Cited by 1,384Physical Activity and HealthCardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological Responses

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Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease

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Pedersen, B. K., Saltin, B.·2006·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x

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Abstract

Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome‐related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.

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2 retracted

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Changes in Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight Men during Weight Loss through Dieting as Compared with Exercise
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Self-citation
Magnitude and determinants of coronary artery disease in juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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Background
Effects of Lifestyle Activity vs Structured Aerobic Exercise in Obese Women: A Randomized Trial
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Effectiveness of Manual Physical Therapy and Exercise in Osteoarthritis of the Knee
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Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure
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“Physical training inhibits the expression of cytokine in the skeletal muscle (Gielen et al., 2003) and in the blood (LeMaitre et al., 2004).”
Background
ACSM's resource manual for Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription
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Structured Exercise Improves Physical Functioning in Women With Stages I and II Breast Cancer: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
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Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity
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Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training
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Pulmonary Rehabilitation—1999: This Official Statement of The American Thoracic Society was Adopted by The ATS Board of Directors, November 1998
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Exercise and Other Factors in the Prevention of Hip Fracture
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Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Is Related to Disease Duration and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Clarkson, P., Celermajer, D. S., Donald, A. E., Sampson, M., Sørensen, K. E., Adams, M. R., Yue, D. K., Deanfield, J. E., & Deanfield, J. E. (1996) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(96)82380-1 · Cited by 419
The transtheoretical model
Marcus, B. H., & Simkin, L. R. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199411000-00016 · Cited by 411
Aging, body composition, and lifestyle: the Fels Longitudinal Study
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Physical exercise and quality of life following cancer diagnosis: A literature review
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Exercise training improves functional status in patients with peripheral arterial disease
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Group- vs Home-Based Exercise Training in Healthy Older Men and Women: A Community-Based Clinical Trial
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Effects of Exercise Training on Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins
LARRYDURSTINE, J., & Haskell, W. L. (1994) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-199401000-00017 · Cited by 402
Increase of plasma IL-6 concentration with age in healthy subjects
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Skeletal Muscle Function and Its Relation to Exercise Tolerance in Chronic Heart Failure
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The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cauza, E., Hanusch-Enserer, U., Strasser, B., Ludvik, B., Metz-Schimmerl, S., Pacini, G., Wagner, O., Georg, P., Prager, R., Kostner, K., et al. (2005) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.01.007 · Cited by 392 · cited 1×
“A recent small study encompassing 22 patients with type 2 diabetes found that strength training was more effective than endurance training in improving glycemic control (Cauza et al., 2005).”
Background
A meta-analysis of fibromyalgia treatment interventions
Rossy, L. A., Buckelew, S. P., Dorr, N., Hagglund, K. J., Thayer, J. F., McIntosh, M. J., Hewett, J. E., & Johnson, J. C. (1999) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02908299 · Cited by 390
TNFα—A PIVOTAL ROLE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS?
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Physical training improves skeletal muscle metabolism in patients with chronic heart failure
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A randomized trial of exercise and quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors
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Running as treatment for depression
Greist, J. H., Klein, M. H., Eischens, R. R., Faris, J., Gurman, A. S., & Morgan, W. P. (1979) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(79)90058-0 · Cited by 378
Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure
Adamopoulos, S. N. (2001) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2285 · Cited by 373
Physical training for asthma
Ram, F. S., Robinson, S. M., Black, P., & Picot, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001116.pub2 · Cited by 373
Inflammatory Response and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Superiority of treadmill walking exercise versus strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Implications for the mechanism of the training response.
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Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in insulin sensitivity in response to physical training in NIDDM. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplements
Mourier, A., Gautier, J.-F., Kerviler, E. D., Bigard, A. X., Villette, J.-M., Garnier, J.-P., Duvallet, A., Guezennec, C. Y., & Cathelineau, G. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.3.385 · Cited by 361
Vertebral Bone Loss: An Unheeded Side Effect of Therapeutic Bed Rest
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Effects of Regular Exercise on Blood Pressure and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in African-American Men with Severe Hypertension
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A Randomized Controlled Trial of Weight Reduction and Exercise for Diabetes Management in Older African-American Subjects
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Physiological Outcomes of Aerobic Exercise Training in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients
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The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women
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Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
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See all 1,384

Authors: Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
ORCID: Pedersen, B. K.
Venue: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-02
Volume: 16
Issue: S1
Pages: 3-63
ISSN: 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
1600-0838
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x
OpenAlex: W2133576538
Cited by: 1,384
References: 790
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 87
FWCI: 7.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Research Foundation
Danmarks Grundforskningsfond (# 02-512-55)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: exercise therapy, exercise prescription, chronic disease, physical activity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, depression, asthma, type 1 diabetes, mechanism of action, quality of life, physical fitness, exercise contraindications
MeSH terms: Asthma, Cardiovascular Diseases, Depression, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Motivation, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Neoplasms, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Exercise Tolerance, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

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Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease

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