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Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating)
Abstract
Background Humans have a strong social tendency to compare themselves with others. We tend to feel envious when we receive less valuable rewards and may rejoice when our payoffs are more advantageous. Envy and schadenfreude (gloating over the other's misfortune) are social emotions widely agreed to be a symptom of the human social tendency to compare one's payoffs with those of others. Given the important social components of envy and gloating, we speculated that oxytocin may have a modulating effect on the intensity of these emotions. Methods Fifty-six participants participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject study. Following the administration of oxytocin or a placebo, participants played a game of chance with another (fake) participant who either won more money (envy manipulation), lost more money (schadenfreude manipulation), or won/lost equal amounts of money. Results In comparison with the placebo, oxytocin increased the envy ratings during unequal monetary gain conditions involving relative loss (when the participant gained less money than another player). Oxytocin also increased the ratings of gloating during relative gain conditions (when the participant gained more money than the other player). By contrast, oxytocin had no effect on the emotional ratings following equal monetary gains nor did it affect general mood ratings. Conclusions These results suggest that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating envy and gloating. Thus, contrary to the prevailing belief that this system is involved solely in positive prosocial behaviors, it probably plays a key role in a wider range of social emotion-related behaviors.
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In the citing paper
“All of our hypotheses were derived from the three major behavioral IN-OT theories (i.e., OT as a hormone of affiliation (16); OT as a hormone of social salience(15)and OT as a hormone of social approach (17)).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Evidence for this possibility would be consistent with work showing that oxytocin in non-human mammals promotes territoriality and aggression toward intruders (25–27) and with studies showing that humans given oxytocin display more schadenfreude when interpersonal competition is lost and more gloating when interpersonal competition is won (28).”
From Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Increasing evidence suggests that the oxytocinergic system is involved in modulating multiple social emotions that are either positively (e.g., empathy, Sheng et al., 2013) or negatively (e.g., schadenfreude, Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) related to social behaviors.”
From A neurobiological association of revenge propensity during intergroup conflict (2020) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“The finding that cooperative behavior can be negatively influenced by OT in certain conditions is consistent with recent research pointing to other anti-social effects of OT, such as parochialism and out-group aggression (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011), increased envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and decreased generosity towards strangers (Radke and de Bruijn, 2010).”
From The effect of oxytocin on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma depends on the social context and a person's social value orientation (2014) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“suggesting a potential direct OT involvement in processes of social bonding and interpersonal closeness, as well as in other social and emotional behaviors (25).”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Further, oxytocin did not improve social cooperation when social partners were perceived to be untrustworthy (Mikolajczak et al., 2010a), uncooperative (Declerck et al., 2010), or antagonistic (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009; but see Baumgartner et al. 2008 for an exception).”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“Researchers have found that OT increases cooperation and trust in others, but also envy and gloating during the experience of loss and defensive responses and punishment for the out-group during threatening conditions (De Dreu et al. 2010; Kosfeld et al. 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“Researchers found that IN-OT increases cooperation and social trust in others (Kosfeld et al. 2005), increases envy and schadenfreude in situations of loss (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009), enhances mind-reading capacities (Domes et al. 2007b), increases memory for faces (Rimmele et al. 2009), and improves emotion recognition (Schulze et al. 2011).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009
In the citing paper
“Since the publication of this study, increasing evidence suggests that OT's function is not always consistent with facilitating social approach, but that administering intranasal OT can also lead to parochial, competitive, and envious behaviors and behaviors that appear to be driven by schadenfreude 16,17,32 , which have an anti-social dimension.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“The social salience hypothesis, a recent leading hypotheses about the mechanism underlying the social effects of OT, has attempted to explain these conflicting reports by suggesting that OT alters the perceptual salience and/or the processing of social cues (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009;Bartz et al., 2011).”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“Yet OT does not always promote approach behaviors, and has been shown to be dependent both on context and on individual differences.For example, in some contexts OT has been shown to promote risk aversion (Declerck et al., 2010), envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and lack of cooperation with perceived out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010).”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“and to amplify negative social emotions like envy and schadenfreude evoked by unfair money allocations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“This notion is supported by recent findings, indicating that OT can increase other emotions considered negative, like envy or gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) reported increases in evaluation of both negative and positive feelings induced by a monetary task.”
