Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming

In the paper

“but it is nowadays established that patent intestinal infections occur in dogs and cats of all ages [41-50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Visco RJ, Corwin RM, Selby LA: Effect of age and sex on the prevalence ofintestinal parasitism in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977, 170: 835-837.
• Not checked yetcites [42] Visco RJ, Corwin RM, Selby LA: Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978, 1978 (172): 797-800.
• Not checked yetcites [43] Lloyd S: Toxocarosis. In: Zoonoses. Biology, Clinical Practice and Public Health Control. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 841-854. source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Malloy WF, Embil JA: Prevalence of Toxocara spp. and other parasites in dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Can J Comp Med. 1978, 42: 29-31.
• Not checked yetcites [45] Martínez-Barbabosa I, Vázquez Tsuji O, Cabello RR, Cárdenas EM, Chasin OA: The prevalence of Toxocara cati in domestic cats in Mexico City. Vet Parasitol. 2003, 114: 43-49. 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00038-4. source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Little SE, Johnson EM, Lewis D, Jaklitsch RP, Payton ME, Blagburn BL, Bowman DD, Moroff S, Tams T, Rich L, Aucoin D: Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 144-152. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.044. source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Scorza AV, Duncan C, Miles L, Lappin MR: Prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in Costa Rica. Vet Parasito. 2011, 183: 178-183. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.025. source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Savilla TM, Joy JE, May JD, Somerville CC: Prevalence of dog intestinal nematode parasites in south central West Virginia, USA. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 178: 115-120. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.034. source
• Supported

  The Results (p. S45) group both dogs and cats from under 3 months to over 10 years and report parasite detections across the age groups, although rates are higher in younger animals. The paper’s faecal examinations detect eggs, cysts and oocysts, supporting the claim of patent intestinal infections at different ages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [50] Barutzki D, Schaper R: Results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from cats and dogs in Germany between 2003 and 2010. Parasitol Res. 2011, 109 (Suppl 1): S45-60. source

In the paper

“the high resistance of infectious stages in the environment regardless season or climate (e.g. ascarid ova resist to harsh chemicals, broad temperature ranges and several degrees of moisture)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Partly supported

  MEDICAL ECOLOGY (page not provided) says infective ascarid eggs withstand harsh chemicals, extreme temperature changes, and varying moisture. But it says they persist for months to years under optimal conditions, not regardless of season or climate. LIFE CYCLE (page not provided) also notes that low temperatures delay embryonation and eggs in northern latitudes may remain dormant until spring. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [88] Despommier D: Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16: 265-272. 10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“companion animals, which, in turn, are virtually subjected for all their lifespan to continuous re-infection by roundworms and hookworms, even when they have a lifestyle far from that of stray animals or of animals kept in shelter or refuges [47,188-190]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [47] Little SE, Johnson EM, Lewis D, Jaklitsch RP, Payton ME, Blagburn BL, Bowman DD, Moroff S, Tams T, Rich L, Aucoin D: Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 144-152. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.044. source
• Partly supported

  The Results (p. 1) document Toxocara (roundworm) and Ancylostoma (hookworm) infections in dogs examined at a veterinary hospital. The paper does not establish continuous reinfection throughout an animal’s lifespan or compare companion animals’ lifestyles with those of stray or shelter animals. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [188] Jordan HE, Mullins ST, Stebbins ME: Endoparasitism in dogs: 21,583 cases (1981–1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993, 203: 547-549. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites [189] Nolan TJ, Smith G: Time series analysis of the prevalence of endoparasitic infections in cats and dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Parasitol. 1995, 59: 87-96. 10.1016/0304-4017(94)00742-U. source
• Not checked yetcites [190] Hackett T, Lappin MR: Prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central Colorado. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2003, 39: 52-56. source

In the paper

“This is of particular importance also because some driving forces are nowadays favouring their spread, e.g. the increase of wild fox populations in sub-urban and urban areas.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Antolová D, Reiterová K, Miterpáková M, Stanko M, Dubinský P: Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 126: 317-324. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.005. source

