Cited by 1,582Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsBlood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 498 of the 501 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; 2 of the 375 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Open accessCatapano, Alberico L., Graham, Ian, De Backer, Guy, Wiklund, Olov, Chapman, M. John, Drexel, Heinz, Hoes, Arno W., Jennings, Catriona S., Landmesser, Ulf, Pedersen, Terje R., Reiner, Željko, Riccardi, Gabriele, Taskinen, Marja-Riita, Tokgozoglu, Lale, Verschuren, W.M. Monique, Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, Wood, David A., Zamorano, Jose Luis·2016·Atherosclerosis
Verified 2026-10-08 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This 2016 ESC/EAS guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for managing dyslipidaemias, emphasizing LDL-C as the primary treatment target with risk-stratified goals. It recommends lifestyle modification plus statins first-line, with ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, fibrates, and other agents in specific clinical settings.
Key findings
- LDL-C goals are risk-stratified: very high risk <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) and ≥50% reduction from baseline if >1.8 mmol/L; high risk <2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and ≥50% reduction if >2.6 mmol/L; moderate risk <3.0 mmol/L (115 mg/dL). Secondary targets include non-HDL-C <2.6/3.4 mmol/L and apoB <80/100 mg/dL for very high/high risk.
- In the CTT meta-analysis of >170,000 participants and 26 statin RCTs, each 1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) LDL-C reduction gave a 10% proportional reduction in all-cause mortality, 20% reduction in CAD death, 23% reduction in major coronary events, and 17% reduction in stroke.
- IMPROVE-IT randomized 18,144 patients after ACS; over 7 years, 170 fewer events occurred with simvastatin plus ezetimibe vs simvastatin alone (32.7% vs 34.7%, P=0.016), with average LDL-C 1.8 vs 1.4 mmol/L and a 21% reduction in ischaemic stroke (P=0.008). PCSK9 inhibitors lower LDL-C by ~50–70%.
- Lifestyle evidence includes PREDIMED, where a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced major CV events by almost 30%; phytosterols at 2 g/day lower TC and LDL-C by 7–10%; and pharmacological n-3 fatty acids at 2–3 g/day reduce TGs up to 30%.
Methods
- This is a joint ESC/EAS Task Force guideline, not a primary study. It used a comprehensive review of published evidence, critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and graded recommendations by class and level of evidence.
- The evidence base includes RCTs, meta-analyses, observational studies, genetic data, and estimates of expected health outcomes for larger populations where data exist.
- Recommendations were developed by selected experts, reviewed by the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines and EAS-appointed experts, and approved by the Task Force.
Limitations
- The Task Force states that RCTs have not systematically examined different LDL-C goals, so the choice of any target goal is open to debate; monitoring recommendations stem from consensus rather than evidence-based medicine.
- The paper states that evidence for lowering elevated TGs is still modest and primarily derived from subgroup or post hoc analyses, and that evidence on functional foods is incomplete, with no diet-based intervention trials of sufficient duration.
- Evident from the text: as a guideline, it synthesizes heterogeneous evidence and many recommendations rely on expert consensus and class grading rather than a single definitive trial.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Crossref · 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018
Cites
498 of 499 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable
Statistics
Nothing to recompute.
Verification
Claims the paper makes
288 Not checked yet · 71 No basis given · 36 Own interpretation · 2 Supported · 1 Own result
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-HDL-C has been shown to have a strong predictive power”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several prospective studies have shown that apoB is equal to LDL-C and non-HDL-C in risk prediction.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The causative role of HDL-C for protection against CVD has been questioned in several studies utilizing Mendelian randomization.87,89,91,92”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Sarwar, 2010, Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Holmes, 2015, Mendelian randomization of blood lipids for coronary heart disease, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [91] Haase, 2010, Genetically elevated apolipoprotein A-I, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and risk of ischemic heart disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [92] Voight, 2012, Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomisation study, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a number of meta-analyses, TGs has been shown to be an independent risk factor.96,97”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Sarwar, 2007, Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Hokanson, 1996, Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies, J Cardiovasc Risk source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several analyses have been published comparing these variables in risk algorithms, but data are inconclusive.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 83e85
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In general, comparisons between calculated and direct LDL-C show good agreement.81”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Knopfholz, 2014, Validation of the Friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome, Cholesterol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Very high levels of HDL-C have consistently not been found to be associated with atheroprotection.90”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90] Di Angelantonio, 2009, Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, clinical trial evidence is lacking on the effectiveness of intervening in these variables to reduce CV risk further.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this, there has not been an RCT to support the AHA/ACC recommendation for the use of high-dose statins in all high-risk people regardless of baseline LDL-C level.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is considerable individual variability in the LDL-C response to dietary and drug treatments, 61 which is traditionally taken to support a tailored approach to management.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Boekholdt, 2014, Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Antisense drugs targeting the Lp(a) gene reduce the circulating levels of this protein by up to 80%.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, in another meta-analysis of LDL-C, non-HDL-C and apoB, the latter was superior as a marker of CV risk.103”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Sniderman, 2011, A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is also evidence suggesting that lowering LDL-C beyond the goals that were set in the previous EAS/ESC guidelines is associated with fewer CVD events.126”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] Hsia, 2011, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The benefits related to LDL-C reduction are not specific for statin therapy.63”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In order to get an overall estimate of the impact of dietary modifications on the CV risk, different meta-analyses have been performed, sometimes with inconsistent outcomes.135,136”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135] Chowdhury, 2014, Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [136] Mozaffarian, 2010, Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, PLoS Med source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“low HDL-C is associated with excess events and mortality in CAD patients, even when LDL-C is <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent data from a meta-analysis 83,90 indicate that apoB does not provide any benefit beyond non-HDL-C or traditional lipid ratios.101”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Di Angelantonio, 2012, Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction, JAMA
- Not checked yetcites [90] Di Angelantonio, 2009, Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [101] Ingelsson, 2007, Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women, JAMA source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and nicotinic acid reduce Lp(a) by ~30%.115e117”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 115e117
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An effect on CVD events targeting Lp(a) has not been shown.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, no specific goals for HDL-C or TG levels have been determined in clinical trials”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Including Lp(a) in risk evaluation has been shown to give a correct reclassification 113,114”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Willeit, 2014, Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [114] Kamstrup, 2013, Extreme lipoprotein(a) levels and improved cardiovascular risk prediction, J Am Coll Cardiol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No level of LDL-C below which benefit ceases or harm occurs has been defined.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, apoB provided no benefit beyond traditional lipid markers in people with diabetes in the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study.102”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Taskinen, 2010, Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Habitual consumption of significant amounts (>10% energy) of dietary fructose contributes to TG elevations, particularly in people with HTG.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased carbohydrate consumption as an isocaloric substitution for fat is associated with a significant decrease in HDL-C [0.01 mmol/L (0.4 mg/dL) for every 1% energy substitution].”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The impact of fructose/sucrose intake on HDL-C does not seem different from that of other refined carbohydrates.158,159”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Stanhope, 2009, Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans, J Clin Invest source
- Not checked yetcites [159] Kelishadi, 2014, Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrition source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even smaller is the reduction of LDL-C levels induced by regular physical exercise.150,169”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Shaw, 2006, Exercise for overweight or obesity, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- Not checked yetcites [169] Huffman, 2012, Exercise effects on lipids in persons with varying dietary patterns-does diet matter if they exercise? Responses in Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise I, Am Heart J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight reduction has a beneficial influence on HDL-C levels: a 0.01 mmol/L (0.4 mg/dL) increase is observed for every kilogram decrease in body weight when weight reduction has stabilized.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A positive relationship exists between dietary cholesterol and CAD mortality, which is partly independent of TC levels.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several experimental studies in humans have evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol absorption and lipid metabolism and have revealed marked variability among individuals.167,168”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [167] Griffin, 2013, Dietary cholesterol and plasma lipoprotein profiles: randomized-controlled trials, Curr Nutr Rep source
- Not checked yetcites [168] Ordovas, 2009, Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk: tools for primary prevention, Am J Clin Nutr source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This latter dietary pattern has been proven in RCTs to be effective in reducing CV diseases in primary and secondary prevention.137,138”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [138] de Lorgeril, 1999, Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study, Circulation source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this respect, it is relevant that a meta-analysis of the relationship between improvement of the plasma lipoprotein profile and the rate of CV events has demonstrated that non-HDL-C lowering translates into a reduction in risk independent of the mechanisms (statins, resins, diet and ileal bypass) involved.131”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Robinson, 2009, Meta-analysis of the relationship between non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and coronary heart disease risk, J Am Coll Cardiol source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regular physical exercise reduces plasma TG levels over and above the effect of weight reduction.150,169,176”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [150] Shaw, 2006, Exercise for overweight or obesity, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
- Not checked yetcites [169] Huffman, 2012, Exercise effects on lipids in persons with varying dietary patterns-does diet matter if they exercise? Responses in Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise I, Am Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [176] Kraus, 2002, Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A high monounsaturated fat diet significantly improves insulin sensitivity compared with a high saturated fat diet.170”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Vessby, 2001, Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: the KANWU Study, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Alcohol intake has a major impact on TG levels.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the dietary patterns that have been more extensively evaluated are the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, particularly in relation to blood pressure control, and the Mediterranean diet”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Eckel, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary carbohydrate is 'neutral' on LDL-C”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dietary fibre (particularly of the soluble type), which is present in legumes, fruits, vegetables, and wholegrain cereals (oats, barley), has a direct hypocholesterolaemic effect.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A more relevant hypotriglyceridaemic effect is observed when saturated fat is replaced by n-6 PUFA.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, n-3 fatty acids have limited (<5%) or no effect on HDL-C levels.156,172”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Rivellese, 2003, Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects, Atherosclerosis source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Jacobson, 2012, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: a review, J Clin Lipidol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are the dietary factor with the greatest impact on LDL-C levels (0.02e0.04 mmol/L or 0.8e1.6 mg/dL of LDL-C increase for every additional 1% energy coming from saturated fat).165”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This goes in parallel with a reduction in TG levels, mostly in the postprandial period.171”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] Rivellese, 2008, Effects of monounsaturated vs. saturated fat on postprandial lipemia and adipose tissue lipases in type 2 diabetes, Clin Nutr source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the major drawback of their excessive consumption is represented by untoward effects on plasma TGs and on HDL-C levels.165”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An even more marked hypolipidaemic effect occurs when weight reduction is more relevant, as observed in severely obese patients who undergo bariatric surgery.