The DOI matches its Crossref record; 623 of the 623 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 33 of the 702 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk
Open accessAbstract
The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS).The disclosure forms of all experts involved in the development of these Guidelines are available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines.
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Claims the paper makes
405 Not checked yet · 43 No basis given · 42 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 8 Partly supported · 6 Couldn’t confirm · 3 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“while the measurement of the carotid intima-media thickness is inferior to CAC score and carotid plaque detection [16,24,25].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Conclusion (page not available in our copy) show that CAC improved cardiovascular risk discrimination and reclassification more than CIMT in intermediate-risk individuals. The paper does not compare CIMT with carotid plaque detection, so it supports only the CAC part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The COMMENT section reports that a recent meta-analysis suggested carotid plaque was better than CIMT at predicting coronary events, but it also notes contrary findings for stroke and says this study did not separately analyze plaque. The cited paper does not establish that CIMT is inferior to coronary artery calcium scoring, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Numerous epidemiological studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and RCTs have consistently demonstrated a log-linear relationship between the absolute changes in plasma LDL-C and the risk of ASCVD [34,45-50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Association of individual lipids with coronary artery disease’; page unavailable) reports that epidemiological and genetic evidence links higher LDL cholesterol with higher CAD risk. It does not establish a log-linear relationship involving absolute LDL-C changes or report that randomized controlled trials demonstrate one. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [46] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Scanning for additive associations” (page unavailable), the paper reports that a PCSK9 variant associated with low LDL cholesterol is protective against coronary artery disease. It does not establish a log-linear relationship between absolute LDL-C changes and ASCVD risk, or report consistent findings across epidemiological studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and RCTs. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [47] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (pages not provided) describe an approximately log-linear relationship for Mendelian-randomization estimates of LDL-C reduction and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The Discussion also says that epidemiological studies and statin trials show log-linear relationships. The paper addresses CHD, however, while the citing sentence extends the claim to the broader category of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [48] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) links observational LDL-C findings to randomized-trial evidence, and the Results report higher CHD odds per 1 mmol/L genetically instrumented increase in LDL-C. The Discussion says the Mendelian-randomization estimate is similar in magnitude to a statin-trial estimate. The paper does not establish a log-linear relationship across absolute LDL-C changes or address ASCVD risk as broadly as the claim states. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [49] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that, across statin and several established nonstatin trials, each 1-mmol/L reduction in LDL-C was associated with a similar reduction in the relative risk of major vascular events. The discussion says Mendelian randomization findings support an association between the degree of LDL-C lowering and cardiovascular risk. Our copy does not establish that epidemiological studies demonstrate the claimed log-linear relationship, and the trial findings are qualified by treatment class rather than applying consistently to all interventions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As a result, under most circumstances, they provide very similar information about ASCVD risk [45,105-108].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Association of individual lipids with coronary artery disease” (page unavailable), reports an association between LDL cholesterol and coronary artery disease risk. It does not compare LDL-C with non-HDL-C or ApoB, so it does not support the claim that the three usually provide very similar risk information. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
- Partly supportedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that non-HDL-C and apoB did not perform vastly better than LDL-C for estimating recurrent-event risk in this study, supporting the claim of broadly similar information. But the study concerns patients with manifest arterial disease, not ASCVD risk under most circumstances; it also reports a stronger association between apoB and myocardial infarction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [107] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that epidemiologic studies found non-HDL-C at least equivalent to LDL-C and apoB for predicting CVD risk. But the paper does not establish that all three provide very similar ASCVD-risk information under most circumstances: its Results report poor correlations between apoB and LDL-C, and it lacked clinical outcomes to assess its own risk reclassifications. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites [108] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“It is important to note that direct LDL-C measurements also have limitations, including systematic bias and inaccuracy in patients with dyslipidaemia, especially for high TG levels [88-90].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] source
- Partly supportedcites [89] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Trueness and Total Error) report consistent negative bias for several direct LDL-C methods and more discordant results in diseased participants. The Results (Specificity Issues) link higher triglycerides to LDL-C bias, but report no consistent pattern between triglyceride concentration and the frequency of discordant LDL-C results. Thus, the claim's emphasis on inaccuracy especially at high triglyceride levels overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites [90] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regular physical exercise reduces plasma TG levels over and above the effect of weight reduction [151,168,169].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] source
- Could not verifycites [168] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (page unavailable) mention physical activity and body-mass index only as variables used in analyses of alcohol consumption. The Results and Discussion passages address alcohol-related cardiovascular outcomes, not whether exercise lowers plasma triglycerides independently of weight reduction. Searches for the exercise–triglyceride claim and for triglycerides, physical activity, and weight reduction found no passage addressing it. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked yetcites [169] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In observational studies, TC is negatively associated with haemorrhagic stroke”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
- Not checked yetcites [251] source
- Could not verifycites [252] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text (page unavailable) discusses LDL-cholesterol lowering and cardiovascular outcomes in treatment trials, including stroke within composite endpoints. Our copy does not address an observational association between total cholesterol and haemorrhagic stroke; searches for haemorrhagic or hemorrhagic stroke and inverse cholesterol associations found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The magnitude of effect is highly dependent on the baseline lipid levels [305].”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [305] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 2 (Additional information; page not available) lists baseline triglyceride levels and treatment-related changes, but does not establish that the magnitude of fibrates’ effects on lipids depends strongly on baseline levels. The COMMENT only suggests that fibrates might have a different effect on pancreatitis risk at higher triglyceride levels. Searches for baseline-dependent lipid or triglyceride reductions found no statement supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] source
- Could not verifycites [370] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Lipoproteins section discusses oral contraceptives and lipid profiles in women; the Animal Studies section discusses atherosclerosis in monkeys. Our copy does not address early treatment or endothelial function in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia (searched those terms and pediatric statin treatment). (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [371] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The subgroup analyses discuss improved endothelial vascular function in the context of estrogen therapy, while the paper’s findings concern postmenopausal women. Searches for children with familial hypercholesterolaemia and early treatment found no passage addressing whether such treatment improves endothelial function. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Data from RCTs and meta-analyses indicate that routine early use of high-intensity statin therapy is associated with rapid and sustained clinical benefits [438-442].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [438] source
- Not checked yetcites [439] source
- Partly supportedcites [440] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports rapid benefit from intensive statin therapy in a randomized trial of patients with acute coronary syndromes. But this paper’s own analysis was observational, concerned statin use before TIA onset, and had no dose data; it therefore does not establish benefits from routine early initiation of high-intensity therapy. It also discusses later benefits after TIA or stroke separately, rather than demonstrating that the early benefit was sustained. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [441] source
- Partly supportedcites [442] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports cardiovascular benefits over a mean follow-up of 6.1 years, supporting the long-term-benefit portion of the claim. But the Study Design describes 40 mg of pravastatin daily, not high-intensity therapy, and the paper explicitly says enrollment began at least three months after the qualifying event, so its data do not clarify benefits early after an acute event. The cited results therefore do not establish routine early use or rapid clinical benefits. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm represents a riskequivalent condition for CAD and is associated with age, male gender, personal history of atherosclerotic CVD, smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia [519]; in contrast, diabetic patients are at decreased risk.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [519] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion passages address C-reactive protein, statin therapy, and acute coronary events, not abdominal aortic aneurysm as a CAD risk-equivalent condition. Searches for abdominal aortic aneurysm and related vascular-risk terms found no passage addressing that claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 189
- Probably not a substantial claim. 56
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Assessment of carotid or femoral plaque burden with ultrasound has also been demonstrated to be predictive of CV events, comparable to CAC [20-23]”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The US Assessment of Total Plaque Burden section describes ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque, and the Additional Information section says carotid plaque burden improved cardiovascular risk prediction to a similar degree as CAC. The paper does not assess femoral plaque burden, so it does not support that part of the claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [21] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that MRI-measured carotid plaque characteristics were associated with cardiovascular events in another study. But this paper assessed femoral plaque by MRI, not ultrasound; its Results found no association between femoral plaque area and any outcome. Our copy provides no comparison with coronary artery calcium. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
