Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming

In the paper

“it has been demonstrated that pet ownership minimizes depression and that standard hygiene measures reduce at minimum the risk of acquiring zoonotic infections in this particular category [215,216]”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Public Health Role for Veterinarians (p. 2) reports that pet ownership was associated with fewer depressive symptoms among HIV-infected persons, particularly those with less human social support. It does not establish that pet ownership minimizes depression across all immunocompromised persons. The Guidelines (p. 2) say simple precautions can further reduce the risk of infection. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [215] Angulo FJ, Glaser CA, Juranek DD, Lappin MR, Regnery RL: Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1994, 205: 1711-1718. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Statement of the Problem (page not available) says pet ownership can benefit immunocompromised people and refers to steps to prevent zoonosis transmission. But the passages in our copy do not identify depression as a benefit or say that standard hygiene measures reduce infection risk; searches for depression and hygiene found no more specific support. (LLM, conf=0.77)

  cites [216] Wong SK, Feinstein LH, Heidmann P: Healthy pets, healthy people. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999, 215: 335-338. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Therefore, lactation may either cause or reinforce a patent infection in bitches, which provides another source of environmental contamination and infection for puppies [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“Pups become infected in utero by the second month of gestation, which result in egg shedding after a minimum period of about two weeks after birth [10,11].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [10] Lloyd S, Amersinghe PH, Soulsby EJL: Periparturient immunosuppression in the bitch and its influence on infection with Toxocara canis. J Small Anim Pract. 1983, 24: 237-247. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1983.tb00437.x. source
• Not checked yetcites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.

In the paper

“Indeed, the use of broad spectrum drugs, which are sold (often over-the-counter) in a plethora of formulations, carries the risk that leads the general public to minimize the importance of the “common intestinal worms” and to erode the importance of the veterinarian in controlling parasites”

In the paper

“Prepatency period is about 10–11 weeks [20,21].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r
• Not checked yetcites [21] Sprent JF: Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in the dog. Parasitology. 1958, 48: 184-209. 10.1017/S0031182000021168. source

In the paper

“These resting stages survive for years and are, in turn, reactivated during oestrus and in the last 2–3 weeks of pregnancy, when they are passed via the milk to the litter for at least 3 weeks after delivery [26,28-30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Stoye M: Galactogenic and prenatal Toxocara canis infections in dogs (Beagle). Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1976, 83: 107-108. in German
• Not checked yetcites [29] Stoye M: Biology, pathogenicity, diagnosis and control of Ancylostoma caninum. Dtsch Tierarztl Woch. 1992, 99: 315-321. in German
• Not checked yetcites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German

In the paper

“Among the most common hookworms, Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma tubaeforme are species-specific for dogs and cats respectively, while Ancylostoma brazilienseAncylostoma ceylanicum and Uncinaria stenocephala affect both species [7,17,22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [22] Prociv P: Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomosis). In Zoonoses. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 1

In the paper

“Dogs and cats of all ages can also acquire the infection by ingesting Toxocara embryonated eggs from the environment and eating paratenic hosts (e.g. invertebrates, ruminants, rodents, birds) harboring tissutal larvae [13,16-18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [16] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009, Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Company, 9
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source

In the paper

“but the infection does not occur in animals aged less than about 2 months.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r
• Not checked yetcites [21] Sprent JF: Observations on the development of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) in the dog. Parasitology. 1958, 48: 184-209. 10.1017/S0031182000021168. source

In the paper

“The prepatent period for toxocarosis by T. canis is at minimum 4–5 weeks after ingestion of embryonated eggs or resting larvae, and 2–3 weeks for prenatal infections”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Parsons JC: Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1307-1339. source
• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

