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Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
Abstract
Cannon, Barbara, and Jan Nedergaard. Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance. Physiol Rev 84: 277–359, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00015.2003.—The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogen-esis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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“Acting via the sympathetic nervous system32,43,44. the hypothalamus is a key effector of CNS influence on adipose tissue, including response to cold.”
From IDOL regulates systemic energy balance through control of neuronal VLDLR expression (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Thus, BAT burning power intensely clears and oxidizes circulating lipids and glucose to generate heat ([17](#B17)).”
From Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“In response to cold exposure or overfeeding, norepinephrine released from the SNS regulates brown adipocytes at multiple levels: it promotes proliferation and differentiation of brown preadipocytes, directly regulates the thermogenic program of BAT by activation of UCP1 gene, and protects brown adipocytes from TNFα-induced apoptosis 63.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Mammals have BAT, a highly specialized tissue that functions to produce heat 73.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Free fatty acids, resulting from lipolysis, are used both as energy substrates and as activators of UCP1 to uncouple ATP production from mitochondrial respiration into heat 73, 85.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
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Metadata
- Authors
- CANNON, B., & NEDERGAARD, J.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 277-359
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2132358997
- Cited by
- 6,433
- References
- 924
- Citations by year
- 2026: 243 · 2025: 301 · 2024: 317 · 2023: 379 · 2022: 371 · 2021: 440 · 2020: 424 · 2019: 413 · 2018: 444 · 2017: 407 · 2016: 400 · 2015: 338 · 2014: 335 · 2013: 318 · 2012: 262
- FWCI
- 13.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, non-shivering thermogenesis, cold acclimation, norepinephrine, sympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic thermoregulation, leptin, UCP1, energy expenditure, neonatal survival, mammalian evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Norepinephrine, Signal Transduction, Thermogenesis
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