- Could not verifycites [23] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic subjects’ section says CAC predicts cardiovascular events, but it does not assess ultrasound-measured carotid or femoral plaque burden or compare its predictive value with CAC. Searches for carotid and femoral plaque, ultrasound, and comparative prognostic value found no passage addressing that claim; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, several randomized trials have shown that directly infused HDL mimetics increase plasma HDL-C concentrations, but do not reduce the progression of atherosclerosis as measured by intravascular ultrasound [68,69].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [68] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) says that neither CHI-SQUARE nor three earlier HDL-infusion studies demonstrated an IVUS benefit over placebo in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. It reports increased plasma cholesterol after CER-001 infusion, including a transient rise in free cholesterol, but does not establish that the trials increased plasma HDL-C concentrations specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [69] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied passages and searches for “directly infused HDL mimetics” and “intravascular ultrasound” found no account of the claimed trials or their results. The Genetics section discusses the absence of randomized Lp(a)-lowering trials, a different intervention; it does not establish or contradict the HDL-mimetic claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These effects are dose-dependent; with a habitual fructose consumption between 15 and 20% of total energy intake, plasma TG increases by as much as 30-40%.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [159] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on cardiovascular disease risk factors reports changes after intensive lifestyle intervention, not effects of fructose intake. Searches for habitual fructose consumption, dose dependence, and the claimed 15–20% energy intake and 30–40% triglyceride increase found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [173] source
- Not checked yetcites [174] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The cholesterol-lowering effect of soy is generally attributed to its isoflavone and phytoestrogen content, which decreases progressively with the increasing degree of soybean processing.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [187] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) addresses lipoprotein(a), rosuvastatin, and residual cardiovascular risk, not soy. Searches for soy, isoflavones, phytoestrogens, and soybean processing found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed mechanism or the effect of processing. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [188] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Normalized Vasomotion sections discuss the cholesterol-lowering effects of statins, not soy. Searches for soy, isoflavones, phytoestrogens, and soybean processing found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The mechanism of the TG-lowering effect has not been fully elucidated, but it seems to be partly independent of the LDLR pathway. It may involve the upregulation of VLDL uptake by hepatocytes, as well as a reduction of the production rate of VLDLs; these effects seem to be dependent on pre-treatment VLDL concentrations [200].”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [200] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Consistent data have demonstrated the efficacy of statins in preventing CV events and reducing CV mortality in patients with DM, with no evidence of sex differences [430,431].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [430] source
- Partly supportedcites [431] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available) states that statins improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with established cardiovascular disease. It does not establish the claim specifically for patients with diabetes, address cardiovascular mortality, or report whether effects differ by sex. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The lipid profile in T1DM patients with good glycaemic control is 'supernormal', and is characterized by subnormal TG and LDL-C levels, whereas HDL-C levels are usually within the upper normal range or slightly elevated.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [429] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available indexed passages are repository metadata and PDF links, not text addressing lipid profiles in type 1 diabetes. Searches for “supernormal,” good glycaemic control, triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C found no passage that could verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“a reduction in HF hospitalizations [218,471], as well as a small reduction in MI, was observed in a pooled analysis of the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA) and GISSI-HF trials [472].”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [218] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied passages are from the References section and do not report results from a pooled CORONA and GISSI-HF analysis. Further searches for those trials, heart-failure hospitalizations, and myocardial infarction found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed reductions. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [471] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Statistical analysis; page not provided) and Results (Study characteristics; page not provided) describe a meta-analysis of kidney-function measures and mortality in general-population cohorts. Searches for CORONA, GISSI-HF, heart-failure hospitalizations, and myocardial-infarction reductions found no passage reporting the claimed pooled trial analysis. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [472] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Endpoints sections describe a registry of patients undergoing PCI, and the Conclusion reports outcomes by renal function; no page numbers are available in our copy. Searches for CORONA, GISSI-HF, rosuvastatin, and a pooled analysis found no passage addressing the claimed reductions in heart-failure hospitalizations or myocardial infarction. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, more women die from CVD than men.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the multiplier is higher in women and lower in older people.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, people who stop smoking halve their cumulative risk over a relatively short period of time.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk estimates are lower in women than in men.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SCORE data indicate that the total CVD event risk is about three times higher than the risk of fatal CVD for men, so a SCORE risk of 5% translates into a CVD risk of ∼15% of total (fatal + non-fatal) CVD endpoints”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the available evidence on functional foods so far identified in this field is incomplete; the major gap is an absence of diet-based intervention trials of enough duration to be relevant for the natural history of dyslipidaemia and CVD.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, studies of the clinical safety of these very low achieved LDL-C values have proved reassuring, albeit monitoring for longer periods is required.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, these clinical trials have clearly indicated that the lower the achieved LDL-C values, the lower the risk of future cardiovascular (CV) events, with no lower limit for LDL-C values, or 'J'-curve effect.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several recent placebo-controlled clinical studies have shown that the addition of either ezetimibe or antiproprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to statin therapy provides a further reduction in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, which is directly and positively correlated with the incrementally achieved absolute LDL-C reduction.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The previous ESC/EAS lipid Guidelines were published in August 2016 [1].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While no threshold is universally applicable, the intensity of advice should increase with increasing risk.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other risk estimation systems-using both fatal and non-fatal events-can also be recalibrated, but the process is easier and scientifically more robust for mortality than for total events.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Persons with documented ASCVD, type 1 or type 2 DM (T1DM and T2DM, respectively), very high levels of individual risk factors, or chronic kidney disease (CKD) are generally at very-high or high total CV risk. No risk estimation models are needed for such persons; they all need active management of all risk factors.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-invasive imaging techniques can detect the presence, estimate the extent, and evaluate the clinical consequences of atherosclerotic vascular damage.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social deprivation: the origin of many of the causes of CVD. Obesity and central obesity as measured by the body mass index and waist circumference, respectively. Physical inactivity. Psychosocial stress including vital exhaustion.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All risk estimation systems are relatively crude and require attention to qualifying statements.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Guidelines were developed after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their dating.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The longer the treatment and the more effective it is, the greater the reduction in risk, but in general it will not be more than about one-third of the baseline risk.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“in these Guidelines, the cut-off point for calling a country 'low CVD risk' is based on WHO data derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WHO
- Not checked yetcites Global Burden of Disease Study