In the paper

“When mobilized larvae are transmitted via the lactogenic route litters can also be infected by colostrum and milk for at least 38 days after delivery [12,13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [12] Zimmermann U, Löwenstein MD, Stoye M: Migration and distribution of Toxocara canis Werner 1782 (Anisakidae) larvae in the definitive host (beagle) following primary infection and reinfection. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1985, 32: 1-28. (in German source
• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“Bitches can be re-infected also by ingesting immature ascarids defecated by their suckling offspring.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“Different species of ascarids (commonly known as “roundworms”) and ancylostomatids (commonly known as “hookworms”) may affect the small intestine of dogs and cats [7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

In the paper

“Indeed, global climate change is influencing the ecology of helminths with multiple hosts and different transmission routes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Otranto D, Traversa D: Thelazia eyeworm: an original endo- and ecto-parasitic nematode. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 1-4. 10.1016/j.pt.2004.10.008. source
• Not checked yetcites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62-10.1186/1756-3305-3-62. source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 41-10.1186/1756-3305-4-41. source
• Not checked yetcites [5] Jefferies R, Shaw SE, Willesen J, Viney ME, Morgan ER: Elucidating the spread of the emerging canid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum between Palaearctic and Nearctic ecozones. Infect Genet Evol. 2010, 10: 561-568. 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.013. source

In the paper

“These resting larvae will mobilize during pregnancies and infect subsequent litters even when re-infections do not occur.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Lloyd S, Amersinghe PH, Soulsby EJL: Periparturient immunosuppression in the bitch and its influence on infection with Toxocara canis. J Small Anim Pract. 1983, 24: 237-247. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00437.x. source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.

In the paper

“For example, wild foxes may act as reservoirs and amplifiers of canine ascarids, thus they re-enforce environmental contamination and risk of infection [8].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Antolová D, Reiterová K, Miterpáková M, Stanko M, Dubinský P: Circulation of Toxocara spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 126: 317-324. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.005. source

In the paper

“Ascarids and ancylostomatids are the most important parasites affecting dogs and cats worldwide, in terms of diffusion and risk for animal and human health.”

• Also stated in: § Background · plain

  “Actually, they remain the most important parasites affecting companion animals worldwide and maintain the primacy in terms of dispersion and risk for animal and human health.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2

In the paper

“Bitches are a major source of infection for their off-spring because, after an infection occurs in their life, they harbour somatic larvae.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Lloyd S, Amersinghe PH, Soulsby EJL: Periparturient immunosuppression in the bitch and its influence on infection with Toxocara canis. J Small Anim Pract. 1983, 24: 237-247. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00437.x. source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.

In the paper

“in general, a proportion of mobilized larvae may reach the intestine of the dam, then mature and cause a patent infection with high egg shedding lasting weeks after whelping.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“In the past few years the attention of the Scientific Community has been attracted by feline and canine extra-intestinal parasitic nematodes, which are emerging in several countries and spreading into regions previously free from these parasites.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [2] Otranto D, Traversa D: Thelazia eyeworm: an original endo- and ecto-parasitic nematode. Trends Parasitol. 2005, 21: 1-4. 10.1016/j.pt.2004.10.008. source
• Not checked yetcites [3] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Conboy G: Canine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 62-10.1186/1756-3305-3-62. source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Otranto D, Eberhard ML: Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 41-10.1186/1756-3305-4-41. source
• Not checked yetcites [5] Jefferies R, Shaw SE, Willesen J, Viney ME, Morgan ER: Elucidating the spread of the emerging canid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum between Palaearctic and Nearctic ecozones. Infect Genet Evol. 2010, 10: 561-568. 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.01.013. source

In the paper

“These vertical infections occur regardless of the presence of the intestinal parasitosis in the bitch”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“In fact, it is well established that, when infection occurs in adult dogs, a proportion of larvae invade different body regions.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Stoye M: Galactogenic and prenatal Toxocara canis infections in dogs (Beagle). Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1976, 83: 107-108. in German
• Not checked yetcites [29] Stoye M: Biology, pathogenicity, diagnosis and control of Ancylostoma caninum. Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1992, 99: 315-321. in German
• Not checked yetcites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German

