Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating)

“; however, enhanced envy and gloating in a social game after OXT administration has also been reporte”

“A growing list of studies have further demonstrated that OT can induce antisocial effects including aggression (14, 16) and that high levels of endogenous OT are associated with relational distress and interpersonal difficulties (17, 18).”

“Evidence for this possibility would be consistent with work showing that oxytocin in non-humanmammals promotes territoriality and aggression toward intruders (25– 27) and with studies showing that humans given oxytocin display more schadenfreude when interpersonal competition is lost and more gloating when interperson…”

“This finding is consistent with the generally prosocial effects of OT in both humans and other animals [although OT also mediates maternal aggression in rodents and perhaps envy and gloating in humans (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009)].”

“Notably, the neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin as well as melatonin and insulin were shown to efficiently alter neuronal, behavioral and physiological parameters after intranasal delivery in humans (Thompson et al., 2004; Kirsch et al., 2005; Benedict et al., 2006; Reger et al., 2008; Shamay-Tsoory…”

“s in other social and emotional behaviors (25).”

“First, as noted, rather than increasing positive social emotions like trust, OXT may increase the salience of social cues and, therefore, may trigger a range of emotions and behaviors both positive and negative involved in regulating social interactions (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“…have posited that oxytocin’s ability to influence behavioral responses to social stimuli is at least partially mediated by its capacity to increase the salience of social cues (Averbeck, 2010, Bartz et al. , 2011, Burkett and Young, 2012, Gordon et al. , 2011, Shamay-Tsoory et al. , 2009).”

“Medication assessment Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) 26 M 33 F 26 M 33 F 24 IU single Syntocinon Novartis Not reported 2 1 0 Mood questionnaire Medical Assessment; obs”

“For example, recent research has shown that greater levels of oxytocin, a hormone associated with pair bonding, maternal behaviors (Lee, Macbeth, Pagani, & Young, 2009), and trust (Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2005), are associated with greater feelings of envy and Schadenfreude (Shamay-Tsoory et al.,…”

“It should be noted that recent research has suggested that oxytocin may also enhance less positive forms of social behavior, such as envy and schadenfreude ( Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009 ).”

“However, there also has been evidence that the effects of oxytocin are context-dependent, and under some conditions, oxytocin can lead to negative relational behaviors such as gloating (e.g., Bartz et al., 2011; Grillon et al., 2013; Olff et al., 2013; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“Indeed, the preclinical studies already discussed showing increased envy, jealousy [180] and parochial altruism [35] following intranasal OXT treatment are also suggestive that in some situations trust and prosocial feelings towards others can be decreased.”

“, 2012), and display greater competition toward (out-group) rivals that threaten the members of one’s group (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; De Dreu et al., 2010; Hahn-Holbrook et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012a).”

“This prosocial perspective on OXT is challenged, however, by evidence that OXT also enhances envy and schadenfreude (gloating) (16), ethno-centrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (4), and outgroup derogation (17).”

“However, the evidence that oxytocin can cross the blood–brain barrier following nasal administration and/or intraveinous administration is quite compelling according to recent studies [42,110,111].”

“Oxytocin effects can be sensitive to social contexts, even to increase defensive tendencies (62,63), and individual differences moderate effects (64,65).”

“Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(5):860–866.”

“Subjects experiencing monetary loss in a laboratory game relative to other (simulated) participants report greater levels of envy and gloating when given intranasal OT, compared to those given a placebo (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“, 2010 a; 2010b) or an increase in behaviors that are not considered prosocial, like jealousy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“Specifically, recent research on the role of oxytocin and social behavior has suggested that oxytocin increases the perceived salience of social cues (Bartz et al., 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“org/j empathy (78,79,81,83,84) or theory of mind and mentalizing (89) (Supplement).”

“One line of research indicates that oxytocin may either increase the salience of socially relevant cues, or promote approach behavior in general (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Kemp and Guastella, 2010, 2011).”

“SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE, 2014 Vol. 9, No. 1, 1–9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2013.863223 © 2013 Taylor & Francis out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010) and increase gloating and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“Endogenous and exogenous testosterone are positively associated with social rank and dominance behavior of some primates (Beehner, Bergman, Cheney, Seyfarth, & Whitten, 2006; Sapolsky, 1991) as well as humans, both male and female (Cashdan, 1995; Mazur & Booth, 1998).”

“Each participant was administered with 24 IU OT or placebo (containing all of the active 45ingredients except for the neuropeptide) with intranasal sprays (three times of four IU into each nostril), similar to the previous work (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Hurlemann et al., 2010; Ma et al., 2015).”

“…frame follows after the fixation cross. at U niversity C ollege L ondon on A ugust 24, 2014 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), the first-order false belief, and the actual location of the ball itself, are necessary as well as the ability to infer…”

“, 2010), empathy (Bartz et al., 2010a; Hurlemann et al., 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Tai et al., 1996), recognition of facial expressions and biological motion (Bartz et al.”

“…although intranasal administration of oxytocin in humans is often reported to influence social behavior like trust, social memory, empathic accuracy and social cognition (Bartz et al., 2011), oxytocin is rarely reported to affect hedonic feelings or mood (but see Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“, 2010); and it motivates negative feelings, such as envy and schadenfreude, following losses in interpersonal competition (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“However, recent studies contrast with the notion that OT exerts uniformly positive effects on human social cognition and behavior in showing that the peptide can also promote envy and gloating (schadenfreude) (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), ethnocentrism (including prejudice, xenophobia, and racial bias) (De Dreu et al.”