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“age has been extended from age 65 to 70; (ii) the interaction between age and each of the other risk factors has been incorporated, thus reducing the overestimation of risk in older persons in the original Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation charts; and (iii) the cholesterol band of 8 mmoL/L has been removed”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To convert the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease to risk of total (fatal + non-fatal) cardiovascular disease, multiply by 3 in men and by 4 in women, and slightly less in older people.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Social deprivation and psychosocial stress set the scene for increased risk [13].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was performed, including assessment of the risk-benefit ratio.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After appropriate revisions the Guidelines are approved by all the experts involved in the Task Force.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative risks may be unexpectedly high in young persons, even if absolute risk levels are low.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Detection of coronary artery calcification with noncontrast computed tomography (CT) gives a good estimate of the atherosclerotic burden and is strongly associated with CV events [18].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additional factors affecting risk can be accommodated in electronic risk estimation systems such as HeartScore (www.heartscore.org).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Task Force received its entire financial support from the ESC and EAS without any involvement from the healthcare industry.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In apparently healthy persons, CVD risk is most frequently the result of multiple, interacting risk factors.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Some factors such as a high HDL-C up to 2.3 mmoL/L (90mg/dL) [17] or a family history of longevity can also be associated with lower risk.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk age has been shown to be independent of the CV endpoint used [6,8], can be used in any population regardless of baseline risk or secular changes in mortality, and therefore avoids the need for recalibration.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Use of the low- or the high-risk SCORE charts will depend on the CVD mortality experience in each country.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A particular problem relates to young people with high levels of risk factors; a low absolute risk may conceal a very high relative risk requiring at least intensive lifestyle advice.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Selected experts in the field from both societies undertook a comprehensive review of the published evidence for management of a given condition according to ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) policy.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC and EAS, including representation from relevant ESC sub-specialty groups, in order to represent professionals involved with the medical care of patients with this pathology.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, risk is only deferred in women; the risk of a 60-year-old woman is similar to that of a 50-year-old man.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Calibrated country-specific versions are available for many European countries and can be found at http:// www.heartscore.org.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation chart is for use in people without overt cardiovascular disease, diabetes (type 1 and 2), chronic kidney disease, familial hypercholesterolaemia, or very high levels of individual risk factors”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ESC Guidelines undergo extensive review by the CPG and external experts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ESC CPG supervises and coordinates the preparation of new Guidelines. The Committee is also responsible for the endorsement process of these Guidelines.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Risk will be overestimated in countries with decreasing CVD mortality, and underestimated in countries in which mortality is increasing. This is dealt with by recalibration”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The European Guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice (both the 2012 [9] and 2016 [10] versions) recommend the use of the SCORE system because it is based on large, representative European cohort data sets and because it is relatively straightforward to recalibrate for individual countries.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater the burden of risk factors, the higher the lifetime risk.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation of particular management options were weighed and graded according to predefined ESC scales, as outlined in the tables below.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For other, apparently healthy people, the use of a risk estimation system such as SCORE, which estimates the 10 year cumulative risk of a first fatal atherosclerotic event, is recommended to estimate total CV risk, since many people have several risk factors that, in combination, may result in high levels of total CV risk.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A risk estimation system such as SCORE can assist in making logical management decisions, and may help to avoid both under- and overtreatment.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While older people benefit from smoking cessation, and control of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (see section 9.3)”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites section 9.3
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis from the US Preventive Services Task Force summarized the available evidence on the value of non-traditional risk factors for risk prediction, and found that, although there are no randomized trials showing that the use of CAC reduces health outcomes, nevertheless it improves both discrimination and reclassification [19].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cut-off points that are used to define high-risk are, in part, both arbitrary and based on the risk levels at which benefit is evident in clinical trials.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total risk approach allows flexibility; if optimal control cannot be achieved with one risk factor, trying harder with the other factors can still reduce risk.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experts of the writing and reviewing panels provided declaration of interest forms for all relationships that might be perceived as real or potential sources of conflicts of interest.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Risk estimates have been produced as charts for high- and low-risk regions in Europe (Fig. 1 and 2) [11].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for retaining a system that estimates fatal as opposed to total fatal + non-fatal events are that nonfatal events are dependent on definition, developments in diagnostic tests, and methods of ascertainment, all of which can vary, resulting in very variable multipliers to convert fatal to total events.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the use of a risk estimation system such as SCORE, which estimates the 10 year cumulative risk of a first fatal atherosclerotic event, is recommended to estimate total CV risk”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, the clinical benefit of therapies that lower LDL-C by reducing LDL particle mass will be proportional to the absolute reduction in LDLC, because-on average-the reduction in LDL-C and LDL particles will be concordant [34,50,54,55].”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this evidence must be interpreted with caution because most genetic variants associated with HDL-C are also associated with directionally opposite changes in TGs, LDL-C, or both, thus making estimates of the effect of HDL-C on the risk of ASCVD very difficult using the Mendelian randomization study design.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data are consistent in showing that, since the relative risk reduction is proportional to the absolute reduction in LDL-C and the absolute reduction in LDL-C resulting from a particular drug regimen depends only on baseline LDL-C, at any given level of baseline risk the higher the initial LDL-C level the greater the absolute reduction in risk.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, lowering TG with fibrates reduces the risk of CV events by the same amount as LDL-C-lowering therapies when measured per unit change of non-HDL-C [50], suggesting that the effect of plasma TGs on ASCVD is mediated by changes in the concentration of TG-rich lipoproteins as estimated by non-HDL-C.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eventually, the increase of the atherosclerotic plaque burden along with changes in the composition of the plaque reaches a critical point at which disruption of a plaque can result, with the formation of an overlying thrombus that acutely obstructs blood flow resulting in unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), or death.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent Mendelian randomization study demonstrated that TG-lowering lipoprotein lipase (LPL) variants and LDL-C-lowering LDL receptor variants had the same effect on the risk of ASCVD per unit change of ApoB, suggesting that all ApoB-containing lipoproteins have the same effect on the risk of CHD [53].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mendelian randomization studies also suggest that the association between plasma TGs and the risk of CHD may be causal; however, this evidence must be interpreted with caution because nearly all variants associated with TGs are also associated with HDL-C, LDL-C, or Lp(a) [56-59].”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data provide strong support for the concept that LDL particles have both a causal and cumulative effect on the risk of ASCVD.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) showed that 41-57% of individuals who would be eligible for statin therapy had a CAC score of zero and the rate of atherosclerotic CVD events in the 10 year follow-up period was low (1.5-4.9%) [26].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Continued exposure to ApoB-containing lipoproteins leads to additional particles being retained over time in the artery wall, and to the growth and progression of atherosclerotic plaques.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While randomized trials evaluating therapies that lower Lp(a) by 20-30% (including niacin and CETP inhibitors) have not provided evidence that lowering Lp(a) reduces the risk of ASCVD beyond that which would be expected from the observed reduction in ApoB-containing lipoproteins, recent data with PCSK9 inhibitors have suggested a possible role for Lp(a) lowering in reducing CV risk [76].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the concentration of Lp(a) is reported as either a molar concentration (nmol/L) or as a mass (mg/dL) by the various assays, and conversion between molar and mass concentrations has been found to be both size- and concentration-dependent [91-93].”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pro-atherogenic effects of Lp(a) have also been attributed to pro-coagulant effects as Lp(a) has a similar structure to plasminogen, and it has pro-inflammatory effects most likely related to the oxidized phospholipid load carried by Lp(a) [71].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement of plasma TC is needed to calculate risk using SCORE, while the inclusion of plasma HDL-C level can improve risk estimation using the online SCORE calculator.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because about 90% of a person's Lp(a) level is inherited, extremely elevated Lp(a) may represent a new inherited lipid disorder that is associated with extremely high lifetime risk of ASCVD and is two-fold more prevalent than HeFH [77].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher plasma Lp(a) concentrations are associated with an increased risk of ASCVD, but it appears to be a much weaker risk factor for most people than LDL-C [72,73].”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the Assessment of Clinical Effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition with Evacetrapib in Patients at a High-Risk for Vascular Outcomes (ACCELERATE) and Randomized Evaluation of the Effects of Anacetrapib Through Lipid Modification (REVEAL) trials, treatment with CETP inhibitors more than doubled HDL-C levels, but did not appear to reduce the risk of ASCVD events beyond”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“In the Effects of Dalcetrapib in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome (dal-OUTCOMES) trial, treatment with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor dalcetrapib increased HDL-C without any effect on LDL-C or ApoB, but did not reduce the risk of major CV events [65].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low intakes of fats and oils increase the risk of inadequate intakes of vitamin E and of essential fatty acids, and may contribute to a reduction of HDL-C [164].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trans fatty acids produced in the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils account for 80% of total intake.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the intake of trans fatty acids has decreased substantially over the past 10-15 years.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“this approach also leads to the greatest improvement in physical performance and quality of life, and mitigates reductions in muscle and bone mass, particularly in older people [176].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [176] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The lack of concordance between studies is due both to methodological problems (particularly inadequate sample sizes or short study durations) and the difficulties of evaluating the impact of a single dietary factor independently of any other changes in the diet [130].