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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A Research Note
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A novel behavioural screening questionnaire, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), was administered along with Rutter questionnaires to parents and teachers of 403 children drawn from dental and psychiatric clinics. Scores derived from the SDQ and Rutter questionnaires were highly correlated; parent‐teacher correlations for the two sets of measures were comparable or favoured the SDQ. The two sets of measures did not differ in their ability to discriminate between psychiatric and dental clinic attenders. These preliminary findings suggest that the SDQ functions as well as the Rutter questionnaires while offering the following additional advantages: a focus on strengths as well as difficulties; better coverage of inattention, peer relationships, and prosocial behaviour; a shorter format; and a single form suitable for both parents and teachers, perhaps thereby increasing parent‐teacher correlations.
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“In line with DSM-IV criteria, we also used the impact supplement from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) to confirm that the symptoms had been present before age 7, for at least 6 months, and that impairment was found in multiple settings.”
From Multiple deficits in ADHD: executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits (2013) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The SDQ is a well validated instrument and has been proven to be as effective as both the 'Child Behavior Checklist' (Achenbach 1991) and the 'Rutter Scales' (Elander & Rutter 1996) in identifying clinically significant levels of behavioural disturbance in children (Goodman 1997;Goodman & Scott 1999).”
From Psychological acceptance mediates the impact of the behaviour problems of children with intellectual disability on fathers' psychological adjustment. (2010) · cites this paper as Goodman 1997
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“Based on standard norming procedures for mental health symptom measures, scores below the LNCG 84th percentile were considered in the normal range.”
From Variable Patterns of Remission From ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
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“The treatment and outcome variables were also measured differently (mental health was measured by the SDQ; Goodman, 1997) and by different informants (parent reports were used in the previous study) which may have contributed to the discrepancy.”
From A counterfactual and random intercept cross‐lagged panel analysis of the effects of reading frequency on adolescent mental health in a large longitudinal study (2026) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
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“Parents completed the 5-item Conduct Problems subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“The Emotional Symptoms subscale of the well-validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) was completed by the youth's parent/guardian.”
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“Parents completed the 5-item Peer Problems subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“Parents completed the 5item Prosocial subscale of the SDQ (Goodman, 1997).”
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“Psychological and behavioural adjustment in children was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a short screening questionnaire of psychosocial problems for children and adolescents based on the Rutter Questionnaires and later revised by Goodman to focus on current child psychopathology (Goodman, 1997).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Goodman, 1997
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Cooper, R. E., Tye, C., Kuntsi, J., Vassos, E., & Asherson, P. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.053 · Cited by 73
Media use, attention, mental health and academic performance among 8 to 12 year old children
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Evaluating social (pragmatic) communication disorder
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Exposure to parental smoking and child growth and development: a cohort study
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Associations between paternal depression and behaviour problems in children of 4–6 years
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RetractedAlbaugh, M. D., Orr, C., Chaarani, B., Althoff, R. R., Allgaier, N., D’Alberto, N., Hudson, K., Mackey, S., Spechler, P. A., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.003 · Cited by 63
“Self-report and parent report versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were also used to assess symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention (33).”
MethodSelf-citationCohort Profile: The Gateshead Millennium Study
Parkinson, K. N., Pearce, M. S., Dale, A., Reilly, J. J., Drewett, R. F., Wright, C. M., Relton, C. L., McArdle, P., Le Couteur, A. S., & Adamson, A. J. (2011) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyq015 · Cited by 62
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodman, R.
- Corresponding author
- Goodman, Robert
- ORCID
- Goodman, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 581-586
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2025802167
- Semantic Scholar
- 9a82604c8f67236f621584fd46bfc1a3bb1ebe3b
- Cited by
- 14,908
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 864 · 2025: 1064 · 2024: 999 · 2023: 1030 · 2022: 1041 · 2021: 1042 · 2020: 989 · 2019: 838 · 2018: 772 · 2017: 779 · 2016: 710 · 2015: 695 · 2014: 694 · 2013: 647 · 2012: 499
- FWCI
- 18.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, behavioural screening, child mental health, parent-teacher agreement, inattention, peer relationships, prosocial behavior, questionnaire comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Behavior, Child Psychiatry, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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