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Body weight reduction, even if modest (5e10% of basal body weight), improves lipid abnormalities and favourably affects the other CV risk factors often present in dyslipidaemic individuals.147”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Dattilo, 1992, Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not enough data are available to make a recommendation regarding the optimal n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratio.182,183”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Measurements of waist circumference >80 cm for women of any ethnicity and >94 cm for men of European ancestry or >90 cm for men of Asian origin indicate the presence of abdominal adiposity, even in people of normal weight (Table 14).180”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180] Alberti, 2009, Circulation source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the trans fatty acids produced in the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils account for 80% of total intake, the food industry has an important role in decreasing the trans fatty acid content of the food supply.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Smoking cessation may also contribute to HDL-C elevation, provided that weight gain is prevented; this is often observed soon after quitting smoking.163”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] Maeda, 2003, The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis, Prev Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry, statin use was associated with an ~18% lower rate of adverse limb outcomes.408”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [408] Kumbhani, 2014, Statin therapy and long-term adverse limb outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the REACH registry, Eur Heart J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an RCT comparing atorvastatin 20 mg with placebo, the composite endpoint of cardiac death, MI, stroke and unstable angina was significantly reduced in 100 patients undergoing vascular non-cardiac surgery, including abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. 417”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [417] Durazzo, 2004, Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial, J Vasc Surg source
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fenofibrate reduces the progression of diabetic retinopathy.413,414”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413] Keech, 2007, Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [414] Chew, 2010, Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews, 416 mostly based on retrospective nonrandomized studies, have reported that there is still inconclusive evidence that statin therapy reduces perioperative CV morbidity and mortality.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [416] Paraskevas, 2006, Can statins reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac vascular surgery?, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of RCTs enrolling >90 000 patients, Amarenco et al. 410 reported that statin therapy leads to a 21% reduction in the incidence of all strokes in different populations”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410] Amarenco, 2004, Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis, Stroke source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a systematic review of 18 trials including >10 000 patients, with cholesterol levels ranging from normal to elevated, reported that lipid-lowering therapy in subjects affected by atherosclerosis of the lower limbs is associated with a 20% reduction in total CV events”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407] Aung, 2007, Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“together with a non-significant 14% reduction of all-cause mortality.407”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407] Aung, 2007, Lipid-lowering for peripheral arterial disease of the lower limb, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CIMT is reduced with statins in RCTs, 410,411”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410] Amarenco, 2004, Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis, Stroke source
- Not checked yetcites [411] Huang, 2013, Effect of statin therapy on the progression of common carotid artery intima-media thickness: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Atheroscler Thromb source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Modest regression of carotid atherosclerosis with niacin in most (but not all) imaging studies was not supported by clinical benefit in the AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE trials.251,252”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and that this effect is mainly driven by the extent of LDL-C reduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410] Amarenco, 2004, Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis, Stroke source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CVD develops more than a decade earlier in patients with bipolar disorders than in controls.443”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [443] Goldstein, 2009, Cardiovascular disease and hypertension among adults with bipolar I disorder in the United States, Bipolar Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In another double-blind placebocontrolled trial in 497 patients undergoing vascular surgery, perioperative fluvastatin therapy (80 mg/day) was associated with an improvement in postoperative cardiac outcome.418”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [418] Schouten, 2009, Fluvastatin and perioperative events in patients undergoing vascular surgery, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelationaln = 497- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of statin therapy in adults at high risk of CVD due to LDL-C or other CV risk factors, including arterial hypertension, as well as in the setting of established CVD, reduces the risk of ischaemic stroke or TIA.64,69,128,330,422e426”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Pedersen, 2005, High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [128] LaRosa, 2005, Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while ART (and especially older protease inhibitors) further increases this risk, up to two-fold [RR 2.00 (95% CI 1.70, 2.37)].431e433”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 431e433
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Beneficial effects are retained over longterm follow-up.427”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [427] Bulbulia, 2011, Effects on 11-year mortality and morbidity of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin for about 5 years in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The odds of the use of statins was approximately halved in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls.446”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [446] Mitchell, 2010, Do deficits in cardiac care influence high mortality rates in schizophrenia? A systematic review and pooled analysis, J Psychopharmacol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More intensive lipid lowering with statins is associated with a lower risk of stroke compared with less intensive regimens.64,65,128,422”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [128] LaRosa, 2005, Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“HIV-infected patients have a higher risk for CVD when compared with HIV-uninfected individuals [RR 1.61 (95% CI 1.43, 1.83)]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 431e433
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Statin pretreatment at TIA onset was associated with reduced recurrent early stroke risk in patients with carotid stenosis in a pooled data analysis, supporting an as-early-as-possible initiation of statins after stroke.429”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] Merwick Á, 2013, Reduction in early stroke risk in carotid stenosis with transient ischemic attack associated with statin treatment, Stroke source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent population-based study showed that in patients >65 years of age with atherosclerotic renovascular disease, the risk of a major cardiorenal composite endpoint (MI, stroke, HF, acute renal failure, dialysis and death) was significantly lower in statin users than in nonusers.420”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [420] Hackam, 2011, Statins and renovascular disease in the elderly: a population-based cohort study, Eur Heart J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Risk reduction for a first ischaemic stroke is 21% per 1.0 mmol/L LDL-C reduction, 64”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Based on a recent meta-analysis, statin therapy is likely effective in the prevention of growth of small (<55 mm in diameter) abdominal aortic aneurysms.419”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [419] Takagi, 2012, Effects of statin therapy on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational comparative studies, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CVD risk remains high even after adjusting for traditional risk factors.434”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [434] Triant, 2007, Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Niacin did not reduce stroke over longterm follow-up in patients with CVD in the AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE trials.251,252”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and it is similar between men and women.65”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“CVD accounts for much of the excess mortality in psychiatric patients.442”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [442] Lawrence, 2010, The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness, Can J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Statins are equally effective in lowering LDL-C in psychiatric patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics 445”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [445] Ojala, 2008, Statins are effective in treating dyslipidemia among psychiatric patients using second-generation antipsychotic agents, J Psychopharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the second phase, 695 patients from the first phase were randomized to receive either a polypill containing aspirin, statin and ramipril in varying doses or were given the three drugs separately.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plainn = 695- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Fixed-Dose Combination Drug for Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention (FOCUS) study 483 had a cross-sectional first phase, which identified factors contributing to nonadherence after MI in 2118 patients from five countries in South America and Europe.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelationaln = 2,118- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent reviews are encouraging about the safety of long-term statin therapy.221,222”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Marcum, 2012, FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother source
- Not checked yetcites [222] Chalasani, 2004, Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity, Gastroenterology source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adherence is better in patients recruited to clinical trials compared with those treated in the real world.455,456”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [455] Bosworth, 2011, Medication adherence: a call for action, Am Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [456] Hinchcliffe, 2011, Patient Adherence to Treatment with Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiff: Public Health Wales NHS Trust
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Adherence was measured with the selfreported MoriskyeGreen questionnaire and pill counts and was statistically significantly superior in the intervention group compared with usual care at 9 months.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaindirectn = 695- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no predictive value of routine repeat CK testing for rhabdomyolysis since the level can increase for many reasons, including muscle injury or excess muscular exercise.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, a recent large review of RCTs 213 found that in 83 880 patients receiving blinded placebo-controlled statin therapy, few reported adverse effects were actually due to the drug.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Finegold, 2015, What proportion of symptomatic side-effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? A response to letters, Eur J Prev Cardiol source
plainn = 880- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Use of a Multidrug Pill In Reducing cardiovascular Events (UMPIRE) RCT 482 compared an FDC containing aspirin, statin and two blood pressureelowering agents with usual care in both primary and secondary prevention in 2004 randomized patients in India and Europe.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482] Thom, 2013, Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plainn = 2,004- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This favourable trend is partly offset by increases in other major risk factors, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.13e16”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 13e16
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ageing of the population also contributes to increasing the absolute number of CVD events.17”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Roth, 2015, Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the advantages of the SCORE system is that it can be recalibrated for use in different populations by adjustment for secular changes in CVD mortality and risk factor prevalences.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More than half of the reduction in CV mortality in the last three decades has been attributed to population-level changes in CV risk factors, primarily reductions in cholesterol and blood pressure levels and smoking.13e16”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 13e16
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reinforcing measures aimed at improving adherence to treatment is cost effective.31,32”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Corrao, 2011, Cost-effectiveness of enhancing adherence to therapy with statins in the setting of primary cardiovascular prevention. Evidence from an empirical approach based on administrative databases, Atherosclerosis source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Dragomir, 2010, Impact of adherence to antihypertensive agents on clinical outcomes and hospitalization costs, Med Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, legislation promoting a healthy lifestyle, such as reduced salt intake and smoking bans, are cost effective in preventing CVD.18e22”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 18e22
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With very low LDL-C or in patients with high TGs, the Friedewald formula may underestimate LDL-C, even giving negative values.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In individual cases, however, TC may be misleading.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Women often have higher HDL-C levels.