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight reduction increases HDL-C levels; a 0.01 mmoL/L (0.4 mg/ dL) increase is observed for every kilogram decrease in body weight when weight reduction has stabilized.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dietary carbohydrate has a 'neutral' effect on LDL-C, although excessive consumption is represented by untoward effects on plasma TGs and HDL-C levels [164].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dietary fibre (particularly of the soluble type)-which is present in legumes, fruits, vegetables, and wholegrain cereals (e.g. oats and barley)-has a hypocholesterolaemic effect and represents a good dietary substitute for saturated fat to maximize the effects of the diet on LDL-C levels, and to minimize the untoward effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on other lipoproteins [140,179].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight reduction improves insulin sensitivity and decreases TG levels.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The detrimental effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on TGs occur mainly when refined carbohydrate-rich foods are consumed, while they are much less prominent if the diet is based largely on fibrerich, low-glycaemic index foods. This applies particularly to people with DM or MetS [171,172].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a meta-analysis [201], elevations in HDL-C levels varied with dose among the respective statins; such elevations ranged from 1 to 10%.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [201] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More potent statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin) demonstrate robust lowering of TG levels, especially at high doses and in patients with elevated TGs (HTG), in whom the absolute risk, and therefore the absolute risk reduction, is larger.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [199] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Statins only marginally affect Lp(a) plasma levels. Previous studies have reported either no effect on or an increase of Lp(a) levels after statin treatment [202,203].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the long-term safety of the regular consumption of these products has not been fully documented and safety issues due to the possible presence of contaminants in some preparations have been raised.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144]
- Not checked yetcites [185] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Total fat and types of fat were not associated with CVD, MI, or CVD mortality, whereas saturated fat had an inverse association with stroke [181].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Soy protein has also been indicated as being able to induce a modest LDL-C-lowering effect when replacing animal protein foods. However, this was not confirmed when changes in other dietary components were taken into account [187,188].”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Observational evidence indicates that consumption of fish (at least twice a week) and vegetable foods rich in n-3 fatty acids (α-linoleic acid is present in walnuts, some vegetables, and some seed oils) is associated with lower risk of CV death and stroke, but has no major effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism [178,192].”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Different commercial preparations of RYR have different concentrations of monacolins, and lower TC and LDL-C levels to variable extents, but the consumer is not able to make that distinction [144,185].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144]
- Not checked yetcites [185] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The degree of LDL-C reduction is dose-dependent and varies between the different statins.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Daily consumption of 2 g of phytosterols can effectively lower TC and LDL-C levels by 7-10% in humans (with a certain degree of heterogeneity among individuals), while it has little or no effect on HDL-C and TG levels [143].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [143] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption and thereby modulate total cholesterol levels.
In the paper
“However, due to the lack of highquality randomized clinical trials, the efficacy of berberine for treating dyslipidaemia needs to be further validated.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [187] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“A fat-modified diet that provides 25-40 g per day of total dietary fibre, including ≥7-13 g of soluble fibre, is well tolerated, effective, and recommended for plasma lipid control”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [182] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Foods enriched with these fibres or supplements are well tolerated, effective, and recommended for LDL-C lowering [186].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The proportional effects (per mmol/L reduction in LDL-C) on major vascular events were similar in all subgroups examined, so the absolute risk reduction was proportional to the absolute baseline risk.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Smoking cessation has clear benefits regarding overall CV risk, and specifically on HDL-C levels [163].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These effects have been shown in vitro and in experimental systems, but their clinical relevance remains unproven [18,206].”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmacological doses of long-chain n-3 fatty acids (2-3 g/day) reduce TG levels by about 30% and also reduce the post-prandial lipaemic response, but a higher dosage may increase LDL-C levels.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“for each 1 mmoL/L reduction in LDL-C, statin/more statin reduced major vascular events (MI, CAD death, or any stroke or coronary revascularization) by ∼22%, major coronary events by 23%, CAD death by 20%, total stroke by 17%, and total mortality by 10% over 5 years.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poor responses to statin treatment in clinical studies are to some extent caused by poor compliance, but may also be explained by genetic backgrounds [195,196].”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild elevation of ALT has not been shown to be associated with true hepatotoxicity or changes in liver function.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mild elevation of ALT occurs in 0.5-2.0% of patients on statin treatment, more commonly with potent statins or high doses.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other conditions, such as dementia [224], hepatic steatosis [225], venous thromboembolism [226], atrial fibrillation [227,228], and polycystic ovary syndrome [229] have also been studied, and no effect of statins on these conditions has been reliably demonstrated.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They concluded that a nocebo effect (i.e. one caused by negative expectations) may partly explain the higher frequency of SAMS in observational studies compared with in trials.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [238] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current available evidence from meta-analyses suggests that the clinical benefit of statin treatment is largely a class effect, driven by the absolute LDL-C reduction; therefore, the type of statin used should reflect the treatment goals for a given patient.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients on statin treatment have been shown to exhibit an increased risk of dysglycaemia and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several studies have shown that this is a consistent, dose-related effect [232].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although statins are generally very well tolerated, they do have some specific adverse effects on muscle, glucose haemostasis, and haemorrhagic stroke. However, there is also widespread misinformation about potential adverse effects, as reviewed recently [232,233].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The suggested effect on Alzheimer's disease was recently reviewed in a Cochrane analysis reporting no conclusive effect from statins [230].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In rhabdomyolysis, creatine kinase (CK) levels are elevated by ≥ 10 times, and often ≥40 times, the upper limit of normal (ULN) [234].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [234] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The proteinuria induced by statins is of tubular origin, usually transitory, and is believed to be due to reduced tubular reabsorption and not to glomerular dysfunction [254,255].”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This effect is probably related to the mechanism of action of statins, as Mendelian randomization studies have confirmed the increased risk of DM in individuals with HMG-CoA reductase polymorphisms that reduce cholesterol synthesis [250].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [250] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The frequency of rhabdomyolysis has been estimated to represent 1-3 cases/100 000 patient-years [235].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] source
hedgedn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the risk is higher with the more potent statins at high doses [248], and is also higher in the elderly, and in the presence of other risk factors for diabetes such as overweight or insulin resistance [249].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Myopathy is the most clinically relevant adverse effect of statins. Among the risk factors for myopathy, it is particularly important that interaction with concomitant drug therapy is considered (see below).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [234] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Statin treatment increases circulating PCSK9 serum levels [282], and thus the best effect of these mAbs has been demonstrated in combination with statins.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [282] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Given the mechanism of action, these drugs are effective at reducing LDL-C in all patients capable of expressing LDLR in the liver. Therefore, this pharmacological approach is effective in the vast majority of patients, including those with HeFH and, albeit to a lower level, those with HoFH with residual LDLR expression. Receptor-deficient HoFH responds poorly to the therapy [285].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was no evidence of harm caused by ezetimibe or the further LDL-C reduction.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plainn = 5,314- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Colesevelam is better tolerated and has fewer interactions with other drugs, and can be taken together with statins and several other drugs [279].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of RCTs that included over 2700 people showed an 18.5% reduction in LDL-C as compared with placebo [262]. In addition, there was a significant 3% increase in HDL-C, a significant 8% reduction in TGs, and a 13% reduction in TC with ezetimibe as compared with placebo.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [262] source
plaindirectn = 2,700- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bile acid sequestrants have major drug interactions with several commonly prescribed drugs, and must therefore be administered either 4 h before or 1 h after other drugs.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There are no clinically significant effects of age, sex, or race on ezetimibe pharmacokinetics, and no dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment or mild-to-severe renal insufficiency.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both alirocumab and evolocumab have also been shown to effectively lower LDL-C levels in patients who are at high CV risk, including those with DM [284].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [284] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In clinical trials, the frequency of proteinuria is generally low and, in most cases, is not higher than for placebo [256].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [256] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the study supports the proposition that LDL-C lowering by means other than statins is beneficial and safe.”