“Recent research also indicates that oxytocin is not a general affiliative hormone but can be associated with an increase in envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“However, knowledge of the effects of oxytocin in healthy humans remains limited and some recent research has suggested that effects may not be uniformly prosocial or stress-reducing (De Dreu et al., 2010; Miller, 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“…2009), though we also note that a growing literature on OTs darker, ‘‘us vs. them’’side (Bartz et al., 2011a; De Dreu et al., 2011; Grillon et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) introduces the possibility for person- and context-dependent negative effects in certain interpersonal situations.”

“For example, in addition to enhancing trust, OT enhances negative social judgments (6) and heightens in/out group biases in social decisions (7).”

“Rather than uniformly increasing prosocial behavior and positive feelings, oxytocin may well increase sensitivity to and willingness to engage with the social context by attenuating a sense of threat (Kubzansky et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“For example, IN-OT can increase antisocial behaviors, including violence [83] and envy [84].”

“Oxytocin was found to increase jealousy or gloating when an unknown (putative) other player gained or lost money (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“OT has been found to increase trust and generosity (Kosfeld et al., 2005), but also gloating and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), which are also manifestations of complex “social” behaviors.”

“, 2005) and negative emotions such as envy in competitive situations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Hirosawa et al., 2012), modulates the social relevance of emotional stimuli (Kirsch et al.”

“Considering the conflicting evidence regarding the role of oxytocin in social behavior, some researchers have suggested that oxytocin may play a broader role in modulating social behavior by means of increasing the salience of social stimuli (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Shamay-Tsoory and Abu-Akel., 2015).”

“For example, OXT has also been shown to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), defensiveness toward out-group members (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011) and increased in-group conformity (Stallen et al., 2012).”

“Exogenous OT administration has been shown to increase prosocial behaviors in humans, including the ability to interpret emotions of others (31), interpersonal communication, and social approach behavior (32).”

“, 2005), oxytocin administration has recently been associated with increased envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), decreased cooperation in an economic game with no prior social contact with potential game partners (Declerck et al.”

“For example, in some cases, intranasal oxytocin has been shown to increase antagonistic social interactions in both humans [11, 12] and female Wistar rats [13–15].”

“In particular, a subcortical neuropeptide called oxytocin significantly influences broad social behavior, including social bonding,146,147 empathy,148,149 and social salience,150–152 as well as FOE.153,154 Oxytocin administration modulates cooperation and competition among in-group and out-group members, empathic resp…”

“…gaze towards the eye region of the face (Guastella et al., 2008), and has been associated with improved facial memory (Rimmele et al., 2009), enhanced salience of social cues (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), and improved performance on the reading the mind in the eyes (RMET) task (Domes et al., 2007).”

“For example, findings by Shamay-Tsoory et al. (2009) seem to suggest that OT effects are not always positive in a trust context.”

“For example, IN OT was found to be associated with increased approach toward angry faces,(90) increased inclinations toward intimate partner violence in trait aggressive individuals,(91) increased aggressive behavior,(92) and increased envy and gloating.(93) IN OT is proposed to enhance socially salient cues, with sal…”

“One advantage of this proposal is that it can explain why there are putative negative behavioral effects of oxytocin (Bartz et al. 2010b; De Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”

“For example, intranasal oxytocin increases envy and gloating in competitive situations (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and decreases cooperativeness among people who are high in rejection sensitivity and prone to aggression (i.e., individuals with borderline personality disorder; Bartz, Simeon, et…”

“Empathy increases considerably in contexts of interaction with relatives, but little in situations of competition (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), uncertainty (Declerck et al.”

“2005), others suggest that oxytocin motivates affiliative behavior toward specific in-group targets (de Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Ditzen et al. 2009; Miller 2010; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009; Theodoridou et al. 2009) consistent with discriminative nepotism and reciprocity (Alexander 1991, 2006; Daly and Wilson 1995).”

“However, some other studies have not detected sex-dependent IN-OT effects, including recognition of facial expression (Marsh et al., 2010), desire for social engagement (Alvares et al., 2010) and envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“In healthy individuals, intranasal administration has been shown to increase feelings of envy and schadenfreude when other players won more money (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“Behavioural testing is commonly conducted 45 minutes after administration [22–25].”

“Additionally, more recent studies have demonstrated some antisocial effects of OT in both humans (De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Eckstein et al., 2014; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009) and other animals (Duque-Wilckens et al.”

“In confirmation of this latter point, a recent study in humans by (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Fischer-Shofty et al., 2010) showed that an intranasal dose of oxytocin increased recognition of fear, envy and gloating, i.”

“For example, in some contexts OT has been shown to promote risk aversion (Declerck et al. , 2010), envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al. , 2009) and lack of cooperation with perceived out-group members (De Dreu et al. , 2010).”

“In fact, OT has been found to globally increase the expression of envy in the face of losses and gloating in the face of gains (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009).”

“The increased empathy we observed under the OT condition when taking the other-perspective can also be explained by its role in increasing the salience of socially relevant cues (Groppe et al., 2013; Guastella, Mitchell, & Dadds, 2008; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), an effect that has been shown to improve social cognit…”

“In addition to its roles in birth, lactation, and mother-infant bonding, oxytocin has complex effects upon the brain and social behavior in females and males [99], but its roles in moral emotions are far from clear [100,101].”