- Rests on an assumption: Subjects with diabetes or high triglycerides often have low HDL-C levels.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total CV risk will also be higher than indicated in the SCORE charts in asymptomatic persons with abnormal markers of subclinical atherosclerotic vascular damage detected by coronary artery calcium (CAC), ankle-brachial index (ABI), pulse wave velocity or carotid ultrasonography.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ApoB has not been evaluated as a primary treatment target in clinical trials, but several post hoc analyses of clinical trials suggest that apoB may be not only a risk marker, but also a treatment target.100”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Charlton-Menys, 2009, Targets of statin therapy: LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS), Clin Chem source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent studies suggest that HDL has a complex role in atherogenesis and that the presence of dysfunctional HDL may be more relevant to the development of atherosclerosis than the HDL-C level.93e95”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 93e95
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the scientific background from randomized trials is weaker”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, multiple clinical trials have established beyond all reasonable doubt that, at least in high-risk subjects, reduction of TC or LDL-C is associated with statistically and clinically significant reductions in CV events and mortality.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach produces higher risk figures for younger people because of their longer exposure times.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several of the limitations of the Friedewald formula may be overcome with the direct methods.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies suggest that non-fasting TGs may carry information regarding remnant lipoproteins associated with increased risk.76,86,98,99”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Jorgensen, 2013, Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [86] Varbo, 2013, Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Bansal, 2007, Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Nordestgaard, 2007, Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women, JAMA source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, recent genetic data support the contention that elevated TG levels are a direct cause of CV disease.76,88”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] Jorgensen, 2013, Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Do, 2013, Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease, Nat Genet source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk age has been shown to be independent of the CV endpoint used, 51,52”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Cooney, 2009, Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Cooney, 2010, Cardiovascular risk-estimation systems in primary prevention: do they differ? Do they make a difference? Can we see the future?, Circulation source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“which is essential considering the recent information from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and Mendelian randomization 76,86e89 supporting TGs and remnant particles as causative factors in atherogenesis.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 76,86e89
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This graded approach is based on evidence from multiple meta-analyses and individual RCTs, which show a consistent and graded reduction in CVD risk in response to reductions in TC and LDL-C levels.61e71”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 61e71
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For those at intermediate risk, other factors, including metabolic factors such as increased apolipoprotein B (apoB), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), triglycerides (TGs) or highsensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) or the presence of albuminuria, may improve risk classification.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, subsequent work on the SCORE database has shown that HDL-C can contribute more to risk estimation if entered as a separate variable as opposed to the ratio.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Cooney, 2009, HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk, Atherosclerosis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In studies comparing these markers, CAC had the best reclassification ability.58e60”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 58e60
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the task force accepts that the choice of any given target goal for LDL-C may be open to debate given the continuous nature of the relationship between LDL-C reduction and reduction in risk.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lipoproteins are heterogeneous, and evidence suggests that subclasses of LDL and HDL may contribute differently to estimation of the risk of CVD.118”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] Packard, 2006, Small dense low-density lipoprotein and its role as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, Curr Opin Lipidol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both the 2011 EAS/ESC guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias 125 and the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic CV risk in adults, 71 the importance of LDL-C lowering to prevent CVD is strongly emphasized.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [125] Reiner, 2011, ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Stone, 2014, 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With increasing knowledge about common polymorphisms and lipoproteins, the importance of a polygenic background to familial hyperlipidaemias is emphasized.67,122”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Hegele, 2014, The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
- Not checked yetcites [122] Futema, 2015, Refinement of variant selection for the LDL cholesterol genetic risk score in the diagnosis of the polygenic form of clinical familial hypercholesterolemia and replication in samples from 6 countries, Clin Chem source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The plasma level of Lp(a) is to a major extent genetically determined.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“ApoCIII has been identified as a potentially important new risk factor.104e106”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 104e106
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is strong evidence showing that dietary factors may influence atherogenesis directly or through effects on traditional risk factors such as plasma lipids, blood pressure or glucose levels.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 132e134
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the causal relation of subclasses to atherosclerosis is unclear.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater and more rapid this perturbation, the more pronounced are the metabolic consequences.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite the strong support of lifestyle intervention for CVD prevention coming from the PREDIMED and other intervention studies with CVD endpoints, most evidence linking nutrition to CVD is based on observational studies and investigations of the effects of dietary changes on CV risk factors.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trans unsaturated fatty acids can be found in limited amounts (usually <5% of total fat) in dairy products and in meats from ruminants.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such studies rarely allow attribution of reduction in CV risk to a single dietary component.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This applies particularly to people with diabetes or with metabolic syndrome (MetS).173,174”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [173] Liu, 2001, Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [174] De Natale, 2009, Effects of a plant-based high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet versus high-monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet on postprandial lipids in type 2 diabetic patients, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most detrimental effects of a high carbohydrate diet could be minimized if carbohydrate digestion and absorption were slowed down.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the beneficial effects of weight reduction and physical exercise on the CV risk profile go beyond LDL-C reduction and involve not only other lipoprotein classes but also other risk factors.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“'Partially hydrogenated fatty acids' of industrial origin represent the major source of trans fatty acids in the diet; the average consumption of trans fatty acids ranges from 0.2% to 6.5% of the total energy intake in different populations.166”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] Micha, 2014, Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys, BMJ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glycaemic index permits identification, among carbohydrate-rich foods, of those with 'fast' and 'slow' absorption.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Available evidence consistently demonstrates a TC-and LDL-Clowering effect of water-soluble fibre from oat and barley betaglucan.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] AbuMweis, 2010, β-glucan from barley and its lipid-lowering capacity: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, Eur J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [187] Wolever, 2010, Physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The possible decrease in carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin levels by sterols/stanols can be prevented with a balanced diet rich in these nutrients.185”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Lea, 2006, Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 9: results of a European post-launch monitoring programme, Food Chem Toxicol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The comparative evaluation of berberine and lifestyle intervention or placebo indicated that in the berberine group, LDL-C and plasma TG levels were more effectively reduced than in the control group.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Lan, 2015, Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol source
hedgeddirectn = 229- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A clinically relevant hypocholesterolaemic effect (up to a 20% reduction) is observed with RYR preparations providing a daily dose of ~2.5e10 mg monacolin K. 146”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [146] Li, 2014, A meta-analysis of red yeast rice: an effective and relatively safe alternative approach for dyslipidemia, PLoS One source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the effect of plant sterol consumption on TC levels has been clearly shown, no studies have been performed yet on the subsequent effect on CVD.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, this was not confirmed when changes in other dietary components were taken into account.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however, food matrices do not significantly influence the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of phytosterols at equivalent doses.142”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Gylling, 2014, Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In one RCT from China in patients with CAD, a partially purified extract of RYR reduced recurrent events by 45%.144”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Lu, 2008, Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction, Am J Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The benefits were similar in all subgroups examined.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LDL-C represents the primary lipoprotein target for reducing CV risk”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but the long-term safety of the regular consumption of these products is not fully documented.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For secondary prevention of CVD, the use of n-3 PUFA supplements is no longer recommended in view of the recent evidence showing no benefit on CVD of this supplementation in people who have already experienced a CV event.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is also considerable interindividual variation in LDL-C reduction with the same dose of drug.61”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Boekholdt, 2014, Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the large Cholesterol Treatment Trialists (CTT) analysis data, >170 000 participants and 26 RCTs with statins were included.64”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plainn = 170,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, due to the lack of high-quality randomized clinical trials, the efficacy of berberine for treating dyslipidaemia needs to be further validated.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results of the PREDIMED trial are clearly in support of a diet inspired by the traditional Mediterranean diet as an effective approach to the lifestyle prevention of CVDs.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Studies show that policosanol from sugarcane, rice or wheat germ has no significant effect on LDL-C, HDL-C, TGs, apoB, Lp(a), homocysteine, hs-CRP, fibrinogen or blood coagulation factors.189”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [189] Reiner, 2005, Effects of rice policosanol on serum lipoproteins, homocysteine, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein in hypercholesterolaemic patients, Clin Drug Investig source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Long chain n-3 PUFAs also reduce the postprandial lipaemic response.156,172”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [156] Rivellese, 2003, Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated and n-3 fatty acids on fasting lipoproteins, LDL size and post-prandial lipid metabolism in healthy subjects, Atherosclerosis source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Jacobson, 2012, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and other lipids: a review, J Clin Lipidol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the meta-analysis of Robinson et al. 131 indicates that LDL-C reduction translates into CV benefits, independent of the mechanism involved.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al. 131
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No other trial has been performed to confirm this finding.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Soy protein has been indicated as being able to induce a modest LDL-C-lowering effect when replacing animal protein foods.151”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Dewell, 2006, Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol concentrations, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In clinical trials, bile acid sequestrants have contributed greatly to the demonstration of the efficacy of LDL-C lowering in reducing CV events in hypercholesterolaemic subjects, with a benefit proportional to the degree of LDL-C lowering.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [239] The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results, 1984, I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [240] 1983, Pre-entry characteristics of participants in the Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, J Chronic Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [241] The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial, 1992, Results of 6 years of post-trial follow-up. The Lipid Research Clinics Investigators, Arch Intern Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown a considerable LDL-C lowering effect of alternative dosing such as every other day or twice a week with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin.57,220”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Mortensen, 2015, The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [220] Keating, 2013, Intermittent nondaily dosing strategies in patients with previous statin-induced myopathy, Ann Pharmacother source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The relative risk reduction in primary prevention is about the same as that observed in secondary prevention.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Taylor, 2013, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The absolute risk was increased by 0.2%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Sattar, 2010, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the risk is higher with the more potent statins in high doses, 226”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [226] Preiss, 2011, Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There was no increased risk for any non-CV cause of death, including cancer, in those receiving statins.