In the paper

“Nursing is a relevant source of infectious larvae of A. caninum for puppies.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Stoye M: Galactogenic and prenatal Toxocara canis infections in dogs (Beagle). Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1976, 83: 107-108. in German
• Not checked yetcites [29] Stoye M: Biology, pathogenicity, diagnosis and control of Ancylostoma caninum. Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1992, 99: 315-321. in German
• Not checked yetcites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German

In the paper

“It has been recently shown that the acute infection of the queen during a late phase of pregnancy causes the milk-borne infection in the offspring [15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [15] Coati N, Schnieder T, Epe C: Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitol Res. 2004, 92: 142-146. 10.1007/s00436-003-1019-y. source

In the paper

“While T. cati is not transplacentally transmitted, lactogenic infection may occur in kittens during the first days of nursing [14,15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Swerczek TW, Nielsen SW, Helmboldt CF: Transmammary passage of Toxocara cati in the cat. Am J Vet Res. 1971, 32: 89-92.
• Not checked yetcites [15] Coati N, Schnieder T, Epe C: Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitol Res. 2004, 92: 142-146. 10.1007/s00436-003-1019-y. source

In the paper

“While T. cati is not transplacentally transmitted, lactogenic infection may occur in kittens during the first days of nursing [14,15].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [14] Swerczek TW, Nielsen SW, Helmboldt CF: Transmammary passage of Toxocara cati in the cat. Am J Vet Res. 1971, 32: 89-92.
• Not checked yetcites [15] Coati N, Schnieder T, Epe C: Vertical transmission of Toxocara cati Schrank 1788 (Anisakidae) in the cat. Parasitol Res. 2004, 92: 142-146. 10.1007/s00436-003-1019-y. source

In the paper

“Animals become infected only by ingesting larvated eggs from the environment or tissutal larvae in paratenic hosts, e.g. rodents [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“Infected paratenic hosts are ubiquitous, being a constant source of infection especially for cats, given their hunting instinct.”

In the paper

“Adult dogs can be re-infected by T. canis even when under regular control programs [46,51].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source
• Not checked yetcites [51] Sager H, Moret ChS, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B: Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res. 2006, 98: 333-338. 10.1007/s00436-005-0093-8. source

In the paper

“For the other canine and feline hookworms vertical infections do not appear to occur at all [7,17,39,40].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [39] Miller TA: Vaccination against the canine hookworm diseases. Adv Parasitol. 1971, 9: 153-183. source
• Not checked yetcites [40] Walker MJ, Jacobs DE: Pathophysiology of Uncinaria stenocephala infections of dogs. Vet Annual. 1985, 25: 263-271.

In the paper

“It has also been reported that larvae of A. caninum dormant in musculature may be re-activated following factors driving stress, e.g. severe illness or corticosteroid therapies, which then reach the intestine causing patent infections in the adult dog [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“Specifically, parasitic burdens, egg output and infection rates are higher in puppies and kittens”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Visco RJ, Corwin RM, Selby LA: Effect of age and sex on the prevalence ofintestinal parasitism in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977, 170: 835-837.
• Not checked yetcites [42] Visco RJ, Corwin RM, Selby LA: Effect of age and sex on the prevalence of intestinal parasitism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978, 1978 (172): 797-800.
• Not checked yetcites [43] Lloyd S: Toxocarosis. In: Zoonoses. Biology, Clinical Practice and Public Health Control. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 841-854. source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Malloy WF, Embil JA: Prevalence of Toxocara spp. and other parasites in dogs and cats in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Can J Comp Med. 1978, 42: 29-31.
• Not checked yetcites [45] Martínez-Barbabosa I, Vázquez Tsuji O, Cabello RR, Cárdenas EM, Chasin OA: The prevalence of Toxocara cati in domestic cats in Mexico City. Vet Parasitol. 2003, 114: 43-49. 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00038-4. source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source
• Not checked yetcites [47] Little SE, Johnson EM, Lewis D, Jaklitsch RP, Payton ME, Blagburn BL, Bowman DD, Moroff S, Tams T, Rich L, Aucoin D: Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 144-152. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.044. source
• Not checked yetcites [48] Scorza AV, Duncan C, Miles L, Lappin MR: Prevalence of selected zoonotic and vector-borne agents in dogs and cats in Costa Rica. Vet Parasito. 2011, 183: 178-183. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.06.025. source
• Not checked yetcites [49] Savilla TM, Joy JE, May JD, Somerville CC: Prevalence of dog intestinal nematode parasites in south central West Virginia, USA. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 178: 115-120. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.034. source
• Not checked yetcites [50] Barutzki D, Schaper R: Results of parasitological examinations of faecal samples from cats and dogs in Germany between 2003 and 2010. Parasitol Res. 2011, 109 (Suppl 1): S45-60. source