From Oxytocin enhances pupil dilation and sensitivity to 'hidden' emotional expressions (2013) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009)
In the citing paper
“recent studies suggest it also increases envy and gloating [6]”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“One theory put forward to explain OT's effects on social cognition suggests that OT simply renders socially relevant stimuli more salient [6].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“findings showing that it also increases negative inter-personal and inter-group judgments have led to a re-evaluation of its role in social cognition [6].”
From A direct examination of the effect of intranasal administration of oxytocin on approach-avoidance motor responses to emotional stimuli (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“it can also promote aversive avoidance behavior by increasing envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (e.g., trust and empathy; De Dreu et al., 2010; Sheng et al., 2013), group-serving dishonesty (Shalvi and De Dreu, 2014), and noncooperation (Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu et al., 2012).”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009
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BackgroundKiss, I., Levy‐Gigi, E., & Kéri, S. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.005 · Cited by 45
Effects of Oxytocin on Women's Aggression Depend on State Anxiety
Campbell, A. C., & Hausmann, M. (2013) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21478 · Cited by 42
“Recent human studies suggest that OT can enhance defensive non-cooperation against an out-group (De Dreu,et al., 2010), decrease cooperation when social information is lacking (DeClerck, Boone, & Kiyonari, 2010),and increase feelings of envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of collective action
Zak, P. J., & Barraza, J. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00211 · Cited by 46
McDonald, N. M., Baker, J. K., & Messinger, D. S. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000104 · Cited by 43
“The social salience theory posits that oxytocin increases attention to the relative value of social (vs. nonsocial) environmental stimuli (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundOxytocin Reduces Face Processing Time but Leaves Recognition Accuracy and Eye-Gaze Unaffected
Hubble, K., Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2016) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000886 · Cited by 42
“In addition, there are now several examples of OXT increasing antisocial behaviors, including increased envy or gloating following relative financial loss or gain (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), and increased interpersonal violence inclinations in those prone to physical aggression (DeWall et al.”
Preis, A., Samuni, L., Mielke, A., Deschner, T., Crockford, C., & Wittig, R. M. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.07.009 · Cited by 43
“hypothesis states that oxytocin increases the sensitivity to social cues, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to emotional stimuli, independent of their valence (Bartz et al., 2011; Domes et al., 2007; McQuaid et al., 2014; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
Hubble, K., Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & van Goozen, S. H. M. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.019 · Cited by 41
The Effect of Oxytocin on Third-Party Altruistic Decisions in Unfair Situations: An fMRI Study
Hu, Y., Scheele, D., Becker, B., Voos, G., David, B., Hurlemann, R., & Weber, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20236 · Cited by 44
A comparative approach to affect and cooperation
Massen, J. J. M., Behrens, F., Martin, J. S., Stocker, M., & Brosnan, S. F. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.027 · Cited by 46
Fischer-Shofty, M., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Levkovitz, Y. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00127 · Cited by 41
“As mentioned by Bartz et al., these results are in line with the proposition made by Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) that IN OT exerts its effect by enhancing the salience of social cues, thus increasing their importance as sensory input.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationTabak, B. A., Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., Zinbarg, R. E., Prenoveau, J. M., Mineka, S., Redei, E. E., Adam, E. K., & Craske, M. G. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615577470 · Cited by 38
“One of the leading hypotheses about the effects of oxytocin on social cognition and behavior is that oxytocin increases the salience of social cues (Bartz et al., 2011; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), which can be thought of as increased sensitivity to both positively and negatively valenced social stimuli.”