plaindirectn = 5,314 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A total of 18 144 patients were randomized to statin or statin plus ezetimibe, and 5314 patients over 7 years experienced a CV event; 170 fewer events (32.7 vs. 34.7%) were recorded in the group taking simvastatin plus ezetimibe ( P =0.016).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
plaindirectn = 5,314 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Combination of statins with gemfibrozil enhances the risk of myopathy, and its association with statins must be avoided.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reduced absorption of fat-soluble vitamins has been reported. Furthermore, these drugs may increase circulating TG levels in certain patients.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [279] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In combination with high-intensity or maximally tolerated statins, alirocumab and evolocumab reduced LDL-C by 46-73% more than placebo, and by 30% more than ezetimibe.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [283] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elevated concentration or function of this protein in plasma reduces LDLR expression by promoting, upon binding, LDLR lysosomal catabolism and a subsequent increase in plasma LDL concentrations, while lower concentration or function of PCSK9 is related to lower plasma LDL-C levels [281].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [281] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No major effect on HDL-C has been reported, while TGs may increase in some predisposed patients [274].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since this interaction triggers the intracellular degradation of the LDLR, lower levels of circulating PCSK9 will result in increased expression of LDLRs at the cell surface and therefore in a reduction of circulating LDL-C levels [281].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [281] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In other studies, this combination has also significantly improved reductions in LDL-C levels when compared with doubling of the statin dose (13-20%), and after switching from statin monotherapy to ezetimibe and statin combination therapy (11-15%) [263].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [263] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ezetimibe is rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized to pharmacologically active ezetimibe glucuronide.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In clinical studies, ezetimibe in monotherapy at 10 mg/day reduces LDL-C in hypercholesterolaemic patients by 15-22% with relatively high interindividual variation [261].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [261] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibrates are agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα (PPAR-α), acting via transcription factors regulating, among other things, various steps in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, the development programme for a third PCSK9 inhibitor, bococizumab, a humanized antibody, was discontinued because of an increase of neutralizing antibodies, which resulted in the attenuation of the LDL-C-lowering effect over time, as well as a higher rate of injection site reactions [300].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the FOURIER trial, allocation to evolocumab did not reduce the risk of CV mortality (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.88-1.25) or allcause mortality.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to statins, inhibiting PCSK9 with mAbs also reduces Lp(a) plasma levels. Pooled results of phase II trials have shown that treatment leads to an Lp(a) reduction of about 30-40% [288,289].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As a consequence of its mechanism of action, lomitapide has been shown to be associated with increased aminotransferase levels, which most likely reflects the increased fat in the liver, as well as poor GI tolerability [301,302].”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence, fibrates have good efficacy in lowering fasting TG levels, as well as post-prandial TGs and TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnant particles.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After subcutaneous injection, the oligonucleotide is preferentially transported to the liver, where it binds to a specific mRNA preventing the translation of ApoB protein and, consequently, reducing the production of atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins, including LDL and Lp(a) [303].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While recent investigations have attempted to unravel the mechanism, it remains unclear. However, it appears to be distinct from that of statins, which also enhance LDLR function but do not lower circulating Lp(a) levels in humans.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An analysis of the time to benefit also showed that there was a lower benefit in the first year than in subsequent years, consistent with the effects of statins observed within the CTT metaanalysis [268].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both studies had relatively short follow-up periods and the evidence from statin trials indicates that the clinical benefits of LDL-lowering may only emerge after about 1 year [51], so these trials may have underestimated the potential impact of longer-term treatment [120,290].”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the EBBINGHAUS trial [231], which was specifically designed to detect neurocognitive function changes, was reassuring, as were the safety reports in both the FOURIER and ODYSSEY trials.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the HHS reported a significant reduction in CVD outcomes with gemfibrozil, neither the FIELD nor the ACCORD studies involving fenofibrate showed a reduction in total CVD outcomes.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In phase II trials, evolocumab lowered TG levels by 26%, and raised HDL-C and ApoA-I by 9 and 4%, respectively; similar findings have been reported for alirocumab [286,287].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The designs of the trials were similar with regard to the settings of secondary prevention and background therapy; however, the populations enrolled had either stable CHD, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), or stroke; or a recent (median 2.6 months) ACS, respectively.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results from other meta-analyses suggest reduced major CVD events in patients with high TGs and low HDL-C in fibrate-treated patients, but no decrease in CVD or total mortality [314-316].”
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a fibrate-induced increase in homocysteine may blunt elevation of both HDL-C and ApoA1 levels, and this effect may contribute to the smaller than estimated benefits of fenofibrate in CV outcome parameters [322].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [322] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The risk of myopathy has been reported to be 5.5-fold greater with fibrate monotherapy (mainly with gemfibrozil) compared with a statin, and it varies with different fibrates and statins used in combination.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The data remain inconclusive and the clinical efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids appears to be related to non-lipid effects [330,331].”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A Cochrane meta-analysis, including 112 059 people from 79 trials, reported no overall effect of omega-3 PUFAs on total mortality (relative risk 0.98, 95% CI 0.90-1.03) or CV events (relative risk 0.99, 95% Cl 0.94-1.04), with only a suggestion that omega-3 fatty acids reduced CHD events (relative risk 0.93, 95% Cl 0.88-0.97) [328].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [328] source
hedgedn = 112,059- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In general, myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, and cholelithiasis represent the most well-known adverse effects associated with fibrate therapy [319].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fibrates are generally well tolerated with mild adverse effects, GI disturbances being reported in < 5% of patients, and skin rashes in 2% [319].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [319] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As genetic studies indicate that angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) deficiency protects against atherosclerotic disease and that this relationship is causal [343]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [343] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, data from one study have associated a risk of prostate cancer with high dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs [334].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [334] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of HeFH in the population is estimated to be 1/ 200-250, 361 translating to a total number of cases between 14 and 34 million worldwide [362,363].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [361] L.E. Akioyamen, J. Genest, S.D. Shan, R.L. Reel, J.M. Albaum, A. Chu, J.V. Tu, Estimating the prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ Open 7 (2017) e016461. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0021-9150(1931459-5/sref361) source
- Not checked yetcites [362] source
- Not checked yetcites [363] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Torcetrapib was studied in the Investigation of Lipid Level Management to Understand its Impact in Atherosclerotic Events (ILLUMINATE) trial, which was stopped early due to increased mortality [336].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evacetrapib, which raises HDL-C levels by 130% and lowers LDL-C by 37%, was studied in the ACCELERATE trial [63], which was terminated due to futility.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the liver, nicotinic acid inhibits diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 resulting in decreased secretion of VLDL particles, which is also reflected in reductions of plasma levels of both IDL and LDL particles [335].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In a phase I and a phase II trial, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule inclisiran-which inhibits the synthesis of PCSK9-reduced LDL-C by up to 50% and the reduction was dose-dependent. Reductions in PCSK9 and LDL-C levels were maintained for ≤6 months [338,339].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two large randomized trials with nicotinic acid-one with extended-release niacin [66] and one with niacin plus laropiprant [67]-have shown no beneficial effect and an increased frequency of serious adverse effects.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“agents that enhance catabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins, such as the antisense oligonucleotide to ApoC-III, and which lead to a concomitant reduction in TGs (∼70%) and a marked elevation in HDL-C (∼40%) in hypertriglyceridemia, are under development [351].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [351]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Volanesorsen reduced plasma TGs by ∼70% and ApoC-III by 80-90% [349].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heterozygous carriers of these same gene mutations commonly express moderate elevations of serum TG levels that expose them to increased CVD risk [378].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“FCH has no monogenic component and is not linked to a single genetic cause, but the phenotype is high LDL-C and/or high TGs [358,359].”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The relative reduction in major vascular events was similar, irrespective of age, among patients with pre-existing vascular disease, but appeared smaller among older individuals not known to have vascular disease.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The good news is that fatal CVD outcomes have declined significantly in both T1DM and T2DM between 1998 and 2014 [400].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [400] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In T2DM, the risk of ASCVD is strongly determined by the presence of target organ damage-including nephropathy (microalbuminuria), neuropathy, or retinopathy-with the risks increasing in relation to the number of conditions present [405].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent data indicate that DM per se increases CVD risk about two-fold on average, but the risk is subject to wide variation depending on the population and current aggressive prophylactic therapy [401,404].”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The difference in CVD risk between individuals with and without DM has narrowed substantially over the last few decades [401]”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, HTG is the cause of ∼10% of all cases with pancreatitis, and patients can develop pancreatitis even when their TG concentration is 5-10 mmoL/L (440-880 mg/dL).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, since the absolute risk of CAD is higher in older persons, the associated absolute increase in risk for a given increment in TC is larger with increasing age [217].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [217] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist with T2DM and further aggravate the risk, which is highest in people with T2DM and multiple cardiometabolic risk factors [406-408].”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevation of TGs or low HDL-C levels in the fasting or post-prandial state is seen in about one-half of all people with T2DM [416,417], and is also often present in people with abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance [413].”