In the paper

“Paratenic hosts are also important in transmitting ancylostomosis in dogs and cats which prey on animals (e.g. rodents).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

In the paper

“animals which have been vertically infected by T. canis are more susceptible to re-infections if compared to naïve dogs [13,18,46]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source

In the paper

“good compliance (i.e. 87.5%) of the owned pets treated with oral tablets containing pyrantel/oxantel/praziquantel has been documented [134]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [134] Schmid K, Rohdich N, Zschiesche E, Kok DJ, Allan MJ: Efficacy, safety and palatability of a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic formulation in dogs. Vet Rec. 2010, 167: 647-651. 10.1136/vr.c4661. source

In the paper

“Hence, several oral formulations, due to their tasty flavor, allow a treatment with minimal distress to the animal and the owner.”

In the paper

“Less-frequent administration of ML, can be effective in interrupting vertical transmission with different schemes of treatment [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“Also, nursing bitches may present heavy patent infections by about 4 weeks after delivery [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“and high palatability when administered in cats [144]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [144] Petry G, Kruedewagen E, Bach T, Gasda N, Krieger KJ: Efficacy of Procox® oral suspension for dogs (0.1% emodepside and 2% toltrazuril) against experimental nematode (Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme) infections in cats. Parasitol Res. 2011, 109 (Suppl 1): S37-43. source

In the paper

“annual or twice yearly treatments for Toxocara spp. does not reduce the risk of patent infections”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites. [ www.esccap.org ]

In the paper

“No transplacental transmission occurs in cats, thus kittens can be subjected to fortnightly treatments by the 3rd week of age.”

In the paper

“re-infections may occur throughout the suckling period”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009, Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Company, 9
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“Given that the lactogenic transmission lasts at least 5 weeks post partum, treating puppies at two, four, six and eight weeks of age, and then monthly until 6 months of age may suppress shedding of T. canis eggs in the whole period of puppy-hood.”

In the paper

“Prolonged daily administration of fenbendazole can reduce prenatal infection but such regimen is expensive and can suffer from lack of compliance by the owner [13,176].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [176] Barriga OO: A critical look at the importance, prevalence and control of toxocariasis and the possibilities of immunological control. Vet Parasitol. 1988, 29: 195-234. 10.1016/0304-4017(88)90126-4. source

In the paper

“practices across Europe have reported a high acceptance by dogs treated with the oral tablets containing emodepside [141]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [141] Altreuther G, Radeloff I, LeSueur C, Schimmel A, Krieger KJ: Field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and cestode infections in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105 (Suppl 1): S23-29. source

In the paper

“a recent study has shown the efficacy of two associations, i.e. milbemycin oxime-based (99.9%) and febantel/pyrantel -based (98.5%), in reducing shedding of Toxocara eggs [173]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [173] Schenker R, Cody R, Strehlau G, Alexander D, Junquera P: Comparative effects of milbemycin oxime-based and febantel-pyrantel embonate-based anthelmintic tablets on Toxocara canis egg shedding in naturally infected pups. Vet Parasitol. 2006, 137: 369-373. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.023. source

In the paper

“Flavoured chewable tablets containing milbemycin oxime presented also high acceptance by treated animals, going from 64% to 94.8% directly from the owners’ hand [141,169]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [141] Altreuther G, Radeloff I, LeSueur C, Schimmel A, Krieger KJ: Field evaluation of the efficacy and safety of emodepside plus praziquantel tablets (Profender tablets for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and cestode infections in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105 (Suppl 1): S23-29. source
• Not checked yetcites [169] ,: Palatability/Acceptability Trial of 3 Way and 2 Way Chewable Formulations in Dogs. Study NAH-02-0054. Final Report 0/24/04