BackgroundMcQuaid, R. J., McInnis, O. A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00358 · Cited by 42
“However, oxytocin does not consistently enhance prosociality, having been shown to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), lying to benefit one’s in-group (Shalvi and De Dreu, 2014), Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2016 | Volume 10 | Article…”
BackgroundOxytocin Enhances the Neural Efficiency of Social Perception
Tillman, R. M., Gordon, I., Naples, A. J., Rolison, M. J., Leckman, J. F., Feldman, R., Pelphrey, K. A., & McPartland, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00071 · Cited by 43
An integrated framework for the role of oxytocin in multistage social decision‐making
Piva, M., & Chang, S. W. C. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22735 · Cited by 38
“However, this modified hypothesis alone does not explain why OT would drive negative social emotions and behaviors in humans in certain experimental contexts (De Dreu et al., 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialA precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials
Andari, E., Hurlemann, R., & Young, L. J. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_29 · Cited by 40
“…found that IN-OT increases cooperation and social trust in others (Kosfeld et al. 2005), increases envy and schadenfreude in situations of loss (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009), enhances mind-reading capacities (Domes et al. 2007b), increases memory for faces (Rimmele et al. 2009), and improves…”
BackgroundOxytocin tempers calculated greed but not impulsive defense in predator–prey contests
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Scholte, H. S., van Winden, F. A. A. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu109 · Cited by 40
“Some scientists proposed that oxytocin increases social salience, such that what is positive and attractive becomes more positive and attractive under oxytocin while what is negative and aversive becomes more negative and aversive (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Bartz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBang, M., Kang, J. I., Kim, S. J., Park, J. Y., Kim, K. R., Lee, S. Y., Park, K., Lee, E. M., Lee, S., & An, S. K. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz016 · Cited by 39
Quintana, D. S., Dieset, I., Elvsåshagen, T., Westlye, L. T., & Andreassen, O. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.12.004 · Cited by 39
“For instance, a single dose of OT has been shown to increase ethnocentrism (De Dreu et al., 2011), envy, and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) in neurotypical individuals.”
BackgroundThe Role of Intranasal Oxytocin in the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review
Berardis, D. D., Marini, S., Iasevoli, F., Tomasetti, C., de Bartolomeis, A., Mazza, M., Valchera, A., Fornaro, M., Cavuto, M., Srinivasan, V., et al. (2013) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527311312020012 · Cited by 39
Oxytocin and emotion processing
Simplicio, M. C. D., & Harmer, C. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116641872 · Cited by 40
“…accounts of oxytocin promoting ‘antisocial’ effects because increased salience attribution to social cues may well result in expressing emotions of envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), hindering trust (Bartz et al., 2011a) or inhibiting disengagement from sad faces (Ellenbogen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundIde, J. S., Nedic, S., Wong, K. F. K., Strey, S. L., Lawson, E. A., Dickerson, B. C., Wald, L. L., Camera, G. L., & Mujica-Parodi, L. R. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.035 · Cited by 39
Tops, S., Habel, U., & Radke, S. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.002 · Cited by 42
“For example, recent evidence suggested a role for oxytocin in antisocial behavior by enhancing the salience of social stimuli (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMarmosets treated with oxytocin are more socially attractive to their long-term mate
Cavanaugh, J., Huffman, M. C., Harnisch, A. M., & French, J. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00251 · Cited by 36
Oxytocin improves compassion toward women among patients with PTSD
Palgi, S., Klein, E., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.008 · Cited by 42
Self-citationEffects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Aggressive Responding in Antisocial Personality Disorder
Alcorn, J. L., Rathnayaka, N. S., Swann, A. C., Moeller, F. G., & Lane, S. D. (2015) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-015-0139-y · Cited by 38
Pharmacotherapy for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Frontotemporal Dementia
Le, C., & Finger, E. (2021) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-021-00854-5 · Cited by 26
Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases compassion toward women
Palgi, S., Klein, E., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu040 · Cited by 36
“…agents, which may result in more trustworthiness and generosity in positive contexts (e.g. Kosfeld et al., 2005; Guastella et al., 2008), while leading to more envy and schadenfruede (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) or outgroup derogation (De Dreu et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012) in competitive contexts.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAn evolutionary perspective on the behavioral consequences of exogenous oxytocin application
Ebitz, R. B., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00225 · Cited by 35
Intranasal Neuropeptide Administration To Target the Human Brain in Health and Disease
Spetter, M. S., & Hallschmid, M. (2015) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00047 · Cited by 35
Oxytocin attenuates social and non-social avoidance: Re-thinking the social specificity of Oxytocin
Harari-Dahan, O., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.005 · Cited by 34
“Accordingly, OT may indeed enhance the attentional salience of many social cues (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Shamay-Tsoory and Abu-Akel, 2016), but not because they are social per se; but because many social stimuli are emotionally-evocative and personally-relevant (Eitam and Higgins, 2010; Lang et al.”
