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Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to provide guidelines to clinicians for the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency with an emphasis on the care of patients who are at risk for deficiency. PARTICIPANTS: The Task Force was composed of a Chair, six additional experts, and a methodologist. The Task Force received no corporate funding or remuneration. CONSENSUS PROCESS: Consensus was guided by systematic reviews of evidence and discussions during several conference calls and e-mail communications. The draft prepared by the Task Force was reviewed successively by The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee, Clinical Affairs Core Committee, and cosponsoring associations, and it was posted on The Endocrine Society web site for member review. At each stage of review, the Task Force received written comments and incorporated needed changes. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that vitamin D deficiency is very common in all age groups and that few foods contain vitamin D, the Task Force recommended supplementation at suggested daily intake and tolerable upper limit levels, depending on age and clinical circumstances. The Task Force also suggested the measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level by a reliable assay as the initial diagnostic test in patients at risk for deficiency. Treatment with either vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) was recommended for deficient patients. At the present time, there is not sufficient evidence to recommend screening individuals who are not at risk for deficiency or to prescribe vitamin D to attain the noncalcemic benefit for cardiovascular protection.
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Stewart, P. A., Hyman, S. L., Schmidt, B. L., Macklin, E. A., Reynolds, A., Johnson, C. R., James, S. J., & Manning-Courtney, P. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.026 · Cited by 87
Low levels of 25(OH)D and insulin-resistance: 2 unrelated features or a cause-effect in PCOS?
Muscogiuri, G., Policola, C., Prioletta, A., Sorice, G., Mezza, T., Lassandro, A., Della Casa, S., Pontecorvi, A., & Giaccari, A. (2012) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.010 · Cited by 86
Hassan-Smith, Z. K., Jenkinson, C., Smith, D. J., Hernandez, I., Morgan, S. A., Crabtree, N. J., Gittoes, N. J., Keevil, B. G., Stewart, P. M., & Hewison, M. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170665 · Cited by 84
Efficacy of high-dose vitamin D supplements for elite athletes
OWENS, D. J., TANG, J. C. Y., BRADLEY, W. J., SPARKS, A. S., FRASER, W. D., MORTON, J. P., & CLOSE, G. L. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001105 · Cited by 84
Chen, X., Wan, Z., Geng, T., Zhu, K., Li, R., Lu, Q., Lin, X., Liu, S., Chen, L., Guo, Y., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-0513 · Cited by 84
Boyle, V. T., Thorstensen, E. B., Mourath, D., Jones, M. B., McCowan, L. M. E., Kenny, L. C., & Baker, P. N. (2016) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114516003202 · Cited by 82
Bener, A., Khattab, A., & Al-Dabbagh, M. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences · doi:10.4103/1817-1745.147574 · Cited by 80
Smoking is a significant determinant of low serum vitamin D in young and middle-aged healthy males
Kassi, E. N., Stavropoulos, S., Kokkoris, P., Galanos, A., Moutsatsou, P., Dimas, C., Papatheodorou, A., Zafeiris, C., & Lyritis, G. (2015) · Hormones · doi:10.14310/horm.2002.1521 · Cited by 79
Farrokhyar, F., Sivakumar, G., Savage, K., Koziarz, A., Jamshidi, S., Ayeni, O. R., Peterson, D., & Bhandari, M. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4 · Cited by 76
Alvarez, J. A., Chowdhury, R., Jones, D. P., Martin, G. S., Brigham, K. L., Binongo, J. N., Ziegler, T. R., & Tangpricha, V. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12449 · Cited by 74
“Nutraceuticals” in relation to human skeletal muscle and exercise
Deane, C. S., Wilkinson, D. J., Phillips, B. E., Smith, K., Etheridge, T., & Atherton, P. J. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00230.2016 · Cited by 73
Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Sunlight or Oral D3 on Exercise Performance
CARSWELL, A. T., OLIVER, S. J., WENTZ, L. M., KASHI, D. S., ROBERTS, R., TANG, J. C. Y., IZARD, R. M., JACKSON, S., ALLAN, D., RHODES, L. E., et al. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001721 · Cited by 73
Vitamin D in the general population of young adults with autism in the faroe islands
Kočovská, E., Andorsdóttir, G., Weihe, P., Halling, J., Fernell, E., Stóra, T., Biskupstø, R., Gillberg, I. C., Shea, R., Billstedt, E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2155-1 · Cited by 64
Vitamin D status is associated with physical performance: the results of three independent cohorts
Sohl, E., de Jongh, R. T., Heijboer, A. C., Swart, K. M. A., Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M., Enneman, A. W., de Groot, C. P. G. M., van der Velde, N., Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M., Lips, P., et al. (2013) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-012-2124-5 · Cited by 62
Savanelli, M. C., Scarano, E., Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Vuolo, L., Rubino, M., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Di Somma, C. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0779-3 · Cited by 59
Alternative Dietary Patterns for Americans: Low-Carbohydrate Diets
Volek, J. S., Phinney, S. D., Krauss, R. M., Johnson, R. J., Saslow, L. R., Gower, B., Yancy, W. S., King, J. C., Hecht, F. M., Teicholz, N., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103299 · Cited by 57
Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women
Méndez-Sánchez, L., Clark, P., Winzenberg, T. M., Tugwell, P., Correa-Burrows, P., & Costello, R. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012664.pub2 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Holick, M. F., Binkley, N. C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., Murad, M. H., & Weaver, C. M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1911-1930
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2153059487
- Cited by
- 10,538
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 312.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.