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Cited by 1,290Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 41 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions

Open access
Fredrickson, Barbara L., Mancuso, Roberta A., Branigan, Christine, Tugade, Michele M.·2000·Motivation and Emotion
DOI 10.1023/a:1010796329158PMC PMC3128334
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Abstract

Positive emotions are hypothesized to undo the cardiovascular aftereffects of negative emotions. Study 1 tests this undoing effect. Participants (n = 170) experiencing anxiety-induced cardiovascular reactivity viewed a film that elicited (a) contentment, (b) amusement, (c) neutrality, or (d) sadness. Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did. Participants in Study 2 (n = 185) viewed these same films following a neutral state. Results disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process. Findings are contextualized by Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. Fredrickson, 1998).

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1023/a:1010796329158

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    The undoing effect occurs comparably for African Americans and European Americans.

    “Third, the undoing effect occurs comparably for African Americans and European Americans.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Study 1, films that elicited contentment or amusement produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films.

    “Contentment-eliciting and amusing films produced faster cardiovascular recovery than neutral or sad films did.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Study 1 Sample 1, participants who viewed the amusement film recovered faster than those who viewed the sad film.

    “faster recovery than those who viewed the sad clip, t(91) = 2.55, p = .006”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Study 1 Sample 1, participants who viewed the amusement film recovered faster than those who viewed the neutral film.

    “those who viewed the amusement clip exhibited faster recovery than those who viewed the neutral clip, t(91) = 1.66, p = .050”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Study 1 Sample 1, participants who viewed the contentment film recovered faster than those who viewed the sad film.

    “faster recovery than those who viewed the sad clip, t(91) = 2.68, p = .004”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 20
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 24

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 1, the mean anxiety rating after speech preparation was 4.79 (SD = 2.16).

    “For Sample 1, mean anxiety ratings were 4.79 (SD = 2.16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 1, anxiety ratings did not differ by sex.

    “These anxiety ratings did not differ by sex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 2, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 37.78 s (SD = 35.88).

    “In Sample 2, across all participants, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 37.78 s (SD = 35.88).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 2, the mean anxiety rating after speech preparation was 4.96 (SD = 2.10) and did not differ by sex or ethnicity.

    “For Sample 2, mean anxiety ratings were 4.96 (SD = 2.10), and did not differ by sex or ethnicity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Initial analyses of duration scores for individual cardiovascular measures revealed supportive trends across all measures but no significant effects.

    “Initial analyses of duration scores for individual cardiovascular measures revealed supportive trends across all measures, but no significant effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The speech preparation task successfully induced anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity.

    “We first confirmed that the speech preparation task successfully induced anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 2, no main effects for or interactions with Sex or Ethnicity emerged.

    “no main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity emerged.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 1, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 30.08 s (SD = 25.80).

    “In Sample 1, across all participants, the mean duration of cardiovascular reactivity was 30.08 s (SD = 25.80).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In Sample 1, no main effects for or interactions with Sex or Ethnicity were significant.

    “No main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity were significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    Emotion ratings did not differ by sex or ethnicity in either sample.

    “Emotion ratings did not differ by sex or ethnicity in either sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    No differences in RSA responses across experimental conditions were observed in either the undoing paradigm or comparisons across films.

    “In neither context have we observed any differences in RSA responses across experimental conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Rating dial responses to both the Waves and Puppy films were more positive than those to both the Sticks and Cry films.

    “Tukey pairwise comparisons (reported in row 1 of Table II) confirmed that rating dial responses to both the Waves and the Puppy films were more positive than those to both the Sticks and the Cry films.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In Study 2, the positive and neutral films differed in the subjective responses they produced but did not differ in the cardiovascular responses they produced.

    “As expected, data from Study 2 demonstrated that althogh the selected positive and neutral films clearly differed in the subjective responses they produced, they did not differ in the cardiovascular responses they produced.”
    • Also stated in: § Is Replacement a Viable Alternative Explanation? · hedged
      “These null findings suggest that positive and neutral films produced statistically indistinguishable cardiovascular responses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Beyond the expected effect for Film Group, no main effects for or interactions with Sex or Ethnicity were significant on the affect rating dial.

