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Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology
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This review integrates Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions with advances in affective neuroscience regarding plasticity in the neural circuitry of emotions to inform the treatment of emotion deficits within psychopathology. We first present a body of research showing that positive emotions broaden cognition and behavioral repertoires, and in so doing, build durable biopsychosocial resources that support coping and flourishing mental health. Next, by explicating the processes through which momentary experiences of emotions may accrue into self-perpetuating emotional systems, the current review proposes an underlying architecture of state-trait interactions that engenders lasting affective dispositions. This theoretical framework is then used to elucidate the cognitive-emotional mechanisms underpinning three disorders of affect regulation: depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In turn, two mind training interventions, mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation, are highlighted as means of generating positive emotions that may counter the negative affective processes implicated in these disorders. We conclude with the proposition that positive emotions may exert a countervailing force on the dysphoric, fearful, or anhedonic states characteristic of psychopathologies typified by emotional dysfunctions.
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“Additional research suggests that repeated experiences of positive affect lead to changes in brain areas known to be associated with psychological well-being (see Garland et al. 2010 on this issue).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The person thus remains mentally stale which may contribute to burnout (Garland et al. 2010).”
From The role of passion in sustainable psychological well-being (2012) · cites this paper as Garland et al. 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The broaden-and-build theoretical model suggests that fostering mindfulness encourages an upward spiral of positive emotions because mindfulness as a personal resource can augment positive reappraisal [29].”
From Effects of Mindfulness and Life-Skills Training on Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Migrant Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The attentional and cognitive capacities examined in the present study were found to support greater increases in positive affect over the course of a year–providing support for the notion that positive cognitive-emotional states interact to produce durable improvements psychological well-being [76].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [76]
In the citing paper
“In addition, loving-kindness exercises can foster positive emotion development that may counteract the impact of negative emotions (Garland et al., 2010).”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“However, accumulating research suggests that the positive affect system may serve as an important yet underexplored target in facilitating recovery from anxiety and depression9, 19–21.”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
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“The benefits of positive emotions9, 10 and their potential clinical utility for psychopathology19–21 are increasingly well-documented.”
From Upregulating the positive affect system in anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a positive activity intervention: Taylor et al. (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“This work sits against a wider backdrop of research suggesting that such broader mind-sets are associated with more positive emotional states (e.g., Garland et al., 2010; Watkins, Teasdale, & Williams, 2000)”
From Beneficial effects of training in self-distancing and perspective broadening for people with a history of recurrent depression (2017) · cites this paper as Garland et al., 2010
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Metadata
- Authors
- Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garland, Eric L.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 849-864
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2908186
- OpenAlex
- W2135446093
- Cited by
- 1,035
- References
- 245
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 81 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 3.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- positive emotions, broaden-and-build theory, emotion regulation, affective neuroscience, neuroplasticity, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, mindfulness, loving-kindness meditation, affective dispositions, coping
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Brain, Depression, Emotions, Humans, Nerve Net
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