 18
Sjolinder, M., Hook, K., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2003) · Spatial Cognition & Computation · doi:10.1207/s15427633scc0301_4 · Cited by 11
Velázquez, J. S., Cavas, F., Fuentes, M. C., & García-Ros, R. (2023) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci13070756 · Cited by 6
Individual Differences in Navigation: An Introductory Overview
Meneghetti, C., Miola, L., Feraco, T., & Muffato, V. (2022) · Prime Archives in Environmental Research · doi:10.37247/papsy2ed.2.2022.9 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1985-12-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1479-1498
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4241882889
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.