    “Beyond the expected effect for Film Group, F(3, 169) = 51.25,p < .001,no main effects for, or interactions with, Sex or Ethnicity were significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The undoing effect has been demonstrated experimentally three times for two distinct positive emotions: contentment and amusement.

    “Importantly, the undoing effect has now been demonstrated experimentally three times for two distinct types of positive emotion: a low-activation pleasant state of contentment and a higher-activation pleasant state of amusement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The undoing effect of positive emotions is not a spurious finding but is replicable and real.

    “Most important, data from Study 1 indicate that the undoing effect of positive emotions is not a spurious finding, but is instead replicable and real.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    People experiencing positive emotions show broadened, flexible, creative, integrative, open, and efficient patterns of thought.

    “people experiencing positive emotions show patterns of thought that are significantly broadened and diverse (Isen, Johnson, Mertz, & Robinson, 1985), flexible (Isen & Daubman, 1984), creative (Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987), integrative (Isen, Rosenzweig, & Young, 1991), open to information (Estrada, Isen, & Young, 1997), and efficient (Isen & Means, 1983;Isen et al., 1991).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Isen et al., 1985 source
    • cites Isen & Daubman, 1984 source
    • cites Isen et al., 1987 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    Contentment and amusement, though distinct in phenomenology and activation level, share the ability to regulate lingering negative emotional arousal.

    “This evidence suggests that these two positive emotions-although distinct in their phenomenology and activation level-share the ability to regulate lingering negative emotional arousal.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If cardiovascular activation accompanying negative emotions is the body's preparation for specific action, then by quelling this activation, positive emotions may help the body move from a narrow thought-action repertoire toward a broader one.

    “If we take the cardiovascular activation that accompanies negative emotions to be the body's preparation for specific action, then by quelling this activation, positive emotions may help the body move from a (no longer useful) narrow thought-action repertoire toward a broader one, allowing the individual to pursue a wider array of thoughts and actions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Laboratory evidence that contentment and amusement can undo lingering negative emotional arousal provides footing for the suggestion that individuals can harness the undoing effect to regulate negative emotions in daily life.

    “Moreover, laboratory evidence showing that both contentment and amusement can undo lingering negative emotional arousal provides footing for the suggestion that individuals can harness the undoing effect of positive emotions to regulate negative emotions in daily life (Fredrickson, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 2000 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Negative emotions promote survival in the moment of threat by sparking specific life-preserving actions, whereas positive emotions may promote survival over the long run by incrementing resources for later threats.

    “Negative emotions are thought to promote survival in the moment of threat by sparking specific, lifepreserving actions, whereas positive emotions may promote survival over the long run by incrementing the resources that could be drawn on when facing later, inevitable threats (Fredrickson, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 1998

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The pattern of cardiovascular reactivity elicited by the fear clip in Fredrickson-Levenson included heart rate deceleration and was not the typical sympathetic response associated with fear, anxiety, and other health-damaging negative emotions.

    “One shortcoming of the Fredrickson-Levenson experiment was that the pattern of cardiovascular reactivity elicited by the fear clip included heart rate deceleration, and so was not the typical sympathetic response associated with fear, anxiety, and other health-damaging negative emotions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive emotions should serve as efficient antidotes for the lingering effects of negative emotions.

    “If positive emotions broaden individuals' thought-action repertoires, they should also serve as particularly efficient antidotes for the lingering effects of negative emotions, which narrow individuals' thought-action repertoires.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The cardiovascular effects of positive emotions emerge only when features of negative emotions are present to be undone.

    “the undoing explanation: that the cardiovascular effects of positive emotions emerge only when features of negative emotions are present to be undone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The cardiovascular changes during speech preparation included heart rate acceleration and a clear pattern of sympathetic activation, such as increased blood pressure and peripheral vasoconstriction.

    “Taken together, these cardiovascular changes include heart rate acceleration and a clear pattern of sympathetic activation (e.g., increased blood pressure and peripheral vasoconstriction).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Broadened thought-action repertoires accompanying positive emotions can build a variety of enduring personal resources.