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Few randomized trials of statin therapy have reported independently significant CV benefits in women [387,389], chiefly because women have not been adequately represented in statin trials.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Using published data, a 2013 Cochrane analysis showed that statin therapy reduced all-cause mortality, vascular events, and revascularizations in primary prevention, and the proportional effects in women were similar to those in men [213].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations should not lessen our attention to the treatment of patients, as the overall benefits in CV event reduction remain and greatly outweigh the increased incidence of DM.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relative risk reduction in major vascular events is proportional to the absolute degree of LDL-C lowering and consistent with the relationship seen for statins.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent with these findings, a metaanalysis of fibrates in the prevention of CVD in 11 590 people with T2DM showed that fibrates significantly reduced the risk of non-fatal MI by 21%, but had no effect on the risk of overall mortality or coronary mortality [422].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422] source
plaindirectn = 11,590- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ideally, patients should be signed up to cardiac rehabilitation programmes to enhance the control of lipid levels [434] and improve overall survival following ACS [435].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The REDUCE-IT trial examined the effects of icosapent ethyl 2 g b.i.d. on CV events in 8179 high-risk patients with HTG who were taking a statin. Over a median of 4.9 years, there was a significant ( P < 0.001) 25% reduction in the composite primary outcome of CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina, corresponding with an absolute reduction of 4.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [194] source
plaindirectn = 8,179- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The clinical benefits achieved by the treatment of high TG and low HDL-C levels (frequently seen with DM) are still a matter of debate, as the effects of fenofibrate therapy on the major outcome (MACE) remained negative in both the FIELD and the ACCORD studies performed in T2DM cohorts [306,307].”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These observations have been seen in Mendelian randomization studies and in clinical trials, although the effect appears greatest in patients already at high risk for DM (e.g. those with pre-diabetes).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients do not have to be fasting as this has little impact on LDL-C levels [100].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis including 18 686 patients with DM demonstrated that a statin-induced reduction of LDL-C yielded a 9% reduction in all-cause mortality and a 21% reduction in the incidence of major CV events per 1.0 mmoL/L (40mg/dL) lower LDL cholesterol [418].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [418] source
boosteddirectn = 18,686- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite the acknowledged clinical benefits of lowering LDLC in patients with ACS [436], attainment of LDL-C target values remains suboptimal in this very high-risk setting [437].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [437] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In relation to diet composition, besides the need to eliminate trans fat, the available evidence supports the reduction of saturated fat intake and its substitution with unsaturated fat, as well as the replacement of a major proportion of refined starchy foods and simple sugars with fibrerich foods like fruits, vegetables, and wholegrains [179].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [179] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is explained by subcutaneous administration of insulin that increases LPL activity in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and consequently the turnover rate of VLDL particles [429].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [429] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In RCTs, neither ezetimibe nor the PCSK9 inhibitors have been reported to increase the risk of DM [297].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In diabetic patients with ACS, intensive statin treatment led to a reduction in all-cause mortality and CV death, and contributed to a reduction in atheroma progression [432].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [432] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence highlights the frequent coexistence of MetS with T1DM, resulting in the so-called double diabetes increasing CVD risk [428].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cholesterol lowering with statins reduces the incidence of HF in patients with CAD (stable CAD or a history of ACS) without previous HF; this has been shown consistently in RCTs that have compared statin vs. no statin treatment [463,464] as well as more-intensive vs. lessintensive statin therapy [465-468].”
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The clinical benefit of adding ezetimibe was consistent across patient subgroups [299,444] and also led to a reduction of total CV events [445], stroke [446], and rehospitalizations [447].”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More recently, the REVEAL study investigated anacetrapib in > 30 000 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and resulted in a lower incidence of MACE compared with placebo after 4 years, with no safety concerns [64].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] source
plaindirectn = 30,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Secondary prevention therapy with statins reduces the risk of recurrent stroke (by 12% per mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol), MI, and vascular death [459,460].”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the ODYSSEY Outcomes trial, which included 18 924 patients with recent ACS (1-12 months prior to enrolment, median 2.6 months), alirocumab added to statin therapy (89% high-intensity therapy) also resulted in a 15% relative risk reduction in the primary composite endpoint and was associated with a 15% relative reduction in all-cause mortality throughout a 2.8 year follow-up [120].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] source
plaindirectn = 18,924- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Statin therapy may yield a small increase in the risk of haemorrhagic stroke, but the evidence regarding this risk is uncertain [34,36,251,252].”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A large-scale meta-analysis of primary and secondary prevention RCTs with statins showed a modest (10%) reduction in first non-fatal HF hospitalizations with statin treatment, with no effect on HF death within the limited RCT period [469].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [469] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral supplementation with highly purified n-3 PUFAs reduced mortality in survivors of MI in one study [Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico-Prevenzione (GISSI-P)] but failed to affect clinical outcomes in subsequent trials using contemporary secondary prevention therapies.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In 2007, a large prospective study using the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib failed to show any clinical benefit in more than 15 000 high-risk patients, and was potentially harmful [336].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336] source
plainn = 15,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is an increased risk of both atherosclerotic vascular disease and structural heart disease [492].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [492] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, patients with CKD are considered to be at high (stage 3 CKD) or very-high risk (stage 4-5 CKD or on dialysis) of CVD, and there is no need to use risk estimation models in these patients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although there were no specific safety concerns raised by the 4D, AURORA, or SHARP trials, statins metabolized via CYP3A4 may result in adverse effects due to drug-drug interactions and caution is required.”
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although statin-based therapy is clearly effective in mild-to-moderate CKD, a major controversy that remained after the publication of the 4D, AURORA, and SHARP studies was whether statin therapy is effective in more advanced CKD, particularly dialysis patients.”
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review of the benefits and harms of statins in patients with a functioning kidney transplant included 3465 patients, free of CHD, from 22 studies. Although the authors concluded that statins may reduce CV events, they also suggested a need for additional studies [253].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] source
hedgedn = 3,465- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By combining data from the three CKD trials with other trials in the existing database, the CTT investigators found that, even after adjusting for the smaller LDL-C reductions achieved among patients with more advanced CKD and for differences in outcome definitions between dialysis trials, there was a trend towards smaller relative reductions per mmol/L reduction in LDL- C in major atherosclerotic”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fluvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, and rosuvastatin are metabolized through different CYP enzymes than the others and have less potential for interaction [507].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [507] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“PAD is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis and such patients are at elevated risk of coronary events, with PAD representing an independent risk factor for MI and CV death [510,511].”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review of the benefits and harms of statins in patients with a functioning kidney transplant included 3465 patients, free of CHD, from 22 studies. Although the authors concluded that statins may reduce CV events, they also suggested a need for additional studies [253].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] source
hedgedconditionaln = 3,465- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dyslipidaemias are very common in patients who have undergone heart, lung, liver, kidney, or allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and predispose such patients to an increased risk of developing ASCVD and transplant arterial vasculopathy [497-501].”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm represents a riskequivalent condition for CAD and is associated with age, male gender, personal history of atherosclerotic CVD, smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia [519]; in contrast, diabetic patients are at decreased risk.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [519] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evolocumab also reduced the risk of major adverse limb events by 42% in patients, with consistent effects in those with and without known PAD.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [514]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lowering LDL-C levels reduces the risk of ischaemic CV events and worsening of claudication, while it also improves walking performance.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [512] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Atherosclerotic changes of retinal arteries correlate with TC, LDL-C, TG, and apoB levels and also with CAD [516].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [516] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the FIELD trial, fenofibrate reduced the risk of amputations, particularly minor amputations without known large-vessel disease, probably through non-lipid mechanisms [515].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [515] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Applying clinical recommendations thoroughly can favourably affect disease outcomes.