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Progression to liver failure is exceedingly rare, therefore routine monitoring of ALT during statin treatment is no longer recommended.221”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221] Marcum, 2012, FDA drug safety communications: a narrative review and clinical considerations for older adults, Am J Geriatr Pharmacother source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The number needed to cause one case of diabetes was estimated at 255 over 4 years.225”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Sattar, 2010, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials, Lancet source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study, designed specifically to study the effects of statins on muscle symptoms, suggests that the frequency of muscle-related complaints is ~5%.217”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] Parker, 2013, Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function, Circulation source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should be emphasized that in subjects with lower risk, the absolute risk reduction is also lower.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the absolute reduction in the risk of CVD in highrisk patients outweighs the possible adverse effects of a small increase in the incidence of diabetes.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar results were also observed in analyses of statin treatment in people with low risk of vascular disease.66”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Mihaylova, 2012, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis including 91 140 subjects, the relative risk was increased by 9% relative to placebo.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225] Sattar, 2010, Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the reported frequency varies between 10 and 15% in observational studies.215,216”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [215] Bruckert, 2005, Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients—the PRIMO study, Cardiovasc Drugs Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [216] Davidson, 2006, Statin safety: an appraisal from the adverse event reporting system, Am J Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The increased risk for myopathy when combining statins with other fibrates such as fenofibrate, bezafibrate or ciprofibrate seems to be small.234,235”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, case reports on neurocognitive side effects of statins have not been confirmed in analyses of larger patient populations or in meta-analyses.210”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [210] Gauthier, 2015, Statins and their effect on cognition: let's clear up the confusion, Can Pharm J (Ott) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The suggested effect on Alzheimer's disease was recently reviewed in a Cochrane analysis reporting no conclusive positive effect from statins.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In both the SEAS and SHARP trials, a reduction in CV events was demonstrated in the simvastatineezetimibe arm vs. placebo.243,244”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Rossebø, 2008, Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [244] 2010, Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease, Am Heart J source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Muscle symptoms are the most commonly described clinically relevant adverse effect of statin treatment.57”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Mortensen, 2015, The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In meta-analyses of RCTs, no increased frequency in statin-treated groups has been shown.213,214”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Finegold, 2015, What proportion of symptomatic side-effects in patients taking statins are genuinely caused by the drug? A response to letters, Eur J Prev Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [214] Naci, 2013, Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus the overall efficacy of fibrates on CVD outcomes is much less robust than that of statins.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is still not known whether this could reduce the risk of CVD since no trials with plant sterols or stanols in combination with other lipid-lowering drugs are available for CVD outcomes.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the mechanism of action, these drugs are effective at reducing LDL-C in all patients with the capability of expressing LDLRs in the liver.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Keech, 2005, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Receptor-deficient HoFH responds poorly to the therapy.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low levels of HDL-C constitute a strong, independent and inverse predictor of the risk of premature development of atherosclerosis.83”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Di Angelantonio, 2012, Lipid-related markers and cardiovascular disease prediction, JAMA
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis confirmed these findings.249”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [249] Navarese, 2016, Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies for acute coronary syndrome: a narrative review, Ann Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Three recent studies in subjects with high TGs using EPA reported a significant reduction in serum TG levels of up to 45% in a dose-dependent manner.281e283”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 281e283
plaindirectn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The HDL-C raising effects of fibrates are modest.263”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [263] Chapman, 2010, Niacin and fibrates in atherogenic dyslipidemia: pharmacotherapy to reduce cardiovascular risk, Pharmacol Ther source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“No overall benefit was reported in two recent meta-analyses.268,269”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Keene, 2014, Effect on cardiovascular risk of high density lipoprotein targeted drug treatments niacin, fibrates, and CETP inhibitors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials including 117,411 patients, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [269] Ip, 2015, Effects of add-on lipid-modifying therapy on top of background statin treatment on major cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Int J Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The combination has been found to reduce atherosclerosis, as evaluated by coronary angiography.253”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Zhao, 2009, Am J Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In this group of patients already treated with statins to reach goals, the absolute benefit from added ezetimibe was small, although significant.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirectn = 5,314 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Also, ischaemic stroke was reduced by 21% in this trial (P ¼ 0.008).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“recent data favour the role of TG-rich lipoproteins as a risk factor for CVD.87”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Sarwar, 2010, Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies, Lancet source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent data from genetic studies utilizing a Mendelian randomization design have consistently linked both non-fasting TG levels as well as remnant cholesterol to increased risk of CVD events and all-cause mortality.86,107”
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Taken together with other studies such as the PRECISE-IVUS study, 246 IMPROVE-IT supports the proposal that ezetimibe should be used as second-line therapy in association with statins when the therapeutic goal is not achieved at the maximal tolerated statin dose or in patients intolerant of statins or with contraindications to these drugs.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [246] Tsujita, 2015, Impact of dual lipid-lowering strategy with ezetimibe and atorvastatin on coronary plaque regression in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: the multicenter randomized controlled PRECISE-IVUS trial, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the Helsinki Heart Study reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD study showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Keech, 2005, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [262] Ginsberg, 2010, Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Coadministration of ezetimibe and bile acid sequestrants (colesevelam, colestipol or cholestyramine) resulted in an additional reduction of LDL-C levels without any additional adverse effects when compared with the stable bile acid sequestrant regimen alone.254”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [254] Jones, 2013, Role of colesevelam in combination lipid-lowering therapy, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There was no evidence of harm caused by the further LDL-C reduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plainn = 5,314- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These genetic data have strengthened the position of remnant cholesterol as a causal factor driving atherosclerosis and CVD events.75”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Nordestgaard, 2014, Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease, Lancet source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Large prospective studies have reported that non-fasting TGs predict CAD risk more strongly than fasting TGs.98,99”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Bansal, 2007, Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Nordestgaard, 2007, Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women, JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent data with PCSK9 inhibitors indicate a similar efficacy in reducing LDL-C in women vs. men.115,116”
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ACCORD lipid study showed less primary event reduction with combination therapy in women”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The increase in large VLDL particles in T2DM initiates a sequence of events that generates atherogenic remnants, small dense LDL and small TGrich dense HDL particles.349”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] Adiels, 2008, Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the recent FIELD study analysis showed consistent CV event reduction in women and men.315”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [315] d'Emden, 2014, Favourable effects of fenofibrate on lipids and cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes: results from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in patients who had experienced a recent ACS, the CETP inhibitor dalcetrapib did not reduce the risk of recurrent CV events.362”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Schwartz, 2012, Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevation of TGs or low HDL-C is seen in about half of subjects with T2DM.351”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [351] Scott, 2009, Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent studies aimed at testing this hypothesis have failed to show any beneficial effect [ILLUMINATE (torcetrapib), Dalcetrapib Outcomes (dal-OUTCOMES), ACCELERATE (evacetrapib), HPS2-THRIVE (nicotinic acid plus statin), AIM-HIGH (nicotinic acid on background statin)], although the population selection in the last two studies may not have been optimal.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ILLUMINATE
- Not checked yetcites dal-OUTCOMES
- Not checked yetcites ACCELERATE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a CTT meta-analysis, rate ratios for the effects of statins on major vascular events were 0.78, 0.78 and 0.84 in age groups <65, 65e75 and >75 years, respectively.64”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Statin therapy reduces the 5-year incidence of major CVD events by 23% per 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL-C, regardless of the initial LDL-C or other baseline characteristics based on meta-analysis.64”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The reduction in all-cause mortality was not significant (RR 0.94).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [327] Savarese, 2013, Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Results from a meta-analysis of four intervention trials, which involved the use of intravascular ultrasound to evaluate changes in coronary atheroma volume, indicated that elevation !7.5% in HDL-C, together with a reduction in LDL-C to a target of 2.0 mmol/L (<80 mg/dL), represented the minimum requirement for plaque regression.290”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290] Nicholls, 2007, Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis, JAMA source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Currently used third-generation low-dose oestrogeneprogestin oral contraceptives do not appear to increase adverse coronary events 316”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Spitzer, 2002, Myocardial infarction and third generation oral contraceptives: aggregation of recent studies, Human Reprod source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The CTT metaanalysis also indicates that the benefit overall is similar in men and women.65”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL) lower TC was associated with about one-half [hazard ratio (HR) 0.44] lower CAD mortality in the age group 40e49 years compared with an HR of 0.85 in those 80e89 years old.321,322”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [321] Lewington, 2007, Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice, 1998, Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other societies on coronary prevention, Eur Heart J source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an individual patient meta-analysis of 13 randomized studies that included 3341 patients, it was shown that either pretreatment with high-dose statin (ranging from >2 weeks to a single dose) in statin-naïve patients (11 studies) or loading of a high-dose statin in patients receiving chronic statin therapy decreased periprocedural MI and 30-day adverse events in patients undergoing percutaneous”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 363e365
plaindirectn = 3,341- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The ACCORD trial confirmed this: patients who had both TG levels in the higher third [!2.3 mmol/L (204 mg/dL)] and an HDL-C level in the lower third [ 0.88 mmol/L (34 mg/ dL)], representing 17% of all participants, appeared to benefit from adding fenofibrate to simvastatin.262”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] Ginsberg, 2010, Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statins have a similar effect on lipids in transplant recipients as in the general population.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“In the 4D trial (Die Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse studie) involving a cohort of 1200 patients with diabetes on haemodialysis, atorvastatin had no positive effect on the primary composite endpoint of CVD.395”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [395] Wanner, 2005, Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis, N Engl J Med source
plainn = 1,200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the SHARP study 397 simvastatin and ezetimibe combination therapy was associated with lower risk for major atherosclerotic events (coronary death, MI, non-haemorrhagic stroke or any revascularization) compared with placebo in persons with CKD stage 3Ae5.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [397] Baigent, 2011, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, ischaemic events were reduced by 21% in the SEAS trial.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] Rossebø, 2008, Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [377] Cowell, 2005, A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [378] Chan, 2010, Effect of lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the aortic stenosis progression observation: measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial, Circulation source
plaindirectn = 1,873- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pooling of results from RCTs suggested that cholesterol lowering with statin treatment reduced incident HF by 9e45% in patients with CAD.368,369”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [368] Kjekshus, 1997, The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease, J Card Fail source
- Not checked yetcites [369] Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group, 1998, Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels, N Engl J Med source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PAD is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, and such patients are at elevated risk of coronary events, with PAD representing an independent risk factor for MI and CV death.405,406”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Yet, despite the high CV morbidity and mortality risk, PAD patients are usually inadequately managed compared with CAD patients.406”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406] McDermott, 2003, Knowledge and attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease risk and prevention in patients with coronary or peripheral arterial disease, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Statin pretreatment is also effective in reducing the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury after coronary angiography or intervention.367”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [367] Gandhi, 2014, Statins and contrast-induced acute kidney injury with coronary angiography, Am J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review demonstrated a strong trend towards reduced CVD events and mortality with statins in renal transplant patients.403”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [403] Navaneethan, 2009, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the adult population, a decreasing GFR is associated with an increased CVD risk, independent of other CV risk factors.388e391”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 388e391