    “The broadened thought-action repertoires accompanying positive emotions are thought to be important because they can build a variety of enduring personal resources (Fredrickson, 1998, in press-a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 1998

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Playfulness can build physical, social, and intellectual resources.

    “Being playful, for instance, can build physical resources (Boulton & Smith, 1992), social resources (Aron, Norman, Aron, McKenna, & Heyman, 2000;Lee, 1983), and intellectual resources (Leslie, 1987;Panksepp, 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Boulton & Smith, 1992 source
    • cites Aron et al., 2000 source
    • cites Leslie, 1987 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive emotions have a unique ability to down-regulate lingering negative emotions and the psychological and physiological preparation for specific action that they generate.

    “According to this view, positive emotions have a unique ability to down-regulate lingering negative emotions and the psychological and physiological preparation for specific action that they generate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive emotions might correct or undo the aftereffects of negative emotions.

    “In other words, positive emotions might”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998 source
    • cites Levenson, 1988

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive emotions speed recovery from cardiovascular reactivity caused by negative emotions and return the body to mid-range activation more suitable for pursuing a range of behavioral options.

    “the broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions speed recovery from-or undo-this cardiovascular reactivity and return the body to mid-range levels of activation more suitable for pursuing a range of behavioral options.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Positive emotions produce a broad, flexible cognitive organization and an ability to integrate diverse material.

    “Isen has suggested that positive emotions produce a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Isen, 1990

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Earlier research demonstrated key incompatibilities between negative and positive affect.

    “Earlier research on motivation (Solomon, 1980), anxiety disorders (Wolpe, 1958), and aggression (Baron, 1976) demonstrated key incompatibilities between negative and positive affect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Solomon, 1980 source
    • cites Wolpe, 1958
    • cites Baron, 1976 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Positive emotions do not themselves generate cardiovascular reactivity but instead quell existing cardiovascular reactivity caused by negative emotions.

    “Perhaps positive emotions do not themselves generate cardiovascular reactivity, but instead quell any existing cardiovascular reactivity caused by negative emotions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Individuals who express or report higher levels of positive emotion show more constructive and flexible coping, more abstract and long-term thinking, and greater emotional distance following stressful negative events.

    “Individuals who express or report higher levels of positive emotion show more constructive and flexible coping, more abstract and long-term thinking, and greater emotional distance following stressful negative events (Keltner & Bonanno, 1997;Martin, Kuiper, Olinger, & Dance, 1993;Lyubomirsky & Tucker, 1998;Stein, Folkman, Trabasso, & Richards, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Keltner & Bonanno, 1997 source
    • cites Martin, Kuiper, Olinger, & Dance, 1993 source
    • cites Lyubomirsky & Tucker, 1998 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants were randomly assigned to view one of four films, blocked by sex and ethnicity.

    “Immediately following this resting baseline phase, participants (blocked by sex and ethnicity) were randomly assigned to view the Waves, Puppy, Sticks, or Cry film.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This effect may be especially critical for those most at risk for developing coronary heart disease.

    “This effect may be especially critical for those most at risk for developing coronary heart disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Taken together, Studies 1 and 2 suggest that positive emotions are unique not in their direct cardiovascular effects but in their ability to undo cardiovascular reactivity.

    “Taken together, Studies 1 and 2 suggest that positive emotions are unique, not in what they do to the cardiovascular system, but rather in what they can undo within this system.”
    • Also stated in: § GENERAL DISCUSSION · hedged
      “Put differently, the cardiovascular effects of positive emotions appear to emerge only when negative emotions have already generated cardiovascular reactivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationcitation

    Positive emotions could be tapped to optimize people's health and well-being.

    “By consequence, positive emotions could be tapped to optimize people's health and well-being (Fredrickson, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 2000 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Personally relevant circumstances that elicit negative emotions should reliably interrupt people's actions and capture their attention, both psychologically and physiologically.

