The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Attention and Effort
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670
Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b
Polich, J. (2007) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019 · Cited by 7,919
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
A perspective on judgment and choice: mapping bounded rationality.
Kahneman, D. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.9.697 · Cited by 5,540
Self-citationHalf a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500
The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning1
SCHMIDT, R. W. (1990) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/11.2.129 · Cited by 5,435
Attention to Action: Willed and Automatic Control of Behavior
Norman, D. A., & Shallice, T. (1986) · Consciousness and Self-Regulation · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1 · Cited by 4,455
A capacity theory of comprehension: individual differences in working memory
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.122 · Cited by 4,153
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991
Self-citationThe unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699
Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating?
Donchin, E., & Coles, M. G. H. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00058027 · Cited by 3,585
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476
Self-citationToward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466
Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory
Pashler, H. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220 · Cited by 3,112
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078
Exploring the Black Box: An Analysis of Work Group Diversity, Conflict and Performance
Pelled, L. H., Eisenhardt, K. M., & Xin, K. R. (1999) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667029 · Cited by 2,971
Automatic and effortful processes in memory.
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356 · Cited by 2,812
The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation.
Loewenstein, G. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.75 · Cited by 2,738
Multiple resources and performance prediction
Wickens, C. D. (2002) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/14639220210123806 · Cited by 2,621
Berridge, C. W., & Waterhouse, B. D. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(03)00143-7 · Cited by 2,529
Neuronal Synchrony: A Versatile Code for the Definition of Relations?
Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80821-1 · Cited by 2,581
On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control
Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.295 · Cited by 2,590
DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74 · Cited by 2,479
On data-limited and resource-limited processes
Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90004-3 · Cited by 2,403
Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.025 · Cited by 2,349
The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101 · Cited by 2,309
“Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment.”
Dawes, R. M., Faust, D., & Meehl, P. E. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2648573 · Cited by 2,298
Multiple Resources and Mental Workload
Wickens, C. D. (2008) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x288394 · Cited by 2,164
Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility-a model and taxonomy
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.253 · Cited by 1,970
Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.
Beatty, J. (1982) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276 · Cited by 1,959
Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model
Eriksen, C. W., & St. James, J. D. (1986) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03211502 · Cited by 1,907
On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity
Kok, A. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201990559 · Cited by 1,766
Harvey, A. G. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00061-4 · Cited by 1,790
Robert J. Hockey, G. (1997) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(96)05223-4 · Cited by 1,753
Eye fixations and cognitive processes
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1976) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90015-3 · Cited by 1,730
Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017286 · Cited by 1,722
Roccas, S., & Brewer, M. B. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_01 · Cited by 1,696
Pain demands attention: A cognitive–affective model of the interruptive function of pain.
Eccleston, C., & Crombez, G. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.356 · Cited by 1,718
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189 · Cited by 1,679
The Hot Hand in Basketball: On the Misperception of Random Sequences
Gilovich, T., Vallone, R., & Tversky, A. (1985) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(85)90010-6 · Cited by 1,649
Foxe, J. J., & Snyder, A. C. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00154 · Cited by 1,558
An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
Kurzban, R., Duckworth, A., Kable, J. W., & Myers, J. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · Cited by 1,381
The relationships among working memory, math anxiety, and performance
Ashcraft, M. H., & Kirk, E. P. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.224 · Cited by 1,445
How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?
Pessoa, L. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.01.006 · Cited by 1,286
Brehm, J. W., & Self, E. A. (1989) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.000545 · Cited by 1,292
Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention.
Pribram, K. H., & McGuinness, D. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0076780 · Cited by 1,208
On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure?
Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.701 · Cited by 1,201
Efklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211
Support theory: a nonextensional representation of subjective probability
Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.547 · Cited by 1,167
Emotional stress and eyewitness memory: A critical review
Christianson, S.-Å. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.2.284 · Cited by 1,174
The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: a meta-regression analysis
Lambourne, K., & Tomporowski, P. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.091 · Cited by 1,105
Edwards, S. M., Li, H., & Lee, J.-H. (2002) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2002.10673678 · Cited by 1,053
Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model
Ingram, R. E. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.156 · Cited by 1,056
Working Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs?
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 · Cited by 969
Capacity limits of information processing in the brain
Marois, R., & Ivanoff, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.04.010 · Cited by 928
Pupillometry: A Window to the Preconscious?