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Concerns for increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke with statin treatment do not appear to be justified.423”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [423] McKinney, 2012, Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials, Stroke source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence from trials for what tests should be carried out to monitor lipids in patients on treatment is limited.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of a major mental illness such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder has deleterious effects on the risk of developing CVD.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, no RCTs with 'hard' CV outcome measures have so far been conducted in patients with these major mental diseases.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 154
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Ezetimibe further reduced LDL-C and offered additional benefit (6.4% relative risk reduction in composite clinical endpoint) in association with simvastatin in post-ACS patients. 63”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
The Results report lower LDL cholesterol with simvastatin–ezetimibe than with simvastatin alone. For the primary composite endpoint, the hazard ratio was 0.936, corresponding to the cited 6.4% relative reduction, in patients who had had an acute coronary syndrome. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a post hoc analysis of the FIELD study, fenofibrate reduced CVD events by 27% in those with elevated TGs [>2.3 mmol/L (~204 mg/dL)] and reduced HDL-C (NNT ¼ 23).351”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [351] Scott, 2009, Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, Diabetes Care source
The Results (p. 1) define marked dyslipidemia as triglycerides ≥2.3 mmol/L plus low HDL cholesterol. The marked-dyslipidemia analysis (p. 3) reports a 27% CVD risk reduction and a number needed to treat of 23. The source uses ≥ rather than the citing sentence’s > at the threshold. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High TG levels are often associated with low HDL-C and high levels of small dense LDL particles.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SCORE data indicate that the total CVD event risk is about three times higher than the risk of fatal CVD for men, so that a SCORE risk of 5% translates into a CVD risk of ~15% of total (fatal þ non-fatal) hard CVD endpoints; the multiplier is ~4 in women and lower in older persons.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the direct methods have been found to be unreliable in patients with HTG and should be used with caution in these cases 72 ; also, they may underestimate very low values of LDL-C.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Langlois, 2014, Clinical impact of direct HDLc and LDLc method bias in hypertriglyceridemia. A simulation study of the EAS-EFLM Collaborative Project Group, Atherosclerosis source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low HDL-C has been shown to be a strong and independent risk factor in several studies and is included in most of the risk estimation tools available, including HeartScore.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A rare error occurs in patients with hyperglycerolaemia, where falsely very high values for TGs are detected.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on epidemiological data, levels of HDL-C associated with increased risk for men are <1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) and for women are <1.2 mmol/L (48 mg/dL).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some interventions resulted in significant CVD prevention, whereas others did not.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] Dalen, 2014, Diets to prevent coronary heart disease 1957–2013: what have we learned?, Am J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lp(a) has been found in several studies to be an additional independent risk marker; indeed, genetic data show it to be causal in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic vascular disease and aortic stenosis.109e111”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 109e111
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, loss of function mutations are associated with low TGs as well as with reduced risk for CVD.106,107”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Particular consideration was given to results from systematic reviews confirming the dose-dependent reduction in CVD with LDL-C lowering; the greater the LDL-C reduction, the greater the CV risk reduction.65,66”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Fulcher, 2015, Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [66] Mihaylova, 2012, The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although increases in HDL-C predict atherosclerosis regression”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“PUFAs of the n-3 series have no hypocholesterolaemic effect; conversely, when they are used at high dosages (>3 g/day), the effect on LDL-C levels is either neutral or a slight increase [particularly with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] with a concomitant decrease of TGs.165”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stearic acid, in contrast to other SFAs (lauric, myristic and palmitic), does not increase TC levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Quantitatively, dietary trans fatty acids have a similar elevating effect on LDL-C to that of SFAs; however, while SFAs increase HDL-C levels, trans fats decrease them.137”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased HDL-C levels as compared with abstainers, with a dose-response relationship.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MUFA consumption as a replacement for SFAs has almost no effect on HDL-C, while n-6 PUFAs induce a slight decrease.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects are dose dependent; with a habitual fructose consumption between 15 and 20% of the total energy intake, plasma TG increases as much as 30e40%.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“both have been proven to be effective in reducing CV risk factors and, possibly, to contribute to CVD prevention.133”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [133] Eckel, 2014, 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If 1% of the dietary energy derived from SFAs is replaced by n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), LDL-C decreases by 0.051 mmol/L (2.0 mg/dL); if replaced by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), the decrease would be 0.041 mmol/L (1.6 mg/dL); and if replaced by carbohydrate, it would be 0.032 mmol/L (1.2 mg/dL).”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight reduction improves insulin sensitivity and decreases TG levels.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this respect, both the glycaemic index and the fibre content do not seem to play a relevant role.178,179”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [178] Goff, 2013, Low glycaemic index diets and blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis source
- Not checked yetcites [179] Bazzano, 2011, Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the detrimental effects of a high carbohydrate diet on TGs occur mainly when refined carbohydrate-rich foods are consumed, while they are much less prominent if the diet is based largely on fibre-rich, low glycaemic index foods.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SFAs increase HDL-C levels in parallel with LDL-C; in contrast, trans fats decrease them.137”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] Estruch, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Glucose and lipid metabolism are strongly related, and any perturbation of carbohydrate metabolism induced by a high carbohydrate diet will also lead to an increase in TG concentrations.148,165”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Nordmann, 2006, Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [165] Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While in individuals with HTG even a small amount of alcohol can induce a further elevation of TG concentrations, in the general population alcohol exerts detrimental effects on TG levels only if the intake is excessive.152,177”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [152] Rimm, 1999, Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [177] Brien, 2011, Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies, BMJ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Body weight reduction also influences TC and LDL-C, but the magnitude of the effect is rather small; in grossly obese subjects, a decrease in LDL-C concentration of ~0.2 mmol/L (8 mg/dL) is observed for every 10 kg of weight loss; the reduction of LDL-C is greater if weight loss is achieved with a low fat diet.147,148”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] Dattilo, 1992, Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [148] Nordmann, 2006, Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many studies the reduction of TG levels due to weight reduction is between 20e30%; this effect is usually preserved as long as weight is not regained.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, fat intakes that >35% of calories are generally associated with increased intakes of both saturated fat and calories.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Conversely, a low intake of fats and oils increases the risk of inadequate intakes of vitamin E and of essential fatty acids, and may contribute to unfavourable changes in HDL-C.165”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Mensink, 2003, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even in the most advanced stages of the disease (critical limb ischaemia), statin therapy improved rates of 1-year mortality and major adverse CV events and increased amputation-free survival.409”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [409] Westin, 2014, Association between statin medications and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Atherosclerotic changes of retinal arteries correlate with TC, LDL-C, TG and apoB levels and also with CAD.412”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [412] Tedeschi-Reiner, 2005, Relation of atherosclerotic changes in retinal arteries to the extent of coronary artery disease, Am J Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders, cardiometabolic risk factors were present early in the illness; this was related to the underlying disorder, unhealthy lifestyle and antipsychotic medications, which interact with each other.437”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] Correll, 2014, Cardiometabolic risk in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders: baseline results from the RAISE-ETP study, JAMA Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All this explains the higher prevalence of obesity, MetS, diabetes and dyslipidaemia in patients with these psychiatric diseases.438”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [438] Andrade, 2013, Primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with major mental illness: a possible role for statins, Bipolar Disord source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of RCTs in subjects >65 years of age at high CV risk without established CV disease showed that statins significantly reduce the incidence of MI and stroke, but do not significantly prolong survival in the short-term.327”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [327] Savarese, 2013, Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In patients with bipolar disorder there was a reduction in life expectancy of 12e14 years.440”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [440] Laursen, 2011, Life expectancy among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, Schizophr Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a Finnish cohort of patients with schizophrenia, life expectancy was about 2 decades less than in persons of similar age from the general population.439”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [439] Tiihonen, 2009, 11-year follow-up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study (FIN11 study), Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin in post-ACS patients had an incremental beneficial effect for ischaemic stroke or all strokes (marginal statistical significance for the latter).63”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Secondary prevention therapy with statins reduces the risk of recurrent stroke (by 12%), MI and vascular death.422,428”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] Amarenco, 2009, Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention, Lancet Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [428] Amarenco, 2006, High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among 654 patients with bipolar disorder in the Fondamental Advanced Centers of Expertise in Bipolar Disorders (FACE-BD) cohort, 18.5% met the criteria for MetS; only 11% and 28% of the patients with hypercholesterolaemia and high fasting glycaemia, respectively, were treated for these conditions.441”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [441] Godin, 2014, Metabolic syndrome in a French cohort of patients with bipolar disorder: results from the FACE-BD cohort, J Clin Psychiatry source
plainn = 654- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HIV-infected patients typically have low TC and LDL-C, as well as low HDL-C and increased TGs.430,431”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A systematic review found that the incidence of drug-induced hepatotoxicity in patients taking statins is unknown, with very few cases occurring in large-scale RCTs.212,214”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Law, 2006, Statin safety: a systematic review, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [214] Naci, 2013, Comparative tolerability and harms of individual statins: a study-level network meta-analysis of 246 955 participants from 135 randomized, controlled trials, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Various empirical models of health behaviour and behaviour change theory have been shown to predict adherence, including the Theory of Planned Behaviour 466 and the Health Belief Model.467”
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Predictors of non-adherence with statins have been identified 450,472e474 and include their use in individuals for primary prevention as compared with their use in patients with disease or with multiple risk factors, lower income, being elderly, complex polypharmacy, cost and forgetfulness due to a lack of symptoms and psychological co-morbidities.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [450] Benner, 2002, Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites 472e474
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adherence declines over the duration of treatment 450e454 ; however, this is truer in patients treated for primary compared with secondary prevention of CVD, with reported rates of up to 77% discontinuing their statins within 2 years.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 450e454
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Not surprisingly, this non-adherence has an impact on healthcare costs, morbidity, hospital readmissions and mortality.457e461”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 457e461
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite a wealth of evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of statins in both primary and secondary prevention, adherence remains a consistent barrier, with rates of <50% demonstrated in several studies.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 450e454
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies that investigated adherence to medications in long-term conditions identified factors such as high susceptibility, severity of the condition, strong intentions and high self-efficacy as being associated with good adherence, while poor lifestyle habits and low perceived behavioural control were associated with poor adherence.468,469”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [468] Rich, 2015, Theory of planned behavior and adherence in chronic illness: a meta-analysis, J Behav Med source
- Not checked yetcites [469] Kamran, 2014, Determinants of patient's adherence to hypertension medications: application of health belief model among rural patients, Ann Med Health Sci Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This overview also found that the use of self-management or self-monitoring programmes, as well as a regular pharmacy review of prescribed medications with a view to taking out unnecessary medications, was helpful.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [484] Ryan, 2014, Interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers: an overview of systematic reviews, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At 15 months, statistically significant differences between intervention and usual care were seen in self-reported adherence and changes in systolic blood pressure and LDL-C.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [482] Thom, 2013, Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial, JAMA source