    “we concur with other theorists that personally relevant circumstances that elicit negative emotions should reliably interrupt people's actions and capture their attention, both psychologically and physiologically (Levenson, 1994;Mandler, 1984;Pratto & John, 1991;Simon, 1967;Tomkins, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Levenson, 1994
    • cites Mandler, 1984
    • cites Pratto & John, 1991 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Random assignment across Studies 1 and 2 was yoked so that no participant viewed the same film clip across both studies.

    “For these participants, random assignment to experimental condition across Studies 1 and 2 was yoked such that no participant viewed the same film clip across the two studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Experiences of positive emotions are thought to build individuals' lasting personal resources.

    “Chief among these is that experiences of positive emotions are thought to build individuals' lasting personal resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fredrickson, 1998

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Validity data for the affect rating dial procedure can be found in Gottman and Levenson (1985) and Fredrickson & Kahneman (1993).

    “Validity data for this affect rating dial procedure can be found in Gottman and Levenson (1985;see Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993, for a similar on-line affect rating procedure).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gottman and Levenson (1985) source
    • cites Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993 source
42 of 42

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions.

    “Assuming (as most emotion theorists do) that the cardiovascular reactivity sparked by certain negative emotions prepares the body for specific actions”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Men and African Americans are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and have exhibited greater cardiovascular reactivity to negative emotions.

    “Men and African Americans are important to study because these groups are known to be at greater risk for cardiovascular disease and have exhibited greater cardiovascular”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Not confirmedt(91) = 1.79reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .077

    “t(91) = 1.79, p = .038”

  • Not confirmedt(91) = 2.68reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .009

    “t(91) = 2.68, p = .004”

  • Not confirmedt(91) = 1.66reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .100

    “t(91) = 1.66, p = .050”

  • Not confirmedt(91) = 2.55reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .012

    “t(91) = 2.55, p = .006”

  • Not confirmedt(72) = 2.43reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .018

    “t(72) = 2.43, p = .008”

  • Not confirmedt(72) = 1.78reported p = .039 · recomputed p = .079

    “t(72) = 1.78, p = .039”

  • ConsistentF(1, 91) = 5.38reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .023

    “F(1, 91) = 5.38, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(3, 81) = 3.4reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .022

    “F(3, 81) = 3.40, p < .05”

  • Consistentχ²(3) = 9.89reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .020

    “χ 2 (3) = 9.89, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(2, 63) = 3.29reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .044

    “F(2, 63) = 3.29, p < .05”

  • Consistentχ²(2) = 5.88reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .053

    “χ 2 (2) = 5.88, p = .05”

  • ConsistentF(3, 169) = 51.25reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(3, 169) = 51.25,p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 169) = 6.23reported p = .014 · recomputed p = .014

    “F(1, 169) = 6.23, p = .014”

  • ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.09reported p = .029 · recomputed p = .029

    “F(3, 169) = 3.09, p = .029”

  • ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.64reported p = .014 · recomputed p = .014

    “F(3, 169) = 3.64, p = .014”

  • ConsistentF(3, 169) = 3.06reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .030

    “F(3, 169) = 3.06, p = .030”

16 of 16

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Fredrickson, B. L. (in press-b). Positive emotions. In C. R. Synder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  2. Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. Lee, P. C. (1983). Play as a means for developing relationships. In R. A. Hinde (Ed.), Primate social relationships (pp. 82–89). Oxford: Blackwell.
  4. Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotion: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123–126). New York: Oxford University Press.
  5. Williams, R. B., Barefoot, J. C., & Shekelle, R. B. (1985). The health consequences of hostility. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 173–185). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

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Metadata

Authors
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Fredrickson, Barbara L.
ORCID
Venue
Motivation and Emotion
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2000-12
Volume
24
Issue
4
Pages
237-258
ISSN
  • 0146-7239 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-6644
DOI
10.1023/a:1010796329158
PMC
PMC3128334
OpenAlex
W2146844405
Semantic Scholar
b4c475d7af426b486d2cc1f34090870f44f70b48
Cited by
1,290
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 37 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 77 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 57
FWCI
9.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Motivation and Emotion (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH059615)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords
positive emotions, cardiovascular reactivity, anxiety, cardiovascular recovery, contentment, amusements, sadness, broaden-and-build theory, emotion regulation

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