Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.

Watson, David; Clark, Lee Anna; Carey, Greg

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346

Cited by 1,795Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMental Health Research TopicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.

Watson, David, Clark, Lee Anna, Carey, Greg·1988·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346

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Abstract

Distinguishing between depression and anxiety has been a matter of concern and controversy for some time. Studies in normal samples have suggested, however, that assessment of two broad mood factors—Negative Aflect (NA) and Positive Affect (PA)—may improve their differentiation. The present study extends these findings to a clinical sample. As part of an ongoing twin study, 90 inpa-tient probands and 60 cotwins were interviewed with the anxiety and depression sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS; Robins, Helzer, Croughan, & Ratcliff, 1981). Respondents also completed trait NA and PA scales. Consistent with previous research, NA was broadly correlated with symptoms and diagnoses of both anxiety and depression, and acted as a general predictor of psychiatric disorder. In contrast, PA was consistently related (negatively) only to symptoms and diagnoses of depression, indicating that the loss of pleasurable engagement is a distinctive feature of depression. The results suggest that strengthening the PA component in depression measures may enhance their discriminative power. Oinicians have long been concerned by the conceptual and empirical overlap between anxiety and depression, and have re-cently devoted considerable attention to their differentiation

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Most anxiety disorders share a tendency toward negative affectivity, a temperamental readiness to react with strong negative emotion across situations.
“Most share a commonality, a proneness to negative affectivity, which is a temperamental disposition to react with strong negative affect to various situations (Watson et al, 1988).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Watson et al, 1988
Comorbid depression previously failed to predict composite symptoms, which is consistent with the positive affect finding given that low positive affect is characteristic of depression.
“Comorbid depression previously failed to predict composite symptoms, which is consistent with our PA finding given that low PA is characteristic of depression (Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988
Social phobia is linked to low positive affect.
“Although social phobia has been linked to low positive affect (Brown et al., 1998; Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988)”
From Attentional bias and emotional reactivity as predictors and moderators of behavioral treatment for social phobia (2013) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988
The described feelings could have a detrimental effect on mental health.
“The described feelings could have a detrimental effect on mental health [23–25].”
From Procrastination, depression and anxiety symptoms in university students: a three-wave longitudinal study on the mediating role of perceived stress (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
Children with depression and anxiety exhibit higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of positive affect.
“children with depression and anxiety exhibit higher levels of negative affect and lower levels of positive affect [67]”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [67]

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Authors: Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G.
Affiliations: Southern Methodist University (US)
ORCID: Watson, David
Clark, Lee Anna
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1988-08
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 346-353
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.97.3.346
OpenAlex: W1969170406
Cited by: 1,795
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 73 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 122 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 63
FWCI: 13.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH14677)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: positive affect, negative affect, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, depression, anxiety, diagnostic overlap, hospitalized patients, twin studies, Diagnostic Interview Schedule
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Tests, Risk Factors

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Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.

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