plaincorrelationaln = 2,004- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In phase 1, factors associated with non-adherence were younger age, depression, complex regimen, poorer health insurance coverage and low social support.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Castellano, 2014, A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelationaln = 2,118- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, a sizable portion of patients on hypolipidaemic or antihypertensive drug treatment fail to take their treatment adequately or to reach their therapeutic goals, 28,29 with clinical and economic consequences.30”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Banegas, 2011, Achievement of treatment goals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice across Europe: the EURIKA study, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Kotseva, 2010, Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Cherry, 2009, The clinical and economic burden of nonadherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy in hypertensive patients, Value Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality rates could be halved by only modest risk factor reduction, 39”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Capewell, 2010, Cardiovascular risk factor trends and potential for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America, Bull World Health Org source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Patients who have had a clinical event such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a stroke are at very high risk of a further event and automatically qualify for risk factor evaluation and management (Table 6).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 6
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All current guidelines on the prevention of CVD in clinical practice recommend the assessment of total CAD or CV risk, because atherosclerotic CVD is usually the product of a number of risk factors, and prevention of CVD in a given person should be adapted to his/her total CV risk: the higher the risk, the more intense the action should be.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is usually the product of a number of risk factors.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Targeting lower levels in the health impact pyramid will also address the socio-economic divide in CV health, which has not diminished despite major improvements in the treatment of CVD in recent decades.9,10”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Heidenreich, 2011, Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [10] McConnachie, 2014, Long-term impact on healthcare resource utilization of statin treatment, and its cost effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a record linkage study, Eur Heart J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the elimination of health risk behaviours would make it possible to prevent at least 80% of CVD and even 40% of cancers, thus providing added value for other chronic diseases.3,4”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Liu, 2012, Healthy lifestyle through young adulthood and the presence of low cardiovascular disease risk profile in middle age: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) study, Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Ezzati, 2004
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A report from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) estimated that a UK national programme reducing population CV risk by 1% would prevent 25 000 CVD cases and generate savings of V40 million per year.38”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2010
hedgeddirectn = 25,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most studies assessing the cost-effectiveness of prevention of CVD combine evidence from clinical research with simulation approaches, while data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are relatively scarce.7,10,11”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Mistry, 2012, Cost-effectiveness of a European preventive cardiology programme in primary care: a Markov modelling approach, BMJ Open
- Not checked yetcites [10] McConnachie, 2014, Long-term impact on healthcare resource utilization of statin treatment, and its cost effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a record linkage study, Eur Heart J source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Ward, 2007, A systematic review and economic evaluation of statins for the prevention of coronary events, Health Technol Assess source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The European Guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) 6 recommend use of the SCORE system because it is based on large, representative European cohort datasets.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Perk, 2012, Eur Heart J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the WHO, policy and environmental changes could reduce CVD in all countries for <US$1 per person per year, while interventions at the individual level are considerably more expensive.37”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Brown, 2011, Medication adherence: WHO cares?, Mayo Clin Proc source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cost-effectiveness results strongly depend on parameters such as the target population's age, the overall population risk of CVD and the cost of interventions.Hence, results obtained in one country might not be valid in another.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lowering blood cholesterol levels using statins 10,11,23e25 and improving blood pressure control are also cost effective.26,27”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 10,11,23e25
- Not checked yetcites [26] Stevanovic, 2014, Economic evaluation of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in mild hypertension: a scenario analysis for the Netherlands, Clin Ther source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Wisloff, 2012, Choice of generic antihypertensive drugs for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease—a cost-effectiveness analysis, BMC Cardiovasc Disord source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A particular problem relates to young people with high levels of risk factors; a low absolute risk may conceal a very high relative risk requiring intensive lifestyle advice.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cut-off points that are used to define high risk are in part arbitrary and based on the risk levels at which benefit is evident in clinical trials.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-HDL-C is used as an estimation of the total amount of atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma (VLDL, VLDL remnants, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), LDL, Lp(a)) and relates well to apoB levels.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Social deprivation and psychosocial stress set the scene for increased risk.57”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Mortensen, 2015, The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study, Eur Heart J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, HDL-C modifies risk at all levels of risk as estimated from the SCORE cholesterol charts.55 Furthermore, this effect is seen in both genders and in all age groups, including older women.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Cooney, 2009, HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk, Atherosclerosis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most available assays are of high quality”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ApoB is the major apolipoprotein of the atherogenic lipoprotein families (VLDL, IDL and LDL).ApoB is a good estimate of the number of these particles in plasma.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-HDL-C also includes the atherogenic TG-rich lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL and remnants)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, some are at very high risk, and the high-risk chart may underestimate risk in these countries.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk age can be used in any population regardless of baseline risk or secular changes in mortality, and therefore avoids the need for recalibration.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persons with documented CVD type 1 or type 2 diabetes very high levels of individual risk factors chronic kidney disease (CKD) (refer to section 9.9) are automatically at very high or high total CV risk.No risk estimation models are needed for them; they all need active management of all risk factors.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Friedewald formula may be unreliable when blood is obtained under non-fasting conditions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some recent guidelines recommend non-HDL-C as a better risk indicator than LDL-C.82”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should also be considered that HTG might interfere with the direct HDL-C assays.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analytical performance is good and the assays do not require fasting conditions and are not sensitive to markedly elevated TG levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overall, HDL-C has a modest but useful effect in refining risk estimation, 56 but this may not be universal, as its effect may not be seen in some low-risk populations, particularly with a relatively high mean HDL-C level.57”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Cooney, 2009, How much does HDL cholesterol add to risk estimation? A report from the SCORE Investigators, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Mortensen, 2015, The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30,824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study, Eur Heart J source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These trials are consistent in showing that the higher the initial LDL-C level, the greater the absolute reduction in risk, while the relative risk reduction remains constant at any given baseline LDL-C level.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 61e71
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good immunochemical methods are available and easily run in conventional autoanalysers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These patients are always at high risk and should receive special attention.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent work has shown that b-coefficients are not constant with ageing and that SCORE overestimates risk in older people.54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Cooney, 2016, Cardiovascular risk estimation in older persons: SCORE O.P, Eur J Prev Cardiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several methods for determination of Lp(a) are available, but standardization between assays is needed.112”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Marcovina, 2003, Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop on Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease: recent advances and future directions, Clin Chem source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lp(a) has properties in common with LDL, but it contains a unique protein, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], that is structurally homologous to plasminogen.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, each HDL particle may carry from one to five apoA1 molecules.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ApoE is present in three isoforms (apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary targets have also been defined by inference for non-HDL-C and for apoB; they receive a moderate grading, as they have not been extensively studied in RCTs.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Plasma apoA1 levels <120 mg/dL for men and <140 mg/dL for women correspond approximately to what is considered as low for HDL-C.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ApoA1 is the major protein of HDL-C and provides a satisfactory estimate of HDL-C concentration.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ApoCIII is a key regulator of TG metabolism, and high apoCIII plasma levels are associated with high plasma VLDL and plasma TGs.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In FH, a genetic diagnosis is important for family screening, to establish the diagnosis in patients with borderline LDL-C and to improve patient adherence to therapy.121”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Nordestgaard, 2013, Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society, Eur Heart J source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The risk is regarded as significant when Lp(a) is above the 80th percentile (50 mg/dL).109”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Nordestgaard, 2010, Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status, Eur Heart J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ApoE genotyping is used primarily for the diagnosis of dysbetalipoproteinaemia (apoE2 homozygosity) and is indicated in cases with severe combined hyperlipidaemia.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Determination of small dense LDL may be regarded as an emerging risk factor and may be used in the future, but it is not currently recommended for risk estimation.119”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Mora, 2007, LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), Atherosclerosis source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At present, the use of genotyping for risk estimation is not recommended since known risk loci account for only a small proportion of risk.120”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Whitfield, 2014, Genetic insights into cardiometabolic risk factors, Clin Biochem Rev
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“ApoCIII has been identified as a new potential therapeutic target that is currently being studied, but whether it has a role in clinical practice is unknown and its measurements on a routine basis are not encouraged.108”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Graham, 2013, Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of apolipoprotein C-III reduces plasma triglycerides in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans, Circ Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several genes have been associated with CVD.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ratios between atherogenic lipoproteins and HDL-C or apoA1 (TC:HDL-C, non-HDL-C:HDL-C, apoB:apoA1) are useful for risk estimation, but not for diagnosis or as treatment targets.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large GWASs have been published for coronary heart disease (CHD), as well as for associated biomarkers and risk factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major disadvantage of apoB is that it is not included in algorithms for calculation of global risk, and it has not been a predefined treatment target in controlled trials.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measurement of Lp(a) is particularly stable over time.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is due not only to methodological problems, particularly inadequate sample size or the short duration of many trials included in the systematic revision, but also to the difficulty of evaluating the impact of a single dietary factor independently of any other changes in the diet.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Previous RCTs where omega-3 supplementation was beneficial were not blinded or had low use of standard CV medications (such as statins).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the available evidence on functional foods so far identified in this field is incomplete; the major gap is the absence of diet-based intervention trials of sufficient duration to be relevant for the natural history of dyslipidaemia and CVD.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The daily consumption of 2 g of phytosterols can effectively lower TC and LDL-C by 7e10% in humans (with a certain degree of heterogeneity among individuals), while it has little or no effect on HDL-C and TG levels. 143”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] Musa-Veloso, 2011, A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Different commercial preparations of RYR have different concentrations of monacolins, and lower TC and LDL-C to a variable extent, 145”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [145] Gordon, 2010, Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The degree of LDL-C reduction is dose dependent and varies between the different statins (supplementary Figure A and supplementary Table A).191”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Weng, 2010, A systematic review and meta-analysis on the therapeutic equivalence of statins, J Clin Pharm Ther source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 10% proportional reduction in all-cause mortality and 20% proportional reduction in CAD death per 1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) LDL-C reduction was reported.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“six trials were available for this purpose: the berberine group contained 229 patients and the control group contained 222 patients.190”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Lan, 2015, Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol source
plainn = 229- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poor response to statin treatment in clinical studies is to some extent caused by poor compliance, but may also be explained by a genetic background involving variations in genes of both cholesterol metabolism and of statin uptake and metabolism in the liver.192,193”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] Chasman, 2012, Genetic determinants of statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial, Circ Cardiovasc Genet source