In the paper

“The most important infectious stage is represented by filariform larvae present in the soil, which infect a suitable host by actively penetrating the skin (especially for Ancylostoma spp.) and/or via the oral route (i.e. Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria spp.) [7,13,22,27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [22] Prociv P: Zoonotic hookworm infections (Ancylostomosis). In Zoonoses. Edited by: Palmer SR, Soulsby EJL, Simpson DIH. 1998, Oxford, UK: Oxford Medical Publications, 1
• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“A third roundworm, Toxascaris leonina, affects both dogs and cats.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“In general A. caninumA. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala are spread especially in warm countries (Ancylostoma spp.) and in colder areas of temperate and subarctic regions (U. stenocephala) in both hemispheres; the remaining hookworms are most often present in sub-tropical and tropical countries [20,23-26].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r
• Not checked yetcites [23] Manning L, Chambers S, Paltridge G, Maurice P: Cutaneous larva migrans (hookworm) acquired in Christchurch. New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2006, 119: 1910-1913.
• Not checked yetcites [24] Palmer CS, Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Hobbs RP, Elliot A, While L, Rees R, Thompson RC: The veterinary and public health significance of hookworm in dogs and cats in Australia and the status of A. ceylanicum. Vet Parasitol. 2007, 145: 304-313. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.018. source
• Not checked yetcites [25] Traub RJ, Hobbs RP, Adams PJ, Behnke JM, Harris PD, Thompson RC: A case of mistaken identity reappraisal of the species of canid and felid hookworms (Ancylostoma) present in Australia and India. Parasitology. 2007, 134: 113-119. 10.1017/S0031182006001211. source
• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

In the paper

“This species is, in general, less diffuse than Toxocara spp., especially because transmissions via the placenta and mammary glands do not occur.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“while kittens start to shed T. cati eggs after about 7–8 weeks post infection [13,19,20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Parsons JC: Ascarid infections of cats and dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987, 17: 1307-1339. source
• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

In the paper

“The real truth is that pets are exposed to roundworm and hookworm infections throughout the year and for all their life.”

In the paper

“A bitch harbouring somatic larvae is infectious for three consecutive litters, although the larval output is reduced in each lactation [30-34].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [30] Bosse M, Manhardt J, Stoye M: Epidemiology and Control of neonatal Helminth Infections of the dog. Fortschr Vet Med. 1980, 30: 247-256. in German
• Not checked yetcites [31] Stoye M: Ascarid and Ancylostomatid infections of the dog. Tieraerztl Prax. 1983, 11: 229-243. in German
• Not checked yetcites [32] Stoye M: Ascarid and hookworm infections in the dog biology, epizootology and control. Berl Muench Tieraerzt Wschr. 1979, 92: 464-472. in German
• Not checked yetcites [33] Clapham PA: Canine hookworm disease. J Small Anim Pract. 1962, 3: 133-136. 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1962.tb04169.x. source
• Not checked yetcites [34] Stoye M: Studies on the possibility of prenatal and galactogenic infections with Ancylostoma caninum Ercolani 1859 (Ancylostomidae) in the dog. Zbl Vet Med B. 1973, 20: 1-39. in German source

In the paper

“First of all, the possibility of puppies and kittens being infected by their dam by transmammary and/or transplacental route/s is a powerful host-finding strategy.”

In the paper

“Prepatent period for A. caninumA. tubaeforme and U. stenocephala is about 2–3 weeks [7,17,20].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [20] Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL: Veterinary Parasitology. 2007, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 3r

In the paper

“In utero and lactogenic infections do not occur for A. tubaeforme, even though literature is scarce and the extent of milk transmission is stated to be not well known [7,17,27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [17] Bowman DD, Hendrix CM, Lindsay DS, Barr SC: Feline Clinical Parasitology. 2002, Iowa State University: Blackwell Science Company source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7

In the paper

“Ascarid eggs can survive for years in extreme environmental conditions, thus are available for ingestion at any time.”

In the paper

“Indeed, if in utero infection occurs at all, it is obfuscated by the lactogenic route and, in any case, prenatal transmission by A. caninum does not occur in all puppies from a litter [7,27,37-39].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [7] Anderson RC: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their development and transmission. 2000, Guilford: CABI, 2
• Not checked yetcites [27] Bowman DD: Georgi's Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2002, Saunders Company, 7
• Not checked yetcites [37] Enigk K, Stoye M: Studies of the pathway of infection of Ancylostoma caninum. Med Klin. 1968, 63: 1012-1017. in German
• Not checked yetcites [38] Soulsby EJL: Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. 1982, London, UK: Bailliere Tindall, 7
• Not checked yetcites [39] Miller TA: Vaccination against the canine hookworm diseases. Adv Parasitol. 1971, 9: 153-183. source

In the paper

“Also, pups have daily thousands epg counts for T. canis and animals often shed millions of hookworm eggs for weeks, thus causing a high environmental contamination.”