InfluentialKim, S., & Strathearn, L. (2017) · The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child · doi:10.1080/00797308.2016.1277897 · Cited by 38
From Oxytocin to Compassion: The Saliency of Distress
Kucerova, B., Levit‐Binnun, N., Gordon, I., & Golland, Y. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12020183 · Cited by 36
“In addition, in contexts involving competition or out-group members, the administration of oxytocin decreased cooperation [42] and increased envy [45] as well as aggression [41].”
Milrod, B. L., Altemus, M. M., Gross, C., Busch, F. N., Silver, G. H., Christos, P. J., Stieber, J., & Schneier, F. R. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.01.004 · Cited by 36
“Nor have rodent [32–34] and primate [35–37] studies of oxytocin [33,38–52] and other neurobiology underlying the attachment system [53] and its impact on anxiety development yet produced practical clinical treatments for symptoms related to attachment system dysregulation.”
BackgroundQuintana, D. S., Westlye, L. T., Alnæs, D., Kaufmann, T., Mahmoud, R. A., Smerud, K. T., Djupesland, P. G., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0241-3 · Cited by 34
“However, with new evidence revealing that oxytocin also facilitates non-prosocial behaviors [13, 14], researchers have reevaluated their understanding of oxytocin.”
Oxytocin administration modulates rats’ helping behavior depending on social context
Yamagishi, A., Okada, M., Masuda, M., & Sato, N. (2020) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.04.001 · Cited by 33
Ramseyer, F., Ebert, A., Roser, P., Edel, M., Tschacher, W., & Brüne, M. (2019) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12240 · Cited by 36
“However – in contrast to this list of positive effects – inOT was found to also potentiate negative emotions such as envy and schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), decrease the adherence to fairness norms (Radke & de Bruijn, 2012), promote defensive action (Striepens et al., 2012), and…”
Moerkerke, M., Bonte, M.-L., Daniëls, N., Chubar, V., Alaerts, K., Steyaert, J. G., & Boets, B. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101785 · Cited by 36
Oxytocin and social salience: a call for gene-environment interaction research
Tabak, B. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00199 · Cited by 34
Jurek, B., & Meyer, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00186 · Cited by 33
“Those studies found increased aggression toward game partners in the “social orientation paradigm” (38), increased envy and schadenfreude or gloating in a game of chance (39), and even increased anxiety, indicated by an enhanced startle response after unpredictable threats (40).”
BackgroundKim, Y., Oh, S.-M., Corfield, F., Jeong, D.-W., Jang, E.-Y., & Treasure, J. L. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.2.160 · Cited by 33
Infection threat shapes our social instincts
Krämer, P., & Bressan, P. (2021) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-021-02975-9 · Cited by 30
Oxytocin and Facial Emotion Recognition
Ellenbogen, M. A. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_20 · Cited by 34
The Social Brain and the Myth of Empathy
Young, A. (2012) · Science in Context · doi:10.1017/s0269889712000129 · Cited by 32
Deciphering the modulatory role of oxytocin in human altruism
Hurlemann, R., & Marsh, N. (2017) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0061 · Cited by 31
“, 2013; Hurlemann, 2017), and thus, might also evoke protective and defensive-aggressive reactions, especially with respect to competing outgroups (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2015; Striepens et al., 2012; Samuni et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe Neuropeptide Oxytocin Enhances Information Sharing and Group Decision Making Quality
de Wilde, T. R. W., Velden, F. S. T., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40622 · Cited by 32
Crespi, B. J., & Procyshyn, T. L. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.004 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., & Levkovitz, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Shalvata Mental Health Center (IL)
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 864-870
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095144882
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 10.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, envy, schadenfreude, social emotions, intranasal administration, social comparison, oxytocinergic system, prosocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Oxytocin, Reward, Social Behavior
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