- Not checked yetcites [193] Reiner, 2014, Resistance and intolerance to statins, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The risk of major coronary events was reduced by 23% and the risk of stroke was reduced by 17% per 1 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) LDL-C reduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Foods enriched with these fibres are well tolerated, effective and recommended for LDL-C lowering at a daily dose of at least 3 g/day.186,187”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] AbuMweis, 2010, β-glucan from barley and its lipid-lowering capacity: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials, Eur J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [187] Wolever, 2010, Physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The studies, showing a statistically significant heterogeneity, were all performed in China in people of Asian ethnicity.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] Lan, 2015, Meta-analysis of the effect and safety of berberine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia and hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This treatment seems to induce beneficial effects not only on the overall risk factor profile, but also on CV events.181”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Puzziferri, 2014, Long-term follow-up after bariatric surgery: a systematic review, JAMA source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For most individuals, a wide range of total fat intakes is acceptable and will depend upon individual preferences and characteristics.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Smoking cessation has clear benefits on the overall CV risk, and specifically on HDL-C, but special attention should be paid in order to prevent weight gain in people who stop smoking.163”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] Maeda, 2003, The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis, Prev Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Observational evidence supports the recommendation that the intake of fish (at least twice a week) and long chain n-3 fatty acids supplements at low dosage may reduce the risk of CV death and stroke in primary prevention, but have no major effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism.183”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [183] Mozaffarian, 2013, Plasma phospholipid long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality in older adults: a cohort study, Ann Intern Med source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The increased risk for myopathy with nicotinic acid has been debated, but in recent reviews no increased risk of myopathy was found with this agent.236,237”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The frequency of rhabdomyolysis has been estimated to represent 1e3 cases/100√000 patient-years.212”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [212] Law, 2006, Statin safety: a systematic review, Am J Cardiol source
hedgedn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The proteinuria induced by statins is of tubular origin and is supposed to be due to reduced tubular reabsorption and not to glomerular dysfunction.229”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [229] Vidt, 2005, Statins and proteinuria, Curr Atheroscler Rep source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Patients with mild ALT elevation due to steatosis have been studied during statin treatment and there is no indication that statins cause any worsening of liver disease.222e224”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Chalasani, 2004, Patients with elevated liver enzymes are not at higher risk for statin hepatotoxicity, Gastroenterology source
- Not checked yetcites [223] Vuppalanchi, 2005, Patients with elevated baseline liver enzymes do not have higher frequency of hepatotoxicity from lovastatin than those with normal baseline liver enzymes, Am J Med Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [224] Dongiovanni, 2015, Statin use and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in at risk individuals, J Hepatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current available evidence from meta-analyses suggests that the clinical benefit is largely independent of the type of statin but depends on the extent of LDL-C lowering, therefore the type of statin used should reflect the LDL-C goal in a given patient.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and the risk for diabetes is higher in the elderly and in the presence of other risk factors for diabetes such as overweight or insulin resistance.227”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227] Waters, 2013, Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy: effect of baseline risk factors for diabetes, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The benefits were significant within the first year, but were greater in subsequent years.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Baigent, 2010, Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent Cochrane review found that colesevelam, when added to other antidiabetic agents, showed significant effects on glycaemic control; however, more research on the impact of CV risk is required.238”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] Ooi, 2014, Colesevelam for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an abridged Cochrane review, Diabet Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this analysis, all-cause mortality was reduced by 14%, CVD events by 27%, fatal and non-fatal coronary events by 27% and stroke by 22% per 1 mmol/L (40 mg/ dL) LDL-C reduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Taylor, 2013, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The analysis included 19 studies with different statins and with somewhat varying inclusion criteria.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [200] Taylor, 2013, Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent Cochrane analysis could not find support for beneficial effects on renal function based on studies where creatinine clearance was available, and no deleterious effects were observed.228”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228] Palmer, 2014, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In rhabdomyolysis, creatine kinase (CK) levels are elevated at least 10 times, often up to 40 times the upper limit of normal.211”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [211] Stroes, 2015, Ginsberg HN;, European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy—European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management, Eur Heart J source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In clinical trials the frequency of proteinuria is in general low and in most cases is not higher than for placebo.231”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] Davidson, 2004, Rosuvastatin safety: lessons from the FDA review and post-approval surveillance, Expert Opin Drug Saf source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The statin-induced reduced pinocytosis is directly related to the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis.230”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Sidaway, 2004, Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase reduce receptor-mediated endocytosis in opossum kidney cells, J Am Soc Nephrol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the FIELD study, small but significant increases in the incidence of pancreatitis (0.8% vs. 0.5%) and pulmonary embolism (1.1% vs. 0.7%) and a nonsignificant trend toward an increase in deep vein thrombosis (1.4% vs. 1.0%) were seen in those taking fenofibrate compared with placebo; this is in line with data from other fibrate studies.261”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] Keech, 2005, d'Emden M, Whiting M, Ehnholm C, Laakso M. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 18 144 patients were randomized and 5314 patients over 7 years experienced a CVD event; 170 fewer events (32.7 vs. 34.7%)were recorded in the group taking simvastatin plus ezetimibe (P ¼ 0.016).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirectn = 5,314 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“After two large studies with nicotinic acid, one with extended-release niacin 251 and one with niacin plus laropiprant, 252 showed no beneficial effect, but rather an increased frequency of serious adverse effects, no medication containing nicotinic acid is currently approved in Europe.”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two large randomized clinical trials [the Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL/High Triglycerides: Impact on Global Health Outcomes (AIM-HIGH) and the Heart Protection Study 2-Treatment of HDL to Reduce the Incidence of Vascular Events (HPS2-THRIVE)] using, respectively, extended release (ER) nicotinic acid vs. placebo in addition to simvastatin, and ER nicotinic acid/l”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Functional foods containing phytosterols as well as plant sterolecontaining tablets additionally reduce LDL-C levels by up to 5e10% in patients taking a stable dose of a statin, and this combination is also well tolerated and safe.142,255”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] Gylling, 2014, Plant sterols and plant stanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease, Atherosclerosis source
- Not checked yetcites [255] Abumweis, 2008, Plant sterols/stanols as cholesterol lowering agents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Food Nutr Res
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared with the overwhelming evidence for the benefits of LDL-C reduction, the evidence on the benefits of lowering elevated TG levels is still modest, and is primarily derived from subgroup or post hoc analyses.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the study supports the proposition that LDL-C lowering by means other than statins is beneficial and can be performed without adverse effects.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Naturally occurring mutations that inactivate the protein were found to be associated with reduced plasma LDL-C and reduced risk for CAD.245”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [245] Won, 2014, Inactivating mutations in NPC1L1 and protection from coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore this pharmacological approach is effective in the vast majority of patients, including those with heterozygous FH (HeFH) and, albeit to a lower level, those with homozygous FH (HoFH) with residual LDLR expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The average LDL-C during the study was 1.8 mmol/L in the simvastatin group and 1.4 mmol/ L in patients taking ezetimibe plus simvastatin.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The efficacy at reducing LDL-C is in the range of 50e70%, independent of the presence of a background therapy (statins, ezetimibe, etc.); preliminary data from phase 3 trials suggest a reduction of CV events in line with the LDL-C reduction achieved.115,116”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“At a daily dose of 2 g it reduces TGs by 20e40% and LDL-C by 15e18% and increases HDL-C by 15e35%.257,277,278”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [257] Canner, 1986, Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin, J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [277] Kamanna, 2008, Mechanism of action of niacin, Am J Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [278] Bruckert, 2010, Meta-analysis of the effect of nicotinic acid alone or in combination on cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results from other meta-analyses suggest reduced major CVD events in patients with high TGs and low HDL-C in fibrate-treated patients, but no decrease in CVD or total mortality.270e272”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 270e272
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In some studies an increase of patient-reported neurocognitive effects was described.This finding requires further scrutiny.250”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] Zhang, 2016, Comparative efficacy and safety of everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffold versus everolimus-eluting metallic stents: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Ann Intern Med source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fibrates are generally well tolerated with mild adverse effects, gastrointestinal disturbances being reported in <5% of patients and skin rashes in 2%.273”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273] Davidson, 2007, Safety considerations with fibrate therapy, Am J Cardiol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although a relative risk reduction is seen in the oldest subjects, the increased frequency of CAD means that the absolute number of cases associated with cholesterol is highest in this group.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Heart Protection Study (HPS), 20 536 individuals were allocated to simvastatin or placebo.After 5 years the relative risk reduction was 18% for coronary death and 25% for coronary events.The reduction was similar in age groups <65, 65e70 and >70 years.333”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [333] 2002, MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) study included patients 70e82 years of age with CVD or at high risk for CVD.330 Patients were treated with pravastatin 40 mg daily or placebo.The relative risk reduction for a combined CAD endpoint was reduced by 15%, whereas no reduction was shown for stroke.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [330] Shepherd, 2002, Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oestrogen replacement therapy, despite some favourable effects on the lipid profile, has not been demonstrated to reduce CV risk and cannot be recommended for CVD prevention in women.318”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Manson, 2003, Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results from a meta-analysis on blood cholesterol and vascular mortality indicates that high TC is a significant risk factor for CAD mortality at all ages, but this association is attenuated in older adults”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [321] Lewington, 2007, Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55,000 vascular deaths, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [322] Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice, 1998, Recommendations of the Second Joint Task Force of European and other societies on coronary prevention, Eur Heart J source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes itself is an independent risk factor for CVD and is associated with a higher risk of CVD, even more so in women.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from recent meta-analyses indicate that people with MetS have a two-fold increase in CV outcomes and a 1.5fold increase in all-cause mortality.348”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [348] Mottillo, 2010, The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Studies Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE) trial, 893 patients 65e83 years of age with stable CAD were recruited to treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg or pravastatin 40 mg.331 The atorvastatin group had a lower all-cause mortality (HR 0.33) and a non-significant trend towards reduction in major CAD events.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [331] Deedwania, 2007, Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease: results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE), Circulation source
plaincorrelationaln = 893- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis of Walsh and Pignone 314 reported a 26% reduction of CV mortality, a 29% reduction of MI and a 20% reduction of total CAD events in a cohort of 8272 females with previous CVD mainly treated with statins.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [314] Walsh, 2004, Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women, JAMA source
plaindirectn = 8,272- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The rate of the composite endpoint of death from CV causes, MI or stroke was significantly lower, by 1.8 percentage points, in the combination group and the benefit of simvastatineezetimibe was consistent for women.63”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cannon, 2015, Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a metaanalysis of fibrates in the prevention of CVD in 11 590 people with T2DM showed that fibrates significantly reduced the risk of non-fatal MI by 21%, but had no effect on the risk of overall mortality or coronary mortality.353”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [353] Saha, 2010, Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus—a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials, Int J Cardiol source