“Implementation programmes are needed because it has been shown that the outcome of disease may be favourably influenced by the thorough application of clinical recommendations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Country-specific cohort data for risk charts are not available for most countries.
“These are not available for most countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The SCORE system can be recalibrated for use in different populations by adjusting for secular changes in CVD mortality and risk factor prevalence.
“The SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation) system can be recalibrated for use in different populations by adjusting for secular changes in CVD mortality and risk factor prevalence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At extremely high HDL-C values above ∼2.3 mmol/L (90 mg/dL), there appears to be an increased risk of ASCVD.
“at extremely high values [above ∼2.3 mmoL/L (90 mg/dL)] of HDL-C there appears to be an increased risk of ASCVD”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relative strengths of risk factors vary with age.
“The relative strengths of risk factors vary with age”
The paper relies on this without support.
The strongest driver of total cardiovascular risk is age, which can be considered as exposure time to risk factors.
“The strongest driver of total CV risk is age, which can be considered as 'exposure time' to risk factors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coronary artery calcium score is often very low and has low specificity in patients younger than 45 years with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia, including homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.
“Note that CAC score is often very low in patients younger than 45 years of age with severe familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), including homozygous FH (HoFH), and has low specificity in this population.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Coronary artery calcium score is increased following statin treatment.
“Of note, CAC score is increased following statin treatment; therefore, the CAC scores of statin-treated patients should be interpreted with caution.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Standardized, automated, accurate, and inexpensive methods to measure ApoB are available.
“Standardized, automated, accurate, and inexpensive methods to measure ApoB are available.”
The paper relies on this without support.
ApoB provides an accurate estimate of the total concentration of atherogenic particles under all circumstances.
“Because ApoB provides an accurate estimate of the total concentration of atherogenic particles under all circumstances”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A goal approach may facilitate adherence to treatment.
“It is judged that a goal approach may facilitate adherence to treatment, although this consensus opinion has not been fully tested.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Limiting current knowledge on cardiovascular prevention only to results from randomized controlled trials reduces the exploitation of the potential available for preventing ASCVD.
“The European Task Force felt that limiting the current knowledge on CV prevention only to results from RCTs reduces the exploitation of the potential that is available for the prevention of ASCVD.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The concordance of conclusions from many different approaches contributes to understanding the causes of ASCVD.
“It is the concordance of the conclusions from many different approaches (from basic science, clinical observations, genetics, epidemiology, RCTs, etc.) that contributes to the understanding of the causes of ASCVD”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption and thereby modulate total cholesterol levels.
“Phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption, thereby modulating TC levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Statins reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis; the resulting fall in intracellular cholesterol increases LDL receptor expression, increases LDL uptake, and lowers plasma LDL and other ApoB-containing lipoproteins.
“Statins reduce the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver by competitively inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. The reduction in intracellular cholesterol promotes increased LDL receptor (LDLR) expression at the surface of the hepatocytes, which in turn results in increased uptake of LDL from the blood, and decreased plasma concentrations of L”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol at the brush border by interacting with NPC1L1 without affecting fat-soluble nutrient absorption; this reduces cholesterol delivery to the liver, upregulates LDL receptors, and increases LDL clearance.
“Ezetimibe inhibits intestinal uptake of dietary and biliary cholesterol at the level of the brush border of the intestine [by interacting with the Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 (NPC1L1)] without affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. By inhibiting cholesterol absorption, ezetimibe reduces the amount of cholesterol delivered to the liver. In response to reduced cholesterol delivery, t”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bile acid sequestrants are not systemically absorbed or altered by digestive enzymes; by binding bile acids they prevent reabsorption of bile acids and cholesterol, increase hepatic cholesterol demand and LDL receptor expression, and decrease circulating LDL.
“As bile acid sequestrants are not systemically absorbed or altered by digestive enzymes, the beneficial clinical effects are indirect. By binding the bile acids, the drugs prevent the reabsorption of both the drug and cholesterol into the blood, and thereby remove a large portion of the bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation. The liver, depleted of bile, synthesizes more from hepatic”
The paper relies on this without support.
All currently available statins except pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin undergo major hepatic metabolism via cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, which are mainly expressed in liver and intestine, and other substrates of these enzymes may interfere with statin metabolism.
“All currently available statins-except pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin-undergo major hepatic metabolism via the CYPs. These isoenzymes are mainly expressed in the liver and intestine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PCSK9 inhibitors lower LDL-C by up to 60% when added to statins.
“PCSK9 inhibitors lower LDL-C levels by up to 60% on top of statins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is a rare and life-threatening disease.
“HoFH is a rare and life-threatening disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia develop coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis before age 20 and die before age 30.
“Most patients develop CAD and aortic stenosis before the age of 20 years and die before 30 years of age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lipoprotein apheresis performed every 1-2 weeks can decrease plasma LDL-C levels by 55-70%.
“This treatment (every 1-2 weeks) can decrease plasma LDL-C levels by 55-70%.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia is rare and generally inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder with variable penetrance.
“Familial dysbetalipoproteinaemia (i.e. type III hyperlipoproteinaemia; remnant removal disease) is rare and is generally inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder with variable penetrance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Any factor that increases VLDL production can aggravate the risk of pancreatitis, with alcohol consumption being the most common contributing factor.
“Any factor that increases VLDL production can aggravate the risk of pancreatitis, with alcohol consumption being the most common contributing factor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In general, a sharp decrease of triglyceride values is seen within 2-5 days.
“In general, a sharp decrease of TG values is seen within 2-5 days.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Volanesorsen has been approved by the EMA as an adjunct to diet in adult patients with genetically confirmed familial chylomicronaemia syndrome who are at high risk for pancreatitis.
“Volanesorsen has been recently approved by the EMA as an adjunct to diet in adult patients with genetically confirmed FCS who are at high-risk for pancreatitis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diabetes itself is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, even more so in women.
“DM itself is an independent risk factor for CVD and is associated with a higher risk of CVD, even more so in women.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In CKD patients receiving a renal transplant, ASCVD risk may be partly attributable to CKD itself.
“In patients with CKD undergoing renal transplantation, the risk of ASCVD may be determined, at least in part, by the increased risk resulting from CKD itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ciclosporin is metabolized via CYP3A4 and may raise systemic statin exposure and myopathy risk.
“Several potential drug interactions must also be considered, especially with ciclosporin, which is metabolized through CYP3A4, and may increase systemic statin exposure and the risk of myopathy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ciclosporin raises blood levels of all statins.
“Ciclosporin increases the blood levels of all statins.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tacrolimus is also metabolized by CYP3A4 but appears less likely than ciclosporin to cause harmful statin interactions.
“Tacrolimus is also metabolized by CYP3A4, but appears to have less potential for harmful interaction with statins than ciclosporin.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ciclosporin can raise ezetimibe levels 2- to 12-fold.
“Ciclosporin can induce a 2-12-fold increase in the ezetimibe level.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fibrates can lower ciclosporin levels and may cause myopathy.
“Care is required with the use of fibrates, as they can decrease ciclosporin levels and have the potential to cause myopathy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cholestyramine is ineffective as monotherapy in heart transplant patients and can reduce absorption of immunosuppressants; giving it separately minimizes this effect.