In the paper

“adult cats may be often re-infected by T. leonina, especially if they go outside for hunting [17]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source

In the paper

“Also, they have the same susceptibility for patent infections as naïve patients when later re-exposed and even when repeatedly exposed to the parasite and having circulating antibodies vs ascarid surface antigens [52,53].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [52] Maizels RM, Meghji M: Repeated patent infection of adult dogs with Toxocara canis. J Helminthol. 1984, 58: 327-333. 10.1017/S0022149X00025219. source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Gates MC, Nolan TJ: Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 153-158. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.041. source

In the paper

“indocile or feral cats refusing oral formulations can be easily treated with the spot-on containing moxidectin or emodepside [171,172]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Traversa D, Di Cesare A, Milillo P, Lohr B, Iorio R, Pampurini F, Schaper R, Paoletti B, Heine J: Efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10 %/moxidectin 1 % spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105 (Suppl 1): S55-62. source
• Not checked yetcites [172] Traversa D, Milillo P, Di Cesare A, Lohr B, Iorio R, Pampurini F, Schaper R, Bartolini R, Heine J: Efficacy and safety of emodepside 2.1%/praziquantel 8.6% spot-on formulation in the treatment of feline aelurostrongylosis. Parasitol Res. 2009, 105( (Suppl 1): S83-89. source

In the paper

“intestinal nematodes may indeed infect adult pets”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source

In the paper

“worming four times a year does not necessarily eliminate patent infections”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites. [ www.esccap.org ]

In the paper

“The oral suspension containing emodepside and toltrazuril has an acceptance rated as good and medium in 90% and 9% respectively, in dogs treated in the multi-center study mentioned above [143]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [143] Altreuther G, Gasda N, Adler K, Hellmann K, Thurieau H, Schimmel A, Hutchens D, Krieger KJ: Field evaluations of the efficacy and safety of Emodepside plus toltrazuril (Procox® oral suspension for dogs) against naturally acquired nematode and Isospora spp. infections in dogs. Parasitol Res. 2011, 109: S21-28. 10.1007/s00436-011-2399-z. Suppl 1 source

In the paper

“Obviously, the same risk to of being infected by A. caninum is run by adult dogs when living or walking in contaminated areas.”

In the paper

“Regular “de-worming” or “worming”, an imprecise term but common in daily language today [13], is the basis for an effective chemoprophylaxis irrespective the age of the pet.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“the formulation containing moxidectin and imidacloprid has the advantage of the easy-to-apply dermal spot-on administration in parasitized dogs [170]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [170] Bianciardi P, Otranto D: Treatment of dog thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) using a topical formulation of imidacloprid 10% and moxidectin 2.5%. Vet Parasitol. 2005, 129: 89-93. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.020. source

In the paper

“at the moment there is only evidence of resistance to pyrantel in A. caninum[185]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [185] Kopp SR, Kotze AC, McCarthy JS, Coleman GT: High-level pyrantel resistance in the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 143: 299-304. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.036. source

In the paper

“a worming frequency of less than 3–4 times per year does not influence parasite prevalence [13,178]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Coati N, Hellmann K, Mencke N, Epe C: Recent investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cats from France and Germany. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90: 146-147. 10.1007/s00436-003-0921-7. source

In the paper

“Therefore, these categories present the same level of zoonotic risk, which may not be fully appreciated by pet owners [59,193-195].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Katagiri S, Oliveira-Sequeira TC: Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008, 55: 406-413. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x. source
• Not checked yetcites [193] Stehr-Green JK, Schantz PM: The impact of zoonotic diseases transmitted by pets on human health and the economy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1-15. source
• Not checked yetcites [194] McCarthy J, Moore TA: Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000, 30: 1351-1360. 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00122-3. source
• Not checked yetcites [195] Traub RJ, Monis PT, Robertson ID: Molecular epidemiology: a multidisciplinary approach to understanding parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2005, 35: 1295-1307. 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.008. source

In the paper

“a yearly incidence of 32% of T. canis infection has been found in dogs that received four anthelmintic treatments per year [51]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Sager H, Moret ChS, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B: Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res. 2006, 98: 333-338. 10.1007/s00436-005-0093-8. source

In the paper

“monthly worm treatment can largely prevent patent infections [177]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [177] European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites. [ www.esccap.org ]

In the paper

“The present very limited evidence of drug resistance in small animal parasites is likely due to the fact that pets are most often kept individually or in small numbers, thus dynamics of parasitic populations and influence on refugia is very different from what happens in livestock.”