plaindirectn = 11,590- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lipid profile in type 1 diabetic subjects with good glycaemic control is 'supernormal' and characterized by subnormal TGs and LDL-C, whereas HDL-C is usually within the upper normal range or slightly elevated.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent data indicate that diabetes per se increases CVD risk about two-fold on average, but the risk is subject to wide variation depending on the population.342”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [342] Sattar, 2013, Revisiting the links between glycaemia, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, Diabetologia source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Type 1 diabetes is associated with high CVD risk, in particular in patients with microalbuminuria and renal disease.355”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [355] Laing, 2003, Mortality from heart disease in a cohort of 23,000 patients with insulin-treated diabetes, Diabetologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of these trials concordantly show that lipid-lowering therapy substantially reduces CV events in these patients, although no reduction in total mortality risk could be demonstrated.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent meta-analysis, subjects >65 years of age (n ¼ 24 674) from eight studies were included.327 Statin treatment reduced MI (RR 0.61) and stroke (RR 0.76).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [327] Savarese, 2013, Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis, J Am Coll Cardiol source
plaindirectn = 24,674- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Supplementation with highly purified n-3 PUFAs reduced mortality in survivors of MI in one study (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)], but failed to affect clinical outcomes in two more recent trials using modern evidence-based prevention therapies (most patients were on statins), and therefore cannot be recommended in routine practice.361”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [361] Rizos, 2012, Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Results from an MI registry study in Sweden demonstrate that statin treatment is associated with lower CV mortality in very old post-MI patients without (which is important to stress) increasing the risk of cancer.337”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [337] Gränsbo, 2010, Cardiovascular and cancer mortality in very elderly post-myocardial infarction patients receiving statin treatment, J Am Coll Cardiol source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Statins are effective in reducing disease activity, CV events and mortality (particularly in primary prevention) in this setting, while their discontinuation increases MI and mortality.386”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] De Vera, 2011, Statin discontinuation and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study, Ann Rheum Dis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The onset of heart failure (HF) increases the risk of mortality and morbidity three to four times compared with patients without HF.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“yet the predictive role of this biomarker (but not of carotid plaque) is somewhat compromised in light of recent data.60”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Vlachopoulos, 2015, Atherosclerosis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lipid abnormalities are common in patients who have undergone solid organ transplantation and predispose patients to the development of both atherosclerotic disease and transplant arterial vasculopathy, resulting in major vascular events.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In patients with CKD not on dialysis, treatment with statins reduced all-cause mortality by 34%, CV mortality by 31%, CV events by 45% and stroke by 34%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394] Barylski, 2013, Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy–a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants, Pharmacol Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although randomized trial data have shown that statins have the potential to improve outcomes in heart transplant patients 400e402 and renal transplant patients, 403 the amounts of outcome data are not extensive.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 400e402
- Not checked yetcites [403] Navaneethan, 2009, HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In patients receiving dialysis, treatment with statins had no effect on all-cause mortality and stroke, but reduced CV mortality by 21% and CV events by 19%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394] Barylski, 2013, Statins decrease all-cause mortality only in CKD patients not requiring dialysis therapy–a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 21,295 participants, Pharmacol Res source
plaindirectn = 293- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The results from AURORA (A study to evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in subjects On Regular haemodialysis: an Assessment of survival and cardiovascular events), involving 2776 patients on haemodialysis, show that rosuvastatin lowered LDL-C as expected but had no significant effect on the composite CVD endpoint.396”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [396] Fellström, 2009, Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis, N Engl J Med source
plainn = 2,776- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm represents a riskequivalent condition and is associated with age, male gender, personal history of atherosclerotic CVD, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, 415 while, in contrast, diabetic patients are at decreased risk.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [415] Golledge, 2006, Abdominal aortic aneurysm: pathogenesis and implications for management, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PAD is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, and such patients are at elevated risk of coronary events, with PAD representing an independent risk factor for MI and CV death.405,406”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CV mortality in patients with stage 3 and stage 4 CKD is two-fold and three-fold higher, respectively, when compared with patients with normal renal function.391”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [391] Matsushita, 2010, Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, psoriasis and anti-phospholipid syndrome, are characterized by enhanced atherosclerosis and consequently higher CV morbidity and mortality rates compared with the general population.383e385”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 383e385
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In two large RCTs 373,374 there was no benefit on hard endpoints, such as CV mortality and non-fatal MI and stroke, in spite of a decrease in hospitalizations 373,375 and a marked reduction of LDL-C and hs-CRP in patients with mainly systolic heart failure.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [373] Kjekshus, 2007, Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [374] GISSI-HF InvestigatorsTavazzi L, 2008, Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the aetiology of stroke may influence the response to statins, and those patients with evidence of atherothrombosis underlying their cerebrovascular events appear to benefit most, while those with haemorrhagic stroke may not benefit.422”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] Amarenco, 2009, Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention, Lancet Neurol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no data on the effects of statins, ezetimibe or fibrates on CV events in dyslipidaemic HIV-infected patients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In HIV-infected patients, lowering LDL-C with statins will reduce cardiovascular events even though outcome data for statins, ezetimibe or fibrates in this population are absent.
In the paper
“Given the benefits for adherence demonstrated with simplified dosing reported in a Cochrane overview of interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers, 484 it makes sense that a pill that contains multiple medications in one tablet will enhance adherence.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [484] Ryan, 2014, Interventions to improve safe and effective medicines use by consumers: an overview of systematic reviews, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
182 of 182
The paper relies on this without support.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is usually the product of a number of risk factors.
“because atherosclerotic CVD is usually the product of a number of risk factors”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many people have several risk factors that in combination may result in unexpectedly high total cardiovascular risk.
“since many people have several risk factors that, in combination, may result in unexpectedly high levels of total CV risk.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The strongest driver of total cardiovascular risk is age.
“The strongest driver of total CV risk is age”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women often have higher HDL-C levels.
“This is especially so in women, who often have higher HDL-C levels”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subjects with diabetes or high triglycerides often have low HDL-C levels.
“and in subjects with diabetes or with high TGs, who often have low HDL-C levels”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Friedewald formula cannot be used with high triglyceride values (>4.5 mmol/L or >400 mg/dL).
“With high TG values (>4.5 mmol/L or >400 mg/dL), the formula cannot be used.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with familial hyperlipidaemia or total cholesterol above 7.5 mmol/L are always at high cardiovascular risk.
“These patients are always at high risk and should receive special attention.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption and thereby modulate total cholesterol levels.
“Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption, thereby modulating TC levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hypocholesterolaemic effects of red yeast rice are related to a statin-like mechanism, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, by monacolins.
“Hypocholesterolaemic effects of RYR are related to a statinlike mechanism, inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, of monacolins, which represent the bioactive ingredient.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Statins reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity.
“Statins reduce the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A reduction in intracellular cholesterol concentration induces increased LDL receptor expression on hepatocytes, which increases uptake of LDL cholesterol from the blood and decreases plasma LDL cholesterol and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, including triglyceride-rich particles.
“The reduction in intracellular cholesterol concentration induces an increased expression of LDLR on the surface of the hepatocytes, which results in increased uptake of LDL-C from the blood and a decreased plasma concentration of LDL-C and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, including TG-rich particles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and released into the intestinal lumen, but most bile acid is returned to the liver from the terminal ileum via active absorption.
“Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol and are released into the intestinal lumen, but most of the bile acid is returned to the liver from the terminal ileum via active absorption.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.
“Ezetimibe is the first lipid-lowering drug that inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of pancreatitis is clinically significant if triglycerides exceed 10 mmol/L.
“The risk of pancreatitis is clinically significant if TGs exceed 10 mmol/L (880 mg/dL), and actions to prevent acute pancreatitis are mandatory.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Statins have significant effects on mortality as well as most cardiovascular disease outcome parameters.
“Since statins have significant effects on mortality as well as most CVD outcome parameters, these drugs are the first choice to reduce both total CVD risk and moderately elevated TG levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fibrates are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha.
“Fibrates are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a (PPAR-a), acting via transcription factors regulating various steps in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In HIV-infected patients, lowering LDL-C with statins will reduce cardiovascular events even though outcome data for statins, ezetimibe or fibrates in this population are absent.
“There are no data on the effects of statins, ezetimibe or fibrates on CV events in dyslipidaemic HIV-infected patients.”
17 of 17
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“phytosterols have well-documented LDL-C lowering (Level of Recommendation: A) and the absence of adverse signals”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“For example, the current ESC/EAS lipid guidelines state that the use of purified RYR products can be considered in people with hypercholesterolemia who are not qualified for statin treatment after considering the overall CV risk(7).”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The current ESC/EAS lipid guidelines state that, based on the reduction of LDL-C and the absence of adverse events, the use of plant sterols/stanols can be considered: 1) in subjects with high cholesterol levels with low to intermediate CV risk who do not qualify for pharmacological treatment; 2) in combination with pharmacotherapy in high-risk or very-high-risk patients who have been statin-intol”
From The Role of Nutraceuticals in Statin Intolerant Patients (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 9.14. Mental disorders
“Strategies to handle CK elevations are given in Table 35 and in the supplementary material.”
§ 9.14. Mental disorders
“Table 35 Recommendations for lipid-lowering pharmacological treatment in patients with mental disorders.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 4. Treatment targets
“For patients at a very high total CV risk, the goal is an LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL).At least a 50% reduction from baseline (if >1.8 mmol/L) should also be achieved.”
§ 9.6.1. Specific lipid management issues in acute coronary syndrome
“the dose should aim at reaching the LDL-C goal of <1.8 mmol/L (~70 mg/dL) or a 50% reduction of LDL-C as indicated in Table 11 on treatment goals.”
2 of 2
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet
Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Covas, M.-I., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1200303 · Cited by 4,257
RetractedThe theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,451
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42 · Cited by 13,697
Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655 · Cited by 10,995
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
Alwan, A. (2011) · Cited by 8,494
European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., et al. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092 · Cited by 8,490
Self-citationMichie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, M. P., Cane, J., & Wood, C. E. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6 · Cited by 7,629
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Hinchcliffe, 2011, Patient Adherence to Treatment with Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiff: Public Health Wales NHS Trust
- Jackson, 2014, Applying COM-B to medication adherence, Eur Health Psychol, 16, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ibanez, B., James, S., Agewall, S., Antunes, M. J., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., Bueno, H., Caforio, A. L. P., Crea, F., Goudevenos, J. A., Halvorsen, S., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393 · Cited by 9,728
Self-citationArnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000678 · Cited by 4,536
Ference, B. A., Ginsberg, H. N., Graham, I., Ray, K. K., Packard, C. J., Bruckert, E., Hegele, R. A., Krauss, R. M., Raal, F. J., Schunkert, H., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 · Cited by 3,962
Self-citation2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Arnett, D. K., Blumenthal, R. S., Albert, M. A., Buroker, A. B., Goldberger, Z. D., Hahn, E. J., Himmelfarb, C. D., Khera, A., Lloyd-Jones, D., McEvoy, J. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.010 · Cited by 1,896
Two Phase 3 Trials of Inclisiran in Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol
Ray, K. K., Wright, R. S., Kallend, D., Koenig, W., Leiter, L. A., Raal, F. J., Bisch, J. A., Richardson, T., Jaros, M., Wijngaard, P. L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1912387 · Cited by 1,665
Metadata
- Authors
- Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., Reiner, Ž., Riccardi, G., Taskinen, M.-R., Tokgozoglu, L., Verschuren, W. M. M., Vlachopoulos, C., Wood, D. A., & Zamorano, J. L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 253
- Pages
- 281-344
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2509676484
- Semantic Scholar
- b1dcd574e6b384735f3de7ecc8fb2020e40c3483
- Cited by
- 1,582
- References
- 501
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 182 · 2019: 298 · 2018: 280 · 2017: 234 · 2016: 33
- FWCI
- 312.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0508-10312)
- European Society of Cardiology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- dyslipidemia, dyslipidemia management, cardiovascular risk, lipid-lowering therapy, cardiovascular disease prevention, ESC/EAS guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Cardiology, Humans, Dyslipidemias, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