Laeng, B., Sirois, S., & Gredebäck, G. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611427305 · Cited by 921
Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self-Regulation
Kaplan, S., & Berman, M. G. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691609356784 · Cited by 905
Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement
Oken, B. S., Salinsky, M. C., & Elsas, S. M. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.017 · Cited by 887
Coull, J. T. (1998) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00011-2 · Cited by 882
The effects of emotion on attention: A review of attentional processing of emotional information
Yiend, J. (2010) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903205698 · Cited by 891
Towards a model of stress and human performance
Sanders, A. F. (1983) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(83)90016-1 · Cited by 878
Exercise and Children’s Intelligence, Cognition, and Academic Achievement
Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9057-0 · Cited by 874
Analysis of the elements of attention: A neuropsychological approach
Mirsky, A. F., Anthony, B. J., Duncan, C. C., Ahearn, M. B., & Kellam, S. G. (1991) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01109051 · Cited by 874
Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention
Lavie, N., & Tsal, Y. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213897 · Cited by 870
Pupil fluctuations track fast switching of cortical states during quiet wakefulness
Reimer, J., Froudarakis, E., Cadwell, C. R., Yatsenko, D., Denfield, G. H., & Tolias, A. S. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.033 · Cited by 717
“Responses to external stimuli are strongly modulated by the brain’s internal dynamics, which are organized around characteristic states that vary with arousal, attention, and behavioral context (Harris and Thiele, 2011; Iriki et al., 1996; Kahneman, 1973; Lee and Dan, 2012).”
Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning
Wulf, G., & Shea, C. H. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196276 · Cited by 829
On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.672 · Cited by 840
Speech recognition in adverse conditions: A review.
Mattys, S. L., Davis, M. H., Bradlow, A. R., & Scott, S. K. (2012) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2012.705006 · Cited by 809
THE SPLIT‐ATTENTION EFFECT AS A FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF INSTRUCTION
CHANDLER, P., & SWELLER, J. (1992) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01017.x · Cited by 767
Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework.
Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.2.219 · Cited by 760
Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1082 · Cited by 758
Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030694 · Cited by 746
A Functional-Design Approach to Motivation and Self-Regulation
Kuhl, J. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50034-2 · Cited by 736
Miron, E., Erez, M., & Naveh, E. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.237 · Cited by 736
In Google We Trust: Users’ Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance
Pan, B., Hembrooke, H., Joachims, T., Lorigo, L., Gay, G., & Granka, L. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00351.x · Cited by 715
Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers
Sana, F., Weston, T., & Cepeda, N. J. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003 · Cited by 707
Thoughts beyond words: When language overshadows insight.
Schooler, J. W., Ohlsson, S., & Brooks, K. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.166 · Cited by 694
In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning
Fried, C. B. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.006 · Cited by 678
Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2008) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840802287218 · Cited by 663
Virtual reality as an adjunctive pain control during burn wound care in adolescent patients
Hoffman, H. G., Doctor, J. N., Patterson, D. R., Carrougher, G. J., & Furness, T. A. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00275-4 · Cited by 651
Novelty and collective attention
Wu, F., & Huberman, B. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0704916104 · Cited by 608
Shadlen, M. N., & Movshon, J. A. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80822-3 · Cited by 606
The effectiveness of celebrity endorsements: a meta-analysis
Knoll, J., & Matthes, J. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0503-8 · Cited by 601
Hoffman, H. G., Chambers, G. T., Meyer, W. J., Arceneaux, L. L., Russell, W. J., Seibel, E. J., Richards, T. L., Sharar, S. R., & Patterson, D. R. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9248-7 · Cited by 599
At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s disease.
Albers, M. W., Gilmore, G. C., Kaye, J., Murphy, C., Wingfield, A., Bennett, D. A., Boxer, A. L., Buchman, A. S., Cruickshanks, K. J., Devanand, D. P., et al. (2015) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514 · Cited by 589
Aftereffects of stress on human performance and social behavior: a review of research and theory.
Cohen, S. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.1.82 · Cited by 571
More attention must be paid: The neurobiology of attentional effort
Sarter, M., Gehring, W. J., & Kozak, R. (2006) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.002 · Cited by 552
Craik, F. I. M., & Byrd, M. (1982) · Aging and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_11 · Cited by 566
Lupien, S. J., Gillin, C. J., & Hauger, R. L. (1999) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.113.3.420 · Cited by 561
Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics from Social Media
Bode, L. (2016) · Mass Communication and Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1045149 · Cited by 545
The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems.
Andrews, P. W., & Thomson, J. A. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0016242 · Cited by 549
The Temporal Correlation Hypothesis of Visual Feature Integration
Gray, C. M. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80820-x · Cited by 541
Hunt, E. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.2.109 · Cited by 540
Attention and automaticity in the processing of self-relevant information.
Bargh, J. A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.425 · Cited by 536
McGarrigle, R., Munro, K. J., Dawes, P., Stewart, A. J., Moore, D. R., Barry, J. G., & Amitay, S. (2014) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2014.890296 · Cited by 532
Automatic and effortful processing in depression.
Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.2.247 · Cited by 523
McMorris, T., & Hale, B. J. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.001 · Cited by 516
Misplaced Confidences: Privacy and the Control Paradox
Brandimarte, L., Acquisti, A., & Loewenstein, G. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612455931 · Cited by 522
Metadata
- Authors
- Egeth, H., & Kahneman, D.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- University of Illinois Press
- Published
- 1975-06
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 339
- ISSN
- 0002-9556 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094136133
- Cited by
- 6,972
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 54.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.