In the paper

“The need for a frequent parasiticide administration in pups is due to the continued exposition to re-infections, via the milk and the environment, and to the fact that they may already harbor migrating larvae after birth.”

In the paper

“Prolonged daily administration of fenbendazole can reduce prenatal infection but such regimen is expensive and can suffer from lack of compliance by the owner [13,176].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [176] Barriga OO: A critical look at the importance, prevalence and control of toxocariasis and the possibilities of immunological control. Vet Parasitol. 1988, 29: 195-234. 10.1016/0304-4017(88)90126-4. source

In the paper

“Patent ascaridosis may be detected in animals older than 3 years or more, and may also establish when infection occurs with a few larvated ova [11,46,54-56].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Lloyd S: Toxocara canis: the dog. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Edited by: Lewis JW, Maizels RM. 1993, London: British Society for Parasitology. Institute of Biology, 11-24.
• Not checked yetcites [46] Fahrion AS, Staebler S, Deplazes P: Patent Toxocara canis infections in previously exposed and in helminth-free dogs after infection with low numbers of embryonated eggs. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 108-115. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.11.022. source
• Not checked yetcites [54] Blagburn BL, Lindsay DS, Vaughan JL, Rippey NS, Wright JC, Lynn RC, Kelch WJ, Ritchie GC, Hepler DI: Prevalence of canine parasites based on fecal flotation. Comp Cont Ed. 1996, 18: 483-509.
• Not checked yetcites [55] Barutzki D, Schaper R: Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany 1999–2002. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90 (Suppl 3): S148-150. source
• Not checked yetcites [56] Roddie G, Stafford P, Holland C, Wolfe A: Contamination of dog hair with eggs of Toxocara canis. Vet Parasitol. 2008, 152: 85-93. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.008. source

In the paper

“Despite the absence of label claims, such an approach could lead to increased compliance of the owners [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“These cats are also more susceptible to infection by A. tubaeforme, because they can eat contaminated grass or larvae while grooming, or because larvae can penetrate their skin when they are outdoors.”

In the paper

“the vast majority of dogs aged less that 6 weeks are infected by intestinal roundworms, although they may score negative at the copromicroscopic examination [6,191]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] Robertson ID, Thompson RC: Enteric parasitic zoonoses of domesticated dogs and cats. Microbes Infect. 2002, 4: 867-873. 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01607-6. source
• Not checked yetcites [191] Holland CV, O'Lorcain P, Taylor MR, Kelly A: Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitology. 1995, 110 (5): 535-545. 10.1017/S0031182000065252. source

In the paper

“the monthly treatment approach appears to have several benefits, especially when performed with a macrolactone, which can accomplish the suppression of most important parasitic nematodes affecting pets [179]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [179] Deplazes P: Helminthosen von Hund und Katze. In Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie. Edited by: Schnyder T. 2006, Stuttgart: Parey, 444-518.

In the paper

“A minimum number of 4 administrations per year or treatments at intervals of 4–6 weeks can be effective in preventing most patent infections”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source
• Not checked yetcites [178] Coati N, Hellmann K, Mencke N, Epe C: Recent investigation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cats from France and Germany. Parasitol Res. 2003, 90: 146-147. 10.1007/s00436-003-0921-7. source

In the paper

“Pets are usually treated individually, thus most roundworms and hookworms in a given area escape from the treatment and remain in the refugium[13]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Epe C: Intestinal nematodes: biology and control. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2009, 39: 1091-1107. 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.07.002. vi-vii source

In the paper

“autochthonous reports of CLM have been reported from countries where the tropical A. braziliense is absent, thus these cases are considered “unexpected” [26].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [26] Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR: Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 162-167. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.005. source

In the paper

“direct contact with infected pets presents no relevant risk in the transmission of intestinal nematodes and there is no association between pet ownership and infection occurrence [78,79]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] Overgaauw PAM: Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: toxocarosis in dogs and cats. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997, 23: 233-251. 10.3109/10408419709115138. source
• Not checked yetcites [79] Overgaauw PAM: Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1997, 23: 215-231. 10.3109/10408419709115137. source