In the paper

“the indiscriminate use of anthelmintics in concentrated groups of small animals (e.g. kennels, colonies, shelters, breeding facilities) might nurture the development of resistant nematodes [187]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [187] Irwin PJ: Companion animal parasitology: a clinical perspective. Int J Parasitol. 2002, 32: 581-593. 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00361-7. source

In the paper

“no impact on patent parasitic infections in pet populations has been found after annual or bi-annual anthelmintic treatments [51]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Sager H, Moret ChS, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B: Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res. 2006, 98: 333-338. 10.1007/s00436-005-0093-8. source

In the paper

“A year-round control program with molecules which can be monthly administered for the prevention of cardio-pulmonary nematodes, i.e. Dirofilaria immitis (e.g. ivermectin, moxidectin, milbemycin oxime) and Angiostrongylus vasorum (i.e. moxidectin), is powerful also to achieve a decrease in prevalence of intestinal nematodes [49,180].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Savilla TM, Joy JE, May JD, Somerville CC: Prevalence of dog intestinal nematode parasites in south central West Virginia, USA. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 178: 115-120. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.034. source
• Not checked yetcites [180] Asano K, Suzuki K, Matsumoto T, Sakai T, Asano R: Prevalence of dogs with intestinal parasites in Tochigi, Japan in 1979, 1991 and 2002. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 120: 243-248. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.009. source

In the paper

“symptoms caused by acute ancylostomosis due to sudden exposure to infective larvae in whelps and adults may appear about four days before egg shedding, thus making diagnosis very problematic [16,27]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009, Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Company, 9
• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“there is the first laboratory evidence that D. immitis can develop a degree, although yet to be established, of survival to certain parasiticides [186]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [186] Blagburn BL: Heartworms and resistance: Truth or fiction?. [ http://www.bayeranimalhealthsymposium.com/blagburn_heartworm.shtml ]. Bayer Animal Health New Developments in Parasitology Symposium, 2011

In the paper

“recent studies have proved high prevalence rates, at least for T. cati, also in pet household cats [182-184]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] López J, Abarca K, Paredes P, Inzunza E: Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats with gastrointestinal symptoms in Santiago, Chile. Rev Med Chil. 2006, 134: 193-200.
• Not checked yetcites [183] Miró G, Montoya A, Jiménez S, Frisuelos C, Mateo M, Fuentes I: Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray, farm and household cats in Spain. Vet Parasitol. 2004, 126: 249-255. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.08.015. source
• Not checked yetcites [184] Nutter FB, Dubey JP, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, Ford RB, Stoskopf MK: Seroprevalences of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp, Giardia spp, and Toxocara cati in feral and pet domestic cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004, 225: 1394-1398. 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1394. source

In the paper

“In this latter study more than a half of a Swiss canine population has been found to shed helminth eggs at least once in 1 year despite quarterly deworming.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Sager H, Moret ChS, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B: Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res. 2006, 98: 333-338. 10.1007/s00436-005-0093-8. source

In the paper

“the level of nematode transmission is higher in free-roaming cats than in cats which receive adequate sanitary care [181]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [181] Beelitz P, Göbel E, Gothe R: Fauna and incidence of endoparasites in kittens and their mothers from different husbandry situations in south Germany. Tierarztl Prax. 1992, 20: 297-300.

In the paper

“no significant differences in nematode infection in symptomatic dogs, compared with animals without clinical signs has been found [49,53,192]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Savilla TM, Joy JE, May JD, Somerville CC: Prevalence of dog intestinal nematode parasites in south central West Virginia, USA. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 178: 115-120. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.034. source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Gates MC, Nolan TJ: Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 153-158. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.041. source
• Not checked yetcites [192] Gates MC, Nolan TJ: Risk factors for endoparasitism in dogs: retrospective case–control study of 6578 veterinary teaching hospital cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2009, 50: 636-640. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00814.x. source

In the paper

“asymptomatic dogs are as likely to be infected as animals with clinical evidence.”