“Cholestyramine is not effective as monotherapy in heart transplant patients and has the potential to reduce absorption of immunosuppressants; this potential is minimized by separate administration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An ABI of 0.90 or lower diagnoses lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD).
“A low ABI (0.90) is diagnostic for lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Either a low (0.90) or high (1.40) ABI predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
“Either a low (0.90) or high (1.40, related to stiffened arteries) ABI is predictive of CV morbidity and mortality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lowering LDL-C improves walking performance.
“Lowering LDL-C levels reduces the risk of ischaemic CV events and worsening of claudication, while it also improves walking performance.”
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In the citing paper
“Four large trials recruiting different types of patients with CKD have confirmed the safety of intensive LDL-C lowering with statins alone (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin), or combining a moderate dose of simvastatin with ezetimibe.698,[701][702][703][704]”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [702]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 8.13. Strategies to control plasma triglycerides · p. 30
“fasting TG levels between 135 and 499 mg/dL (1.52-1.63 mmoL/L)”
§ 8.13. Strategies to control plasma triglycerides · p. 32
“TG levels between 1.5–5.6 mmol/L (135–499 mg/dL)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“an HDL-C level in the lower third [≤0.4 mmoL/L (≤34 mg/dL)]”
Reported 34 · recomputed 15.468
Citations
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Self-citationHelsinki Heart Study: Primary-Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in Middle-Aged Men with Dyslipidemia
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“Neither clinical study was able to show any clinical benefit associated with CETP inhibitors.(65) More recently, the REVEAL study investigated anacetrapib in >30 000 patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease and resulted in a lower incidence of MACE compared with placebo after 4 years, with no safety concerns.”
Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
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Self-citationA Framework for Public Health Action: The Health Impact Pyramid
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Self-citationESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery diseases
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Self-citationRosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure
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InfluentialSelf-citationSerological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of Pneumococcus
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Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality
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Remnant Cholesterol as a Causal Risk Factor for Ischemic Heart Disease
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The Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Syndrome and its Components
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European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017
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Inclisiran in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk with Elevated LDL Cholesterol
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Self-citationLipoprotein(a), PCSK9 Inhibition, and Cardiovascular Risk: Insights From the FOURIER Trial
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Self-citationMarine n−3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
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Beneficial Cardiovascular Pleiotropic Effects of Statins
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Exercise for overweight or obesity
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Lifetime risks of cardiovascular disease
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Self-citationIncidence of hospitalized rhabdomyolysis in patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs
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Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular disease
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Statin Safety: A Systematic Review
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Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol
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Self-citationEvacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease
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A highly durable RNAi therapeutic inhibitor of PCSK9
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“Results from studies of an antisense oligonucleotide in patients with normal Lp(a) values as well as in patients with elevated Lp(a) concentrations have shown a reduction of >90%.(352) These approaches are currently being evaluated in phase II III studies and an outcome trial is planned to study whether Lp(a) reductio…”
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2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mach, F., Baigent, C., Catapano, A. L., Koskinas, K. C., Casula, M., Badimon, L., Chapman, M. J., De Backer, G. G., Delgado, V., Ference, B. A., Graham, I. M., Halliday, A., Landmesser, U., Mihaylova, B., Pedersen, T. R., Riccardi, G., Richter, D. J., Sabatine, M. S., Taskinen, M.-R., Tokgozoglu, L., Wiklund, O., Windecker, S., Aboyans, V., Baigent, C., Collet, J.-P., Dean, V., Delgado, V., Fitzsimons, D., Gale, C. P., Grobbee, D., Halvorsen, S., Hindricks, G., Iung, B., Jüni, P., Katus, H. A., Landmesser, U., Leclercq, C., Lettino, M., Lewis, B. S., Merkely, B., Mueller, C., Petersen, S., Petronio, A. S., Richter, D. J., Roffi, M., Shlyakhto, E., Simpson, I. A., Sousa-Uva, M., Touyz, R. M., Nibouche, D., Zelveian, P. H., Siostrzonek, P., Najafov, R., van de Borne, P., Pojskic, B., Postadzhiyan, A., Kypris, L., Špinar, J., Larsen, M. L., Eldin, H. S., Viigimaa, M., Strandberg, T. E., Ferrières, J., Agladze, R., Laufs, U., Rallidis, L., Bajnok, L., Gudjónsson, T., Maher, V., Henkin, Y., Gulizia, M. M., Mussagaliyeva, A., Bajraktari, G., Kerimkulova, A., Latkovskis, G., Hamoui, O., Slapikas, R., Visser, L., Dingli, P., Ivanov, V., Boskovic, A., Nazzi, M., Visseren, F., Mitevska, I., Retterstøl, K., Jankowski, P., Fontes-Carvalho, R., Gaita, D., Ezhov, M., Foscoli, M., Giga, V., Pella, D., Fras, Z., Perez de Isla, L., Hagström, E., Lehmann, R., Abid, L., Ozdogan, O., Mitchenko, O., & Patel, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- University of Milan (IT)
- University Hospital of Bern (CH)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Hacettepe University (TR)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Austrian Society of Cardiology (AT)
- Danish Society of Cardiology (DK)
- Egyptian Society of Cardiology (EG)
- Suomen Kardiologinen Seura (FI)
- Société Française de Cardiologie (FR)
- German Cardiac Society (DE)
- Hellenic Cardiological Society (GR)
- Netherlands Haemophilia Society (NL)
- Polish Cardiac Society (PL)
- Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TW)
- Slovak Society of Cardiology (SK)
- Ural Institute of Cardiology (RU)
- British Cardiovascular Society (GB)
- ORCID
- Mach, François
- Catapano, Alberico L.
- Koskinas, Konstantinos C.
- Casula, Manuela
- Chapman, M. John
- Graham, Ian M.
- Halliday, Alison
- Mihaylova, Borislava
- Pedersen, Terje R.
- Sabatine, Marc S.
- Taskinen, Marja-Riitta
- Wiklund, Olov
- Windecker, Stephan
- Aboyans, Victor
- Collet, Jean-Philippe
- Fitzsimons, Donna
- Gale, Chris P.
- Grobbee, Diederick
- Halvorsen, Sigrun
- Hindricks, Gerhard
- Iung, Bernard
- Jüni, Peter
- Katus, Hugo A.
- Leclercq, Christophe
- Lettino, Maddalena
- Mueller, Christian
- Petersen, Steffen
- Shlyakhto, Evgeny
- Simpson, Iain A.
- Touyz, Rhian M.
- Zelveian, Parounak H.
- Siostrzonek, Peter
- Najafov, Ruslan
- Postadzhiyan, Arman
- Špinar, Jindřich
- Viigimaa, Margus
- Strandberg, Timo E.
- Ferrières, Jean
- Agladze, Rusudan
- Laufs, Ulrich
- Gulizia, Michele Massimo
- Mussagaliyeva, Aisulu
- Bajraktari, Gani
- Kerimkulova, Alina
- Hamoui, Omar
- Dingli, Philip
- Ivanov, Victoria
- Visseren, Frank
- Mitevska, Irena
- Retterstøl, Kjetil
- Jankowski, Piotr
- Giga, Vojislav
- Pella, Daniel
- Hagström, Emil
- Lehmann, Roger
- Mitchenko, Olena
- Patel, Riyaz S.
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 290
- Pages
- 140-205
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2953804067
- Semantic Scholar
- 05e5a4032d1f663b44c97a4e2f904dc1df29c5f8
- Cited by
- 4,854
- References
- 623
- Citations by year
- 2026: 91 · 2025: 402 · 2024: 811 · 2023: 932 · 2022: 859 · 2021: 951 · 2020: 722 · 2019: 79
- FWCI
- 623.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00017/4)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- dyslipidemia, lipid modification, cardiovascular risk reduction, dyslipidemia management, ESC/EAS guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Hypolipidemic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Consensus, Risk Reduction Behavior, Dyslipidemias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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