In the paper

“Therefore, the high presence of zoonotic species in owned dogs of the studied region, along with the lack of information known by owners, endorse that the risk of zoonotic infection by canine intestinal nematodes may be indeed high [59].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [59] Katagiri S, Oliveira-Sequeira TC: Prevalence of dog intestinal parasites and risk perception of zoonotic infection by dog owners in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008, 55: 406-413. 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01163.x. source

In the paper

“owning companion animals is vital for the majority of families, especially when children and the elderly are present [212,214]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [212] Beck AM, Meyers NM: Health enhancement and companion animal ownership. Annu Rev Public Health. 1996, 17: 247-257. 10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001335. source
• Not checked yetcites [214] Robertson ID, Irwin PJ, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RCA: The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 2000, 30: 1369-1377. 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00134-X. source

In the paper

“coprophagy is relatively common in dogs, thus the presence of eggs in stool samples after treatment could often be due not to failure of treatments but rather to ingestion of their own defecation or other animals’ faeces [84]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Nagy A, Ziadinov I, Schweiger A, Schnyder M, Deplazes P: Hair coat contamination with zoonotic helminth eggs of farm and pet dogs and foxes. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2011, 124: 503-511. in German

In the paper

“those who own a pet have been shown to display reduction in blood pressure and cholesterol levels, require less medical care, and it has also been reported that there is an improvement of life quality and quick recovery after heartbreaking events [209-213]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [209] Headey B, Krause P: Health benefits and potential budgets savings due to pets, Australian and German results. A Aust Social Mon. 1999, 2: 4-6.
• Not checked yetcites [210] Wilson CC: The pet as an anxiolytic intervention. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991, 179: 482-489. 10.1097/00005053-199108000-00006. source
• Not checked yetcites [211] Friedmann E, Thomas SA: Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol. 1995, 76: 1213-1217. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80343-9. source
• Not checked yetcites [212] Beck AM, Meyers NM: Health enhancement and companion animal ownership. Annu Rev Public Health. 1996, 17: 247-257. 10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001335. source
• Not checked yetcites [213] Paul M, King L, Carlin EP: Zoonoses of people and their pets: a US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 153-154. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.008. source

In the paper

“Public parks may be highly contaminated by eggs of T. canis, while sand-boxes and sand-pits by those of T. cati[18,88,90,207,208].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Lee CY, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD: Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 155-161. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.002. source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Despommier D: Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003, 16: 265-272. 10.1128/CMR.16.2.265-272.2003. source
• Not checked yetcites [90] Holland CV, Smith HV: Toxocara: The Enigmatic Parasite. 2006, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing source
• Not checked yetcites [207] Tharaldsen J: Parasitic organisms from dogs and cats in sandpits from nursery schools in Oslo. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift. 1982, 94: 251-254.
• Not checked yetcites [208] Jansen J, Van Knapen F: Toxocara eggs in public parks and sandboxes in Utrecht. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 1993, 118: 611-614.

In the paper

“In Canada less than the half of practitioners working in small animal practices declared that they talked with pet-owners about the zoonotic risk of pet endoparasites, while the remaining did so only under particular circumstances or did not at all [206].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [206] Stull JW, Carr AP, Chomel BB, Berghaus RD, Hird DW: Small animal deworming protocols, client education, and veterinarian perception of zoonotic parasites in western Canada. Can Vet J. 2007, 48: 269-276.

In the paper

“parasitic zoonoses are too often neglected or underappreciated, and may be mismanaged or underdiagnosed by both veterinarians and physicians [213]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [213] Paul M, King L, Carlin EP: Zoonoses of people and their pets: a US perspective on significant pet-associated parasitic diseases. Trends Parasitol. 2010, 26: 153-154. 10.1016/j.pt.2010.01.008. source

In the paper

“the present climate changes and global warming supports the need for a continuous global worming, given that faster egg embryonation and increased over-wintering of infectious elements in the environment will likely increase the spread of helminths affecting companion animals and humans in several areas of the World, as recently hypothesized for sub-Arctic and Arctic regions [221].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [221] Jenkins EJ, Schurer JM, Gesy KM: Old problems on a new playing field: Helminth zoonoses transmitted among dogs, wildlife, and people in a changing northern climate. Vet Parasitol. 2011, 182: 54-69. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.015. source

In the paper

“roundworms and hookworms remain today the most diffused nematodes affecting pets around the world and they still cause zoonotic infections in humans.”