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Cited by 1,896Memory and Neural MechanismsMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 188 of the 188 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning

Bouton, Mark E.·1993·Psychological Bulletin
DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80
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Abstract

In this article I review research and theory on the "interference paradigms" in Pavlovian learning. In these situations (e.g., extinction, counterconditioning, and latent inhibition), a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with different unconditioned stimuli (USs) or outcomes in different phases of the experiment; retroactive interference, proactive interference, or both are often observed. In all of the paradigms, contextual stimuli influence performance, and when information is available, so does the passage of time. Memories of both phases are retained, and performance may depend on which is retrieved. Despite the similarity of the paradigms, conditioning theories tend to explain them with separate mechanisms. They also do not provide an adequate account of the context's role, fail to predict the effects of time, and overemphasize the role of learning or storage deficits. By accepting 4 propositions about animal memory (i.e., contextual stimuli guide retrieval, time is a context, different memories are differentially dependent on context, and interference occurs at performance output), a memory retrieval framework can provide an integrated account of context, time, and performance in the various paradigms.

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Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80

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188 of 188 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Original fear memories persist while new inhibitory CS-US associations are acquired and strengthened.

    “the original fear learning remains intact, but new inhibitory associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and strengthened (Bouton, 1993)”

    From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993

  • Variability in the exposure context matters for the return of fear.

    “Variability in the exposure context has important implications for the return of fear (Bouton, 1993).”

    From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993

  • When exposure happens in constrained and predictable conditions, learning becomes tied to the therapy context and does not always transfer to other settings.

    “When exposure occurs under conditions that are constrained and predictable, learning tends to be contextualized.”

    From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993

  • Extinction weakens instrumental responding but does not erase the original learning; instead it involves context-specific inhibition of the response.

    “We and others have shown that extinction weakens instrumental responding, but does not erase the original learning. Instead, extinction involves a form of context-specific inhibition (rather than unlearning) of the response”

    From Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993

  • In the renewal effect, if the context is changed after extinction has been learned, the original response can return.

    “For example, we have performed many studies of the renewal effect: If the context is changed after extinction has been learned, the original response can return.”

    From Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993

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Metadata

Authors
Bouton, M. E.
Affiliations
University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author
Bouton, Mark E.
ORCID
Bouton, Mark E.
Venue
Psychological Bulletin
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
1993
Volume
114
Issue
1
Pages
80-99
ISSN
  • 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-1455
DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80
OpenAlex
W1984624029
Cited by
1,896
References
188
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 84
FWCI
8.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
Pavlovian learning, interference paradigm, retroactive interference, proactive interference, extinction, counterconditioning, latent inhibition, contextual cues, memory retrieval, time effects, animal memory, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
MeSH terms
Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Reversal Learning

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