In the paper

“human syndromes caused by pet nematodes may lead to permanent damage [18,88]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Despommier D: Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16: 265-272. 10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. source

In the paper

“Several other local cases of CLM by unidentified hookworms have been described in Italy, Serbia, Germany, France and UK as well [26].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

In the paper

“this parasite has been introduced also in Europe and Asia with its natural wild host [200]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [200] Popiołek M, Szczęsna-Staśkiewicz J, Bartoszewicz M, Okarma H, Smalec B, Zalewski A: Helminth parasites of an introduced invasive carnivore species, the raccoon (Procyon lotor L.), from the Warta Mouth National Park (Poland). J Parasitol. 2011, 97: 357-360. 10.1645/GE-2525.1. source

In the paper

“despite the infection by Toxocara spp. is the most prevalent human helminthosis in some industrialized countries, public awareness of this syndrome is scant [201]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [201] Rubinstensky-Elefant G, Hirata CE, Yamamoto JH, Ferreira MU: Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2010, 104: 3-23. 10.1179/136485910X12607012373957. source

In the paper

“lack of education has been well documented also in veterinary professions [203-205]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [203] Harvey JB, Roberts JM, Schantz PM: Survey of veterinarians’ recommendations for treatment and control of intestinal parasites in dogs: public health implications. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991, 199: 702-707. source
• Not checked yetcites [204] Kornblatt AN, Schantz PM: Veterinary and public health considerations in canine roundworm control: a survey of practicing veterinarians. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1980, 177: 1212-1215. source
• Not checked yetcites [205] Overgaauw PAM: Effect of a government educational campaign in the Netherlands on awareness of Toxocara and toxocarosis. Prev Vet Med. 1996, 28: 165-174. 10.1016/0167-5877(96)01041-0. source

In the paper

“recurrence of parasites is possible, regardless of whether they undergo a control anthelmintic program or not [51,53]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [51] Sager H, Moret ChS, Grimm F, Deplazes P, Doherr MG, Gottstein B: Coprological study on intestinal helminths in Swiss dogs: temporal aspects of anthelminthic treatment. Parasitol Res. 2006, 98: 333-338. 10.1007/s00436-005-0093-8. source
• Not checked yetcites [53] Gates MC, Nolan TJ: Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats. Vet Parasitol. 2009, 166: 153-158. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.041. source

In the paper

“the vast majority of humans who ingest infective eggs of B. procyonis suffer from severe permanent neurological damage or even die [199]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [199] Pai PJ, Blackburn BG, Kazacos KR, Warrier RP, Bégué RE: Full recovery from Baylisascaris procyonis eosinophilic meningitis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007, 13: 928-930. 10.3201/eid1306.061541. source

In the paper

“CLM cases possibly by U. stenocephala and/or A. caninum have been recorded in the UK and New Zealand.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

In the paper

“Eggs of U. stenocephala (Figure 3) can be identified by their larger size [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Kalkofen UP: Hookworms of dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1341-1354. source

In the paper

“Another study performed in a developed area of Brazil has demonstrated that the majority of dog owners did not know about intestinal parasites, sources of infections, possible risk factors for zoonoses and focused prophylactic measures.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Katagiri S, Oliveira-Sequeira TC: Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008, 55: 406-413. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x. source

In the paper

“veterinarians are a more congruous source of knowledge on zoonoses than physicians [203]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [203] Harvey JB, Roberts JM, Schantz PM: Survey of veterinarians’ recommendations for treatment and control of intestinal parasites in dogs: public health implications. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991, 199: 702-707. source

In the paper

“A survey carried out in the UK has shown than less than the half of the people interviewed, including pet-owners and non-pet-owners, perceived the risk of transmission of nematodes from pets to humans.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [202] Wells DL: Public understanding of toxocariasis. Public Health. 2007, 121: 187-188. 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.016. source

In the paper

“no differences in hazard awareness was found between people who owned a pet and people who did not [202]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [202] Wells DL: Public understanding of toxocariasis. Public Health. 2007, 121: 187-